KLASİK VE HELLENİSTİK DÖNEM’DE AMPHORA MÜHÜRLERİ VE SİKKELER ÜZERİNDE KULLANILAN ORTAK SEMBOL VE YAZITLAR

İsmail Akkaş

doi:10.48122/amisos.1164537

Araştırma Makalesi

KLASİK VE HELLENİSTİK DÖNEM’DE AMPHORA MÜHÜRLERİ VE SİKKELER ÜZERİNDE KULLANILAN ORTAK SEMBOL VE YAZITLAR

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 13, 253 - 273, 26.12.2022

İsmail Akkaş

https://doi.org/10.48122/amisos.1164537

Öz

Antik Grek dünyasının en önemli evrelerinden birisi Klasik Dönem (MÖ 490-330)’dir. Bu dönemde Grek kültürü zirve noktasına ulaşmış ve dönem insanı ticaret rotasını uzak coğrafyalara kadar genişletmiştir. Aktif olarak ticarette kullanılan sikke ve amphoralar, Greklerin hem ticarette zenginleşmelerinde hem de dini, siyasi ve toplumsal düşüncelerinin aktarılmasında araç görevi görmüştür. Bu dönem içerisinde üretilen sikkeler ve amphora mühürleri kadar, bunlar üzerinde görülen figürler, semboller ve lejantlar da oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışmada Klasik Dönem içerisinde hem amphora üreten hem de sikke darp eden kentlerin/kent devletlerinin bilinçli veya bilinçsiz olarak bu nesneler üzerinde ortak olarak kullandıkları tasvirlerin ve yazımların incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmamızın kapsamında bu dönem içinde hem mühürlü amphora üreten hem de sikke darp eden kent devletlerinin yerel amphora formlarına ait parçaları ve sikke buluntuları bulunmaktadır. Çalışmada amphora mühürleri ile sikkeler üzerindeki figür, sembol, lejant, monogram vb. öğelerin benzer kullanımlarına dair kanıtlara yer verilmiştir. Ayrıca bu buluntuların tarihlendiği dönem içinde dini, siyasi ve toplumsal kullanım amaçları yansıtılmıştır. Özellikle propagandaya yönelik kullanımlara dikkat çekilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Klasik Dönem, Amphora, Sikke, Mühür, Tasvir, Propaganda

Kaynakça

Armağan, A. 1999. “Siyasal Bir İletişim Türü Olarak Propaganda”, İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 9, 417-426;
Barron, J. P. 1966. The Silver Coins of Samos, London.
Bektaş, A. 2002. Siyasi Propaganda, Tarihsel Evrimi ve Demokratik Toplumdaki Uygulamaları, İstanbul.
BMC Attica, 1964. A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in British Museum. Attice, Megaris, Aigina. Haz. Vincent Barclay Head, A. Forni, Bologna.
BMC Bithynia, 1963. A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the BritishMuseum. Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Pontus, Paphlagonia, Bithynia, Kingdom of Bosporus, Bologna, Arnoldo Forni-Editore.
BMC Caria Head, B.V., ed. 1897. A Catalogue of Greek Coins in the British Museum. Caria, Cos, Rhodes and co. London: The Trustees.
BMC Crete Wroth, W., ed. 1886. A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum. Crete and the Aegean island. London: The Trustees.
BMC Cyprus Hill, G.F., ed. 1904. A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum. Cyprus. London: The Trustees.
BMC Ionia B. V. Head (ed.), 1963-1965. A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum, British Museum Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Ionia, Bologna.
BMC Macedonia, Head, B. V. 1879. British Museum Catalogue of Greek Coins, Macedonia, etc. London.
BMC Troas, 1964. A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in British Museum Troas, Aeolis and Lesbos, (Ed. W. Wroth – A. Forni), Bologna.
Bon, A. M. ve Bon, A. 1957. Les timbres amphoriques deThasos, ÉtudesThasiennes IV, Paris.
Brashınsky I. B. 1980. Greek Import on the Lower Don in the 5th to the 3th Centuries B.C., Leningrad.
Bruneau, P. – Théophıle, H. 1970. Exploration Archéologique De Délos: 27. Lieu de publication non identifié: Paris.
CALVET, Y. 1986. “Les amphores Cypriotes et leur diffusion en Méditerranée orientale”, BCH Suppl. XIII, 505-514.
Cankardeş-Şenol, G.- ALKAÇ, E. 2007. ‘’Amphoralar Işığında Kentin Ticari İlişkileri’’, Ed. Serra Durugönül, ADALYA Ekyayın Dizisi 6, 241-197.
Cankardeş-Şenol, G.C. 2006. Klasik ve Hellenistik Dönem’de Mühürlü Amphora Üreten Merkezler ve Mühürleme Sistemleri, Ege Yayınları, İstanbul.
Carlson, D. N. 2004. Cargo in Context: The Morphology, Stamping, and Origins of the Amphoras from a Fifth–Century B.C. Ionian Shipwreck, (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Texas Üniversitesi, Texas.
Clınkenbeard, B. G. 1982. “Lesbian Wine and Storage Amphoras: A Progress Report on Identification”, Hesperia, 51, 248-268.
Corbett, P. E. 1949. “Attic Pottery of the Later Fifth Century from the Athenian Agora”, Hesperia, 18/4, 298-351.
Dalby, A. 2000. Empire of pleasures: luxury and indulgence in the Roman world. London/New York: Routledge.
Doğer, E. 1988. Klazomenai Kazısındaki Arkaik Dönem Amphoraları, Ege Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, İzmir.
Doğer, E. 1991. Antik Çağda Amphoralar, İzmir.
Empereur, J.-Y. - Pıcon, M. 1986. “A la recherche des fours d’amphores”, in: J.-Y. Empereur/Y. Garlan (eds.), Recherches sur les amphores grecques, Actes du colloque international (Athènes 10-12 Septembre 1984), Bulletin de correspondance hèllènique, Suppl. 13, Paris, 105-126.
Erkış, İ. U. – Summak, M. E. 2011. “Propaganda ve Dış Politika”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksek Okulu Dergisi, 14/1-2, 269-292.
Filis, K. 2021. “The Akanthian Workshops and the Production of Transport Amphoras”, Z. Μπόνια – J. Y. Perreault (Eds.). Argilos, 25 années de recherches Organisation de la ville et de la campagne dans les colonies du Nord de l’Égée, VIIIe – IIIe siècles av. n.è., Publications of the Canadian Institute in Greece, Athens, 451-469.
Garlan, Y. 1983. “Greek Amphorae and Trade”, Trade in the Ancient Economy, ed. by. P. Garsney, K. Hopkins and C. R. Whittaker, London, 27-35.
Garlan, Y. 1997. “Un nouveau centre de timbrage amphorique: Ouranopolis”, To Arxaıologıko Sth Makedononıa Kaı Yrakh 10A, 1996, 347-353
Garlan, Y. 1999. Les timbres amphorisqıues de Thasos, Vol. I, Etudes Thasiennes 28, Paris.
Garlan, Y. 2000. Amphores et timbres amphoriques grecs. Entre érudition et idéologie. Mémoires de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Nouvelle Série XXI, Paris.
Grace, V. 1949. ‘’Standart Pottery Conteiners of the Greek World’’, Hesperia 8, 175-189.
Grace, V. 1952. “Timbres amphoriques trouvés à Délos”, Bulletin de correspondance Hèllènique, 76/2, 514-540.
Grace, V. 1956. ‘’Stamped Winw Jar Fragments’’, Hesperia 10, 80-109.
Grace, V. 1961. Amphoras And The Ancient Wine Trade, Excavations Of The Athenian Agora Picture Book: No:6, American Schools Of Classical Studies at Athens, Princeton, 1-27.
Grace, V. 1963. ‘’Notes on the Amphoras from Koroni Peninsula’’, Hesperia 32, 3, 319-334.
Grace, V. 1971. “Samian Amphoras”, Hesperia, 40, 52– 95.
Grace, V. 1979. “Exceptional Amphora Stamps’’, Studies in Classical Art and Archaeology, 117-127.
Karadima, C. 2004. “Ainos: An Unknown Amphora Production Centre in the Evros Delta”, Ed.: J. Eiring, - J. Lund, Transport Amphorae and Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean, Acts of the International Colloquium at the Danish Institute at Athens, September, 26-29, 2002, Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens, Volume V, Denmark, 155-161
Kaygusuz, İ.- Erzen, A. 1986. ‘’Stempel auf Amphorenhenkeln aus Ainos (Enez)’’, Zeitschirft für Epigraphik und historische Geographie Anatoliens, Heft 7, 7-16.
Kopcke, G. - Moore, M. B. 1979. Studies in classical art and archaeology :. a tribute to Peter Heinrich von Blanckenhagen. Locust Valley, J.J. Augustin, New York.
Lang, M. – Crosby, M. 1964.Weights, measures, and tokens, American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Princeton.
Lawall, M. L. 1995. “Transport Amphoras and Trademarks: Imports to Athens and Economic Diversity in the Fifth Century B.C.” University of Michigan, PhD Diss. Ann Arbor.
Lawall, M. L. 2004. Archaeological context and Aegean amphora chronologies: A case of study of Hellenistic Ephesos. Ed.: J. Eiring - J. Lund, Transport Amphorae and Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean, Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens Volume 5, Aarhus University Press, Athens, 171-188.
Lawall, M. L. 2005. “Amphoras and Hellenistic Economies: Addressing the (over)emphasis on stamped amphora handles”, Ed.: Z.H. Archıbald - J.K. Davies - V. Gabrıelsen, Making, Moving and Managing. The New World of Ancient Economies, Oxford, 188-232.
Marangou-Lerat A. 1995. Le vin et les amphores de Crète, de l’époque classique à l’époque imperiale, Études Crétoises 30, Atina.
Meshorer, Y. 1970. The Production of Coins in the Ancient World, Israel Museum, Jerusalem.
Milne, J. G. 1941. Colophon and its Coinage: A Study (Numismatic Notes and Monographs), New York.
Morkholm, O. 2000. Erken Hellenistik Çağ Sikkeleri, Çev.: Oğuz Tekin, Homer Yayınları, İstanbul.
Morrisson, C. 2002. Antik Sikkeler Bilimi Nümismatik Genel Bir Bakış, Çev.: Z.Çizmeli Öğün, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul.
Noe, S. P. 1926. The Mende (Kaliandra) Hoard, Numismatic Notes and Monographs, 27, 1-73.
Sear, D. R. 1978. Greek Coins and Their Values, Vol. 1, Europe, London.
Sear, D.R. 1979. Greek Coins and Their Values, Vol. 2, Asia&Africa, London.
Seltman, C. 1955. Greek Coins, Methuen, London.
SNG ANS 7, 1987. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum: The Collection of the American Numismatic Society, Part 7, Macedonia 1 (Cities, Thraco-Macedonian Tribes, Paeonian Kings), New York: The American Numismatic Society,.
SNG Cop Caria, 1947. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals at the Danish National Museum, Caria, Part 1 Alabanda - Orthosia, Copenhagen: Einar Munksgaard.
SNG Cop. Ionia, 1976. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals, Danish National Museum, Ionia I–III, Copenhagen.
SNG Cop. Thrace, 1942. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals. Danish National Museum. Thrace, Part 1: The Tauric Chersonese-Thrace: Mesembria, Copenhagen.
SNG Cop. Thrace, 1942-1943. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals, Danish National Museum, Thrace, Copenhagen.
SNG Finland I. - Westermark, U., - R. Ashton. 1994. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Finland, The Erkki Keckman Collection in the Skopbank, Helsinki Part I Karia. Helsinki.
SNG v. Aulock Ionien, 1960. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Deutschland, Sammlung v. Aulock, Ionien, Berlin.
Şenol, A. K. 2009. AETAM (Arslan Eyce Taşucu Amphora Müzesi)’da Bulunan Ticarî Amphoralar ve Akdeniz’de Ticaretin İzleri, Taşeli Matbaacılık, Mersin.
Tekin, O. 2000. Eskiçağda Para (Antik Numismatiğe Giriş), Eski Çağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yayınları, İstanbul.
Tekin, O. 2008. Eski Yunan ve Roma Tarihine Giriş, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
Thonemann, P. 2015. The Hellenistic World: Using Coins as Sources, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Tuna, N. - Empereur, J. Y. 1989. ‘’Datça/Reşadiye Antik Seramik Atölyeleri Kazısı, 1988’’, VII. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, Antalya, 555-567.
Tzochev, C. 2016. Amphora Stamps from Thasos, The Athenian Agora Vol. XXXVII, New Jersey.
Villing, A. - Bergeron, M. - Bourogiannis, G. - Johnston, A. - Leclère, F. - Masson, A. - Thomas, R. 2013-2015. Naukratis: Greeks in Egypt. London: British Museum. https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20190801105436/https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/online_research_catalogues/ng/naukratis_greeks_in_egypt.aspx.
Wartenberg, U. - Kagan, J. U. 2016. “Silphium, Jerboas, Genets And The Coinage Of Cyrene”, Ed.: Michele Asolati, Le Monete Di Cirene E Della Cirenaica Nel Mediterraneo, Padova, 43-56.
Whıtbread, I. K. 1995. Greek Transport Amphorae, A Petrological and Archaeological Study. Athens.
Zacharou-Loutrari, A. K. 1998. Chiaki Sfigga: I diachroniki poreia enos topikou symbolou. Chios.

COMMON SYMBOLS AND INSCRIPTIONS USED ON AMPHORA STAMPS AND COINS IN THE CLASSICAL AND HELLENISTIC PERIODS

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 13, 253 - 273, 26.12.2022

İsmail Akkaş

https://doi.org/10.48122/amisos.1164537

Öz

One of the most important phases of the ancient Greek world is the Classical Period (490-330 BC). In this period, Greek culture reached its peak and the period people expanded their trade route to distant geographies. The coins and amphorae, which were actively used in trade, served as a tool for the ancient Greeks to both enrich their trade and convey their philosophical and political ideas. The figures, symbols and legends seen on these are as important as the coins and amphora stamps produced during this period. In this study, it is aimed to examine the descriptions and writings that the cities/city-states that produced both amphora and coin used in common on these objects, consciously or unconsciously, during the Classical Period. Within the scope of our study, there are fragments of local amphora forms and coin finds of the city states that produced both stamped amphora and coins during this period. In the study, there is evidence of similar use of figures, symbols, legends, monograms, etc. on amphora stamps and coins. In addition, the religious, political and social purposes of use were reflected in the period in which these finds were dated. Particular attention has been drawn to the use of propaganda.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Classical Period, Amphora, Coin, Stamps, Depiction, Propaganda

Kaynakça

Armağan, A. 1999. “Siyasal Bir İletişim Türü Olarak Propaganda”, İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 9, 417-426;
Barron, J. P. 1966. The Silver Coins of Samos, London.
Bektaş, A. 2002. Siyasi Propaganda, Tarihsel Evrimi ve Demokratik Toplumdaki Uygulamaları, İstanbul.
BMC Attica, 1964. A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in British Museum. Attice, Megaris, Aigina. Haz. Vincent Barclay Head, A. Forni, Bologna.
BMC Bithynia, 1963. A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the BritishMuseum. Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Pontus, Paphlagonia, Bithynia, Kingdom of Bosporus, Bologna, Arnoldo Forni-Editore.
BMC Caria Head, B.V., ed. 1897. A Catalogue of Greek Coins in the British Museum. Caria, Cos, Rhodes and co. London: The Trustees.
BMC Crete Wroth, W., ed. 1886. A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum. Crete and the Aegean island. London: The Trustees.
BMC Cyprus Hill, G.F., ed. 1904. A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum. Cyprus. London: The Trustees.
BMC Ionia B. V. Head (ed.), 1963-1965. A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in the British Museum, British Museum Catalogue of the Greek Coins of Ionia, Bologna.
BMC Macedonia, Head, B. V. 1879. British Museum Catalogue of Greek Coins, Macedonia, etc. London.
BMC Troas, 1964. A Catalogue of the Greek Coins in British Museum Troas, Aeolis and Lesbos, (Ed. W. Wroth – A. Forni), Bologna.
Bon, A. M. ve Bon, A. 1957. Les timbres amphoriques deThasos, ÉtudesThasiennes IV, Paris.
Brashınsky I. B. 1980. Greek Import on the Lower Don in the 5th to the 3th Centuries B.C., Leningrad.
Bruneau, P. – Théophıle, H. 1970. Exploration Archéologique De Délos: 27. Lieu de publication non identifié: Paris.
CALVET, Y. 1986. “Les amphores Cypriotes et leur diffusion en Méditerranée orientale”, BCH Suppl. XIII, 505-514.
Cankardeş-Şenol, G.- ALKAÇ, E. 2007. ‘’Amphoralar Işığında Kentin Ticari İlişkileri’’, Ed. Serra Durugönül, ADALYA Ekyayın Dizisi 6, 241-197.
Cankardeş-Şenol, G.C. 2006. Klasik ve Hellenistik Dönem’de Mühürlü Amphora Üreten Merkezler ve Mühürleme Sistemleri, Ege Yayınları, İstanbul.
Carlson, D. N. 2004. Cargo in Context: The Morphology, Stamping, and Origins of the Amphoras from a Fifth–Century B.C. Ionian Shipwreck, (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Texas Üniversitesi, Texas.
Clınkenbeard, B. G. 1982. “Lesbian Wine and Storage Amphoras: A Progress Report on Identification”, Hesperia, 51, 248-268.
Corbett, P. E. 1949. “Attic Pottery of the Later Fifth Century from the Athenian Agora”, Hesperia, 18/4, 298-351.
Dalby, A. 2000. Empire of pleasures: luxury and indulgence in the Roman world. London/New York: Routledge.
Doğer, E. 1988. Klazomenai Kazısındaki Arkaik Dönem Amphoraları, Ege Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, İzmir.
Doğer, E. 1991. Antik Çağda Amphoralar, İzmir.
Empereur, J.-Y. - Pıcon, M. 1986. “A la recherche des fours d’amphores”, in: J.-Y. Empereur/Y. Garlan (eds.), Recherches sur les amphores grecques, Actes du colloque international (Athènes 10-12 Septembre 1984), Bulletin de correspondance hèllènique, Suppl. 13, Paris, 105-126.
Erkış, İ. U. – Summak, M. E. 2011. “Propaganda ve Dış Politika”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksek Okulu Dergisi, 14/1-2, 269-292.
Filis, K. 2021. “The Akanthian Workshops and the Production of Transport Amphoras”, Z. Μπόνια – J. Y. Perreault (Eds.). Argilos, 25 années de recherches Organisation de la ville et de la campagne dans les colonies du Nord de l’Égée, VIIIe – IIIe siècles av. n.è., Publications of the Canadian Institute in Greece, Athens, 451-469.
Garlan, Y. 1983. “Greek Amphorae and Trade”, Trade in the Ancient Economy, ed. by. P. Garsney, K. Hopkins and C. R. Whittaker, London, 27-35.
Garlan, Y. 1997. “Un nouveau centre de timbrage amphorique: Ouranopolis”, To Arxaıologıko Sth Makedononıa Kaı Yrakh 10A, 1996, 347-353
Garlan, Y. 1999. Les timbres amphorisqıues de Thasos, Vol. I, Etudes Thasiennes 28, Paris.
Garlan, Y. 2000. Amphores et timbres amphoriques grecs. Entre érudition et idéologie. Mémoires de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Nouvelle Série XXI, Paris.
Grace, V. 1949. ‘’Standart Pottery Conteiners of the Greek World’’, Hesperia 8, 175-189.
Grace, V. 1952. “Timbres amphoriques trouvés à Délos”, Bulletin de correspondance Hèllènique, 76/2, 514-540.
Grace, V. 1956. ‘’Stamped Winw Jar Fragments’’, Hesperia 10, 80-109.
Grace, V. 1961. Amphoras And The Ancient Wine Trade, Excavations Of The Athenian Agora Picture Book: No:6, American Schools Of Classical Studies at Athens, Princeton, 1-27.
Grace, V. 1963. ‘’Notes on the Amphoras from Koroni Peninsula’’, Hesperia 32, 3, 319-334.
Grace, V. 1971. “Samian Amphoras”, Hesperia, 40, 52– 95.
Grace, V. 1979. “Exceptional Amphora Stamps’’, Studies in Classical Art and Archaeology, 117-127.
Karadima, C. 2004. “Ainos: An Unknown Amphora Production Centre in the Evros Delta”, Ed.: J. Eiring, - J. Lund, Transport Amphorae and Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean, Acts of the International Colloquium at the Danish Institute at Athens, September, 26-29, 2002, Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens, Volume V, Denmark, 155-161
Kaygusuz, İ.- Erzen, A. 1986. ‘’Stempel auf Amphorenhenkeln aus Ainos (Enez)’’, Zeitschirft für Epigraphik und historische Geographie Anatoliens, Heft 7, 7-16.
Kopcke, G. - Moore, M. B. 1979. Studies in classical art and archaeology :. a tribute to Peter Heinrich von Blanckenhagen. Locust Valley, J.J. Augustin, New York.
Lang, M. – Crosby, M. 1964.Weights, measures, and tokens, American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Princeton.
Lawall, M. L. 1995. “Transport Amphoras and Trademarks: Imports to Athens and Economic Diversity in the Fifth Century B.C.” University of Michigan, PhD Diss. Ann Arbor.
Lawall, M. L. 2004. Archaeological context and Aegean amphora chronologies: A case of study of Hellenistic Ephesos. Ed.: J. Eiring - J. Lund, Transport Amphorae and Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean, Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens Volume 5, Aarhus University Press, Athens, 171-188.
Lawall, M. L. 2005. “Amphoras and Hellenistic Economies: Addressing the (over)emphasis on stamped amphora handles”, Ed.: Z.H. Archıbald - J.K. Davies - V. Gabrıelsen, Making, Moving and Managing. The New World of Ancient Economies, Oxford, 188-232.
Marangou-Lerat A. 1995. Le vin et les amphores de Crète, de l’époque classique à l’époque imperiale, Études Crétoises 30, Atina.
Meshorer, Y. 1970. The Production of Coins in the Ancient World, Israel Museum, Jerusalem.
Milne, J. G. 1941. Colophon and its Coinage: A Study (Numismatic Notes and Monographs), New York.
Morkholm, O. 2000. Erken Hellenistik Çağ Sikkeleri, Çev.: Oğuz Tekin, Homer Yayınları, İstanbul.
Morrisson, C. 2002. Antik Sikkeler Bilimi Nümismatik Genel Bir Bakış, Çev.: Z.Çizmeli Öğün, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul.
Noe, S. P. 1926. The Mende (Kaliandra) Hoard, Numismatic Notes and Monographs, 27, 1-73.
Sear, D. R. 1978. Greek Coins and Their Values, Vol. 1, Europe, London.
Sear, D.R. 1979. Greek Coins and Their Values, Vol. 2, Asia&Africa, London.
Seltman, C. 1955. Greek Coins, Methuen, London.
SNG ANS 7, 1987. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum: The Collection of the American Numismatic Society, Part 7, Macedonia 1 (Cities, Thraco-Macedonian Tribes, Paeonian Kings), New York: The American Numismatic Society,.
SNG Cop Caria, 1947. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals at the Danish National Museum, Caria, Part 1 Alabanda - Orthosia, Copenhagen: Einar Munksgaard.
SNG Cop. Ionia, 1976. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals, Danish National Museum, Ionia I–III, Copenhagen.
SNG Cop. Thrace, 1942. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals. Danish National Museum. Thrace, Part 1: The Tauric Chersonese-Thrace: Mesembria, Copenhagen.
SNG Cop. Thrace, 1942-1943. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, The Royal Collection of Coins and Medals, Danish National Museum, Thrace, Copenhagen.
SNG Finland I. - Westermark, U., - R. Ashton. 1994. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum Finland, The Erkki Keckman Collection in the Skopbank, Helsinki Part I Karia. Helsinki.
SNG v. Aulock Ionien, 1960. Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, Deutschland, Sammlung v. Aulock, Ionien, Berlin.
Şenol, A. K. 2009. AETAM (Arslan Eyce Taşucu Amphora Müzesi)’da Bulunan Ticarî Amphoralar ve Akdeniz’de Ticaretin İzleri, Taşeli Matbaacılık, Mersin.
Tekin, O. 2000. Eskiçağda Para (Antik Numismatiğe Giriş), Eski Çağ Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yayınları, İstanbul.
Tekin, O. 2008. Eski Yunan ve Roma Tarihine Giriş, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul.
Thonemann, P. 2015. The Hellenistic World: Using Coins as Sources, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Tuna, N. - Empereur, J. Y. 1989. ‘’Datça/Reşadiye Antik Seramik Atölyeleri Kazısı, 1988’’, VII. Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı, Antalya, 555-567.
Tzochev, C. 2016. Amphora Stamps from Thasos, The Athenian Agora Vol. XXXVII, New Jersey.
Villing, A. - Bergeron, M. - Bourogiannis, G. - Johnston, A. - Leclère, F. - Masson, A. - Thomas, R. 2013-2015. Naukratis: Greeks in Egypt. London: British Museum. https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20190801105436/https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/online_research_catalogues/ng/naukratis_greeks_in_egypt.aspx.
Wartenberg, U. - Kagan, J. U. 2016. “Silphium, Jerboas, Genets And The Coinage Of Cyrene”, Ed.: Michele Asolati, Le Monete Di Cirene E Della Cirenaica Nel Mediterraneo, Padova, 43-56.
Whıtbread, I. K. 1995. Greek Transport Amphorae, A Petrological and Archaeological Study. Athens.
Zacharou-Loutrari, A. K. 1998. Chiaki Sfigga: I diachroniki poreia enos topikou symbolou. Chios.

Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Konular	Arkeoloji
Bölüm	MAKALELER / ARTICLES
Yazarlar	İsmail Akkaş 0000-0002-2744-3202
Yayımlanma Tarihi	26 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi	19 Ağustos 2022
Kabul Tarihi	8 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2022 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 13

Kaynak Göster

Chicago	Akkaş, İsmail. “KLASİK VE HELLENİSTİK DÖNEM’DE AMPHORA MÜHÜRLERİ VE SİKKELER ÜZERİNDE KULLANILAN ORTAK SEMBOL VE YAZITLAR”. Amisos 7, sy. 13 (Aralık 2022): 253-73. https://doi.org/10.48122/amisos.1164537.

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