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Ergenlik Döneminde Benlik Algısının Gelişimi: Psikososyal ve Kültürel Etkenler

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 203 - 220, 29.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18075826

Öz

Bu makalede ergenlik döneminde benlik algısının gelişimi incelenmiştir. Ergenlik dönemi, bireyin kimlik gelişimi ve benlik algısının şekillendiği önemli bir evredir. Bu süreçte bireyin kendini nasıl gördüğü, çevresel faktörlerden büyük ölçüde etkilenir. Bireyin içsel dünyasını ve dış çevreyle kurduğu ilişkiyi biçimlendiren en önemli unsurlardan biri de psikososyal etkenlerdir. Psikososyal etkenler arasında aile, akran grupları, öğretmenler ve sosyal çevre önemli bir rol oynar. Aile içindeki iletişim biçimi, ebeveyn tutumları ve destekleyici bir ortam sunulması, ergenin sağlıklı bir benlik algısı geliştirmesine katkı sağlar. Öte yandan, akran ilişkileri de benlik algısını şekillendiren kritik faktörlerden biridir. Ergenler, akranlarının geri bildirimleri doğrultusunda kendilerini değerlendirir ve aidiyet duygularını geliştirirler. Kültürel faktörler ise ergenin benlik algısını toplumsal normlar, gelenekler ve medya aracılığıyla şekillendirir. Toplumun bireyden beklediği roller, cinsiyet normları ve kültürel değerler, ergenin kendisini nasıl tanımladığını belirleyebilir. Olumlu bir benlik algısının gelişimi, ergenin psikolojik iyi oluşunu desteklerken, olumsuz bir benlik algısı ise düşük özsaygı, kaygı bozuklukları ve depresyon gibi sorunlara yol açabilir. Bu nedenle, ergenlerin sağlıklı bir benlik algısı geliştirebilmeleri için ailelerin destekleyici bir tutum sergilemesi, eğitimcilerin farkındalık yaratması ve kültürel faktörlerin olumlu yönde yönlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu derleme makalesinde, ergenlik döneminde benlik algısının gelişim süreci psikososyal ve kültürel etkenler çerçevesinde ele alınarak mevcut araştırmalar ışığında değerlendirilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Achterberg, M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Ijzendoorn, M. H., Meulen, M., Tottenham, N. & Crone, E. A. (2018). Distinctive heritability patterns of subcortical-prefrontal cortex resting state connectivity in childhood: A twin study. Neuroimage, 175, 138-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.03.076
  • Achterberg, M., Duijvenvoorde, A. C., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. & Crone, E. A. (2016). Control your anger! The neural basis of aggression regulation in response to negative social feedback. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 11(5), 712-720. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsv154
  • Aktaş, V. & Güvenç, B. G. (2006). Kız ve erkek ergenlerde saldırgan ve olumlu sosyal davranışlar ile yaş, ilişkisel bağlam ve kişiler arası duyarlılık arasındaki ilişkiler. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2, 233-264.
  • Allemand, M. Job, V., & Mroczek, D. K. (2019). Self-control development in adolescence predicts love and work in adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117(3), 621. https://doi.org/10. 1037/pspp0000229
  • Amirbagloie-Daryani, M., Shabani, S., Saraee, S. & Pasnak, R. (2022). The role of school factors in predicting school maladjustment in junior high school students. Creative Education, 13(1), 135–148. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2022.131010
  • Andrews, J. L., Foulkes, L. & Blakemore, S. J. (2020). Peer influence in adolescence: Public health implications for COVID-19. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 24(8), 585–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2020.05.001
  • Ansari, A., Hofkens, T. L. & Pianta, R. C. (2020). Teacher-student relationships across the first seven years of education and adolescent outcomes. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 71, 101-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101200
  • Arnevik, E., Wilberg, T., Monsen, J. T., Andrea, H. & Karterud, S. (2009). A cross‐national validity study of the severity indices of personality problems (SIPP‐118). Personality and Mental Health, 3(1), 41-55. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmh.60
  • Arslan, G. & Coşkun, M. (2020). Student subjective wellbeing, school functioning, and psychological adjustment in high school adolescents: A latent variable analysis. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 4(2), 153–164. https://doi.org/10.47602/jpsp.v4i2.231
  • Azpiazu, L., Antonio-Aguirre, I., Funte, I. & Fernández-Lasarte, O. (2024). School adjustment in adolescence explained by social support, resilience and positive affect. European Journal of Psychology of Education. 15,1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-023-00785-3
  • Baumeister, R. F. & Leary, M. R. (1997). Writing narrative literature reviews. Review of General Psychology, 1(3), 311-320. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.1.3.311
  • Becht, A. I., Nelemans, S. A., Van Dijk, M. P., Branje, S. J., Van Lier, P. A., Denissen, J. J. & Meeus, W. H. (2017). Clear self, better relationships : Adolescents’ self‐concept clarity and relationship quality with parents and peers across 5 years. Child Development, 88(6), 1823 1833. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12921
  • Butzer, B. & Kuiper, N. A. (2006). Relationships between the frequency of social comparisons and self-concept clarity, intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety, and depression. Personality and individual differences, 41(1), 167-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.12.017
  • Caqueo, A., Atencio, D., Urzúa, A. & Flores, J. (2022). Integration, social competence and life satisfaction: The mediating effect of resilience and self-esteem in adolescents. Child Indicators Research, 15(2), 617–629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-021-09907-z
  • Carter, J. J. & Vartanian, L. R. (2022). Self-concept clarity and appearance-based social comparison to idealized bodies. Body Image, 40, 124-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.12.001
  • Casey, B. J. (2015). Beyond simple models of self-control to circuit-based accounts of adolescent behavior. Annual review of psychology, 66(1), 295-319. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurevpsych010814-015156
  • Chiang, S. C., Ting, S. J., Hung, Y. F., Sung, Y. H. & Chen, W. C. (2024). The role of family conflict and school problems in adolescent emotion dynamics. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 33(3), 877–887. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-024-02797-z

Development of Self-Concept During Adolescence: Psychosocial and Cultural Factors

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 203 - 220, 29.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18075826

Öz

This article examines the development of self-perception during adolescence. Adolescence is an important phase in which an individual's identity development and self-perception are shaped. During this process, how an individual sees himself/herself is greatly affected by environmental factors. One of the most important elements that shape an individual's inner world and the relationship he/she establishes with the external environment is psychosocial factors. Among psychosocial factors, family, peer groups, teachers and the social environment play an important role. The type of communication within the family, parental attitudes and providing a supportive environment contribute to the adolescent's development of a healthy self-perception. On the other hand, peer relationships are also one of the critical factors that shape self-perception. Adolescents evaluate themselves in line with the feedback from their peers and develop their sense of belonging. Cultural factors shape the adolescent's self-perception through social norms, traditions and the media. The roles that society expects from the individual, gender norms and cultural values can determine how the adolescent defines himself/herself. The development of a positive self-perception supports the psychological well-being of the adolescent, while a negative self-perception can lead to problems such as low self-esteem, anxiety disorders, and depression. Therefore, in order for adolescents to develop a healthy self-perception, families must exhibit a supportive attitude, educators must create awareness, and cultural factors must be positively directed. In this review article, the development process of self-perception during adolescence is evaluated in the light of existing research by considering the framework of psychosocial and cultural factors.

Kaynakça

  • Achterberg, M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Ijzendoorn, M. H., Meulen, M., Tottenham, N. & Crone, E. A. (2018). Distinctive heritability patterns of subcortical-prefrontal cortex resting state connectivity in childhood: A twin study. Neuroimage, 175, 138-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.03.076
  • Achterberg, M., Duijvenvoorde, A. C., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. & Crone, E. A. (2016). Control your anger! The neural basis of aggression regulation in response to negative social feedback. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 11(5), 712-720. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsv154
  • Aktaş, V. & Güvenç, B. G. (2006). Kız ve erkek ergenlerde saldırgan ve olumlu sosyal davranışlar ile yaş, ilişkisel bağlam ve kişiler arası duyarlılık arasındaki ilişkiler. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2, 233-264.
  • Allemand, M. Job, V., & Mroczek, D. K. (2019). Self-control development in adolescence predicts love and work in adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 117(3), 621. https://doi.org/10. 1037/pspp0000229
  • Amirbagloie-Daryani, M., Shabani, S., Saraee, S. & Pasnak, R. (2022). The role of school factors in predicting school maladjustment in junior high school students. Creative Education, 13(1), 135–148. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2022.131010
  • Andrews, J. L., Foulkes, L. & Blakemore, S. J. (2020). Peer influence in adolescence: Public health implications for COVID-19. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 24(8), 585–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2020.05.001
  • Ansari, A., Hofkens, T. L. & Pianta, R. C. (2020). Teacher-student relationships across the first seven years of education and adolescent outcomes. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 71, 101-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2020.101200
  • Arnevik, E., Wilberg, T., Monsen, J. T., Andrea, H. & Karterud, S. (2009). A cross‐national validity study of the severity indices of personality problems (SIPP‐118). Personality and Mental Health, 3(1), 41-55. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmh.60
  • Arslan, G. & Coşkun, M. (2020). Student subjective wellbeing, school functioning, and psychological adjustment in high school adolescents: A latent variable analysis. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 4(2), 153–164. https://doi.org/10.47602/jpsp.v4i2.231
  • Azpiazu, L., Antonio-Aguirre, I., Funte, I. & Fernández-Lasarte, O. (2024). School adjustment in adolescence explained by social support, resilience and positive affect. European Journal of Psychology of Education. 15,1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-023-00785-3
  • Baumeister, R. F. & Leary, M. R. (1997). Writing narrative literature reviews. Review of General Psychology, 1(3), 311-320. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.1.3.311
  • Becht, A. I., Nelemans, S. A., Van Dijk, M. P., Branje, S. J., Van Lier, P. A., Denissen, J. J. & Meeus, W. H. (2017). Clear self, better relationships : Adolescents’ self‐concept clarity and relationship quality with parents and peers across 5 years. Child Development, 88(6), 1823 1833. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12921
  • Butzer, B. & Kuiper, N. A. (2006). Relationships between the frequency of social comparisons and self-concept clarity, intolerance of uncertainty, anxiety, and depression. Personality and individual differences, 41(1), 167-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.12.017
  • Caqueo, A., Atencio, D., Urzúa, A. & Flores, J. (2022). Integration, social competence and life satisfaction: The mediating effect of resilience and self-esteem in adolescents. Child Indicators Research, 15(2), 617–629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-021-09907-z
  • Carter, J. J. & Vartanian, L. R. (2022). Self-concept clarity and appearance-based social comparison to idealized bodies. Body Image, 40, 124-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.12.001
  • Casey, B. J. (2015). Beyond simple models of self-control to circuit-based accounts of adolescent behavior. Annual review of psychology, 66(1), 295-319. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurevpsych010814-015156
  • Chiang, S. C., Ting, S. J., Hung, Y. F., Sung, Y. H. & Chen, W. C. (2024). The role of family conflict and school problems in adolescent emotion dynamics. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 33(3), 877–887. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-024-02797-z
Toplam 17 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Eğitim Üzerine Çalışmalar (Diğer)
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Ali Rıza Yavrutürk 0000-0002-6724-6019

Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Mart 2025
Kabul Tarihi 22 Eylül 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Yavrutürk, A. R. (2025). Ergenlik Döneminde Benlik Algısının Gelişimi: Psikososyal ve Kültürel Etkenler. Anadolu Dil ve Eğitim Dergisi, 3(2), 203-220. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18075826