Ermenilerin Gözünden Baştan Sona Haçlı Seferleri

Öz

Makalede, Ermenilerin başlangıçtan beri Haçlı Seferlerini nasıl gördükleri ve bu durumu kendi dünyalarına nasıl dahil ettikleri üzerinde odaklanmaktadır. Bu da dönem kaynakları çerçevesinde işlenmiştir. Nitekim Haçlıların Ortadoğu’ya gelmesi diğer milletlerde olduğu gibi Ermeniler üzerinde de etkili olmuş dünya algılarını değiştirmiştir. Özellikle Haçlılar ile iç içe olan Ermeniler onları, bir kurtarıcı olarak görmüşlerdir. Bu durumun oluşmasında Ermeni geleneğinde yer alan kehanetler de etkili olmuştur. Zirâ Ermeni müellifler, yazdıkları eserlerde ve kolofonlarda bu kehanetler üzerinde durmuşlardır. Özellikle IV. asırda yaşayan Nersēs Šnorhali’nin Haçlıların gelişi hakkındaki kehaneti dikkat çekmiş ve Urfalı Mateos, Vardan, Siunikli Step’annos’, Kirakos gibi önemli Ermeni müellifleri, kehanetin gerçekleştiğini belirtmiştir. Dahası Haçlılar ile Ermeniler arasındaki münasebet, V. asırda karşılaşıp anlaşma yapan İmparator Büyük Konstantin–Papa Silvestre ile Ermenistan Kralı Trdat–Aydınlatıcı Gregory münasebeti üzerine inşa edilmiş ve bu dostluk Ermeni müellifler tarafından dönem şartlarına uyarlanmıştır. Dolayısıyla Ermeni dünyasındaki Haçlı figürü; kafirlere karşı kendilerini kurtaracak olan yiğit ırkı oluşturuyordu. İşte bu makale hem Ermenilerin, Haçlı Seferlerine karşı gelişen algıları ve gelenekleri hakkında bilgi vermesi hem de Ermeni kaynaklarını kritik ederek ele alması açısından önemlidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ermeniler
• Haçlılar
• Nersēs Šnorhali
• Kral Trdat
• Aydınlatıcı Gregory

The Crusaders through Armenian Eyes

Öz

The article focuses on how Armenians viewed the Crusades from the very beginning and how they included this situation in their own world. This was handled within the framework of the period sources. As a matter of fact, the arrival of the Crusaders to the Middle East had an impact on Armenians as well as other nations, and changed their perception of the world. Especially the Armenians, who were intertwined with the Crusaders, saw them as a savior. Prophecies in the Armenian tradition were also effective in the formation of this situation. For, Armenian authors dwelled on these prophecies in their works and colophons. Especially Nersēs Šnorhali's, who lived in the 4th century, prophecy about the arrival of the Crusaders attracted attention, and important Armenian authors such as Mateos from Urfa, Vardan, Siunikli Step’annos’, Kirakos stated that the prophecy came true. Moreover, the relationship between the Crusaders and the Armenians was built on the relationship between Emperor Constantine the Great – Pope Silvestre and the King of Armenia Trdat – Enlightening Gregory, who met and made an agreement in the 5th century, and this friendship was adapted to the conditions of the period by the Armenian authors. Therefore, the Crusader figure in the Armenian world; They were forming a valiant race that would save themselves against the infidels. This article is important both in terms of giving information about the perceptions and traditions of the Armenians against the Crusades, and critically examining the Armenian sources.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Armenians
• Crusaders
• Nersēs Šnorhali
• King Trdat
• Enlightening Gregory

Kaynakça

1. Abełyan, M., Vark‘Maštoc‘i, haz. (Erevan, 1941; hazırlayan Delmar, N.Y. 1985.
2. Agathangelos, History of the Armenians, çev. R. W. Thomson, Albany N.Y., 1976.
3. Anili Samuel, Hawakmunk‘ i groc‘ patmagrac‘, Eĵmiacin 1893.
4. Ayrivanec‘i, Mxit‘ar, Patmut‘iwn Hayoc‘, Moscow 1860.
5. Blake, R. P.,-R. N. Frye, “History of the Nation of the Archers (the Mongols) by Grigor of Akanc‘,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 12 1949, s. 269–399.
6. Brosset, M., Histoire de la Siounie par Ste´phannos Orbétlian, St. Petersburg 1864.
7. Brosset, M., “Histoire chronologique par Mkhithar d’Airivank, XIII S,” Me´moires de l’Acade´mie impe´riale des sciences de St. Petersbourg, ser. 7, cilt 13.5, 1869.
8. Brosset, M., “Histoire de l’Arménie par le vartabed Kiracos de Gantzac,” in Deux Historiens arméniens, St. Petersburg 1870, s. 1–194.

9. Brosset, M., “Samouel d’Ani: Tables chronologiques,” in Collection des historiens arméniens, vol. 2, St. Petersburg 1876.
10. Buzandaran, P‘awstosi Buzandac‘woy Patmut‘iwn Hayoc‘, Venice, 1933.
11. Dadoyan, S. B., “The Fatimid Armenians”, Islamic History and Civilization, Studies and Texts 18, Leiden, 1997, s. 85–90.
12. Dédéyan, G., La chronique attribuée au connétable Smbat, Documents relatifs à l’histoire des croisades publiéts par l’Acadétmie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres 13, Paris 1980.
13. Dostourian, A. E., Armenia and the Crusades: The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa, Lanham, Md., 1993.
14. Emine, J. R., “Généalogie de la famille de saint Grégoire et vie de saint Nersès,” in Collection des historiens anciens et modernes de l’Arménie, ed. V. Langlois, vol. 2, Paris 1969, s. 21–41.
15. Esbroeck, M. Van, “Le résume´ syriaque de l’Agathange,” AB 95, 1977.
16. Esbroeck, M. Van, “Un nouveau témoin du livre d’Agathange,” REArm , 1971.
17. Evans, Helen, Manuscript Illumination at the Armenian Patriarchate in Hromkla and the West, New York University, Institute of Fine Arts, 1989.
18. Galanus, C., Conciliatio ecclesiae Armenae cum Romana, Pars ı, Rome 1690.
19. Garitte, G., Documents pour l’étude du livre d’Agathange, ST 127, Vatican City 1946.
20. Garitte, G., “La vision de S. Sahak en grec,” Le Muséon 71, 1958.
21. Garsoïan, N. G., “Reality and Myth in Armenian History,” in The East and the Meaning of History, Università di Roma “La Sapienza,” Studi Orientali 13, 1994, s. 117–145.
22. Garsoïan, N. G., The Epic Histories (Buzandaran Patmut‘iwnk‘), Harvard Ermeni Metinler ve Çalışmaları 8, Cambridge 1989. Haase, F., “Die armenische Rezension der syrischen Chronik Michaels des Grossen,” OC, n.s., 5, 1915.
23. Halfter, Peter, Das Papsttum und die Armenier im fru¨hen und hohen Mittelalter, Forschungen zur Kaiser- und Papstgeschichte des Mittelalters, Beihefte zu J. F. Böhmer, Regesta Imperii, 15 (Cologne-Weimar-Vienna, 1996).
24. History of Łazar P‘arpec‘i, Patmut‘iwn Hayoc‘, Tiflis 1904, (haz. Delmar, N.Y., 1985).
25. Hovannisyan, A., Drvagner hay azatagrakan mtk‘i patmut‘yan, vol. 1, Erevan 1957.
26. Jackson P.-D. Morgan, The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck, Hakluyt Society, London 1990.
27. James Howard-Johnston ve Tim Greenwood, The Armenian History Attributed to Sebēos, Translated Texts for Historians 31, Liverpool 1999.
28. K. V. Šahnazareanc‘, Dašanc‘ T‘łt‘oc‘ k‘nnut‘iwn u herk‘umĕ, Paris 1862.
29. Kapoian, A.,-Kouymjian, “Le Catholicos Grégoire II le Martyrophile (Vkayasēr) et ses pérégrinations,” Bazmavep 132, 1974, s. 306–325.
30. Karst, J., Sempadscher Kodex aus dem 13. Jahrhundert oder Mittelarmenisches Rechtsbuch, Strassburg 1905.
31. Kéchichian, I., Nersés Šnorhali: La complainte d’Edesse, Bibliotheca Armeniaca 3, Venice, 1984.
32. Kirakos Ganjakec‘i, Patmut‘iwn Hayoc‘, Erevan, 1961. Langlois, V., Chronique de Michel le grand, Venice 1868.
33. M. Canard-H. Berbérian, Aristakès de Lastivert: Récit des Malheurs de la Nation arménienne, Bibliothéque de Byzantion 5, Brussels 1973.
34. Mahé, Jean P., “Entre Moïse et Mahomet: Réflexions sur l’historiographie arménienne,” REArm 23, 1992.
35. Mat‘evosyan, Hayeren Jeṙagrac’ Hišatakaranner, E-ŽB darer, Erevan 1988.
36. Mihael, Žamanakagrut’iwn,, Jerusalem 1871.
37. Mut‘afean, M., “Ban Hawatali erki hełinaki xndirĕ,” Sołakat‘, Istanbul 1995, s. 156–164.
38. N. G. Garsoïan, The Epic Histories (Buzandaran Patmut‘iwnk‘), Harvard Ermeni Metinler ve Çalışmaları 8, Cambridge 1989.
39. Nersessian, S. Der, “The Armenian Chronicle of the Constable Smpad or of the ‘Royal Historian,’” DOP 13, 1959, s. 143–168.
40. Nersessian, Sirarpie Der, Etudes byzantines et arméniennes, cilt 1, Louvain, 1973, s. 352–377.
41. Nersēssian, S. Der, Miniature Painting in the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, 2 vols., DOS31, Washington, D.C., 1993.
42. Patmut‘iwn srboyn Nersisi Part‘ewi, Sop‘erk‘ 1, Venice 1853.
43. Peteers P., “Un te´moignage autographe sur le sie`ge d’Antioche par les croise´s en 1098” historica in honorem Alberti de Meyer, Cilt 1, Louvain Üniversitesinden Tarihi Eserler Koleksiyonu, 3d ser., 22, Louvain 1946.
44. Peteers P., “Un te´moignage autographe sur le sie`ge d’Antioche par les croise´s en 1098”, Recherches d’histoire et de philologie orientales, Subs-Hag 27, Brussels 1951, 2, s. 164-180.
45. Pseudo Epiphanii Sermo de Antichristo, ed. G. Frasson, Bibliotheca Armeniaca 2, Venice, 1976.
46. Sanjian, Avedis K., “Cṙazatih”, ‘Erroneous Easter’—A Source of Greco-Armenian Religious Controversy,” Studia Caucasica 2, 1966, s. 26–47.
47. Sanjian, A. K., Colophons of Armenian Manuscripts, 1308-1480, A Source of Middle Eastern History, Cambridge 1969.
48. Sanjian, A. K., “Two Contemporary Armenian Elegies on the Fall of Constantinople, 1453,” Viator 1, 1970, s. 223–261.
49. Sargisean, B., Usumnasirut‘iwnk‘ hin ktakarani anvawer groc‘ vray, Venice 1898.
50. Schmitt, A. B., “Die zweifache armenische Rezension der syrischen Chronik Michaels des Grossen,” Le Muséon 109, 1996.
51. Step‘annos Orbelean, Patmut‘iwn nahangin Sisakan, Moscow, 1861.
52. Thierry, M., Répertoire des monastéres arméniens, CC, Turnhout, 1993.
53. Thomson, Robert W., “The Historical Compilation of Vardan Arewelc‘i,” DOP 43, 1989.
54. Thomson, R. W., The History of Łazar P‘arpec‘i, Atlanta 1991.
55. Thomson, R. W., A Bibliography of Classical Armenian Literature to 1500 A.D., CC, Turnhout 1995.
56. Thomson, R. W., Rewriting Caucasian History: The Medieval Armenian Adaptation of the Georgian Chronicles, Oxford Oriental Monographs Oxford 1996.
57. Thomson, R. W., “Constantine and Trdat in Armenia Tradition”, Acta Orientalia 50, 1997, s. 201-213.
58. Urfalı Mateos, Patmut‘iwn Matt‘ēosi Uṙhayec‘woy, Jerusalem 1869.
59. Vardan Arewelc‘i, Hawak‘umn Patmut‘ean, Venice 1862, (haz. Delmar, N.Y., 1991).
60. Weitenberg, Joseph J.S., “Literary Contacts in Cilician Armenia,” in East and West in the Crusader States, Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 75, Louvain 1996, s. 63–72.
61. Winkler, Koriwns Biographie des Mesrop Maštoc‘, OCA 245, Rome 1994.
62. Yovsep‘ean, G., Yišatakarank‘ Jeṙagrac’, Beyrut 1951.