Warfare, Political Leadership, and State Formation: The Case of the Zulu Kingdom, 1808-1879
Öz
The origin and evolution of the 19th-century Zulu Kingdom are used to examine two competing state formation theories: Robert Carneiro’s circumscription theory and Elman Service’s theory of institutionalized leadership. Both theories partly clarify Zulu political developments. Carneiro’s theory explains the origin and territorial expansion of the Zulu empire, while Service’s theory can account for the beginning differentiation of political roles in the Zulu state. Two alternative explanations of the causes of Zulu state formation are discussed to integrate the diverging theoretical perspectives of Carneiro and Service. First, the role of the Zulu King, Shaka, should be considered politically relevant only inasmuch as Shaka’s wars of conquest were instrumental for the unification of the Zulu Kingdom. Second, further developments in Zulu politics involved limited structural change from dispersed tribes to a unified military state. The analysis of political formations, including their origin and further transformation, should not be conducted in unilinear evolutionary terms, but from a multidimensional processual perspective.
Anahtar Kelimeler
State Formation, Circumscription theory, Zulu Kingdom, Institutionalized Leadership, Early State
Kaynakça
- ALGAZE, Guillermo: “Expansionary Dynamics of Some Early Pristine States”, American Athropologist, 1993, Volume 95, Number 2, pp. 304-333.
- BECKER, Peter: Rule of Fear: The Life and Times of Dingane. Green and Co. London Longmans, 1964.
- CARNEIRO, Robert L.: “A Theory of the Origin of the State”, Science, 1970, Volume 169, pp. 733-738 (A Theory).
- CARNEIRO, Robert L.: “Chiefdom-level warfare as exemplified in Fiji and the Cauca valley”, (Ed.) HAAS, Jonathan: The Anthropology of War, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1990, pp. 190-211. (Chiefdom)
- CARNEIRO, Robert L.: “Cross-currents in the theory of state formation”, American Ethnologist, 1987, Volume 14, Number 4, pp. 756-770 (Cross-currents).
- CARNEIRO, Robert L.: “Political expansion as an expression of the principle of competitive exclusion”, (Ed.) COHEN, Ronald / SERVICE, Elman R., Origins of the State: The Anthropology of Political Evolution, Institute for the Study of Human Issues, Philadelphia, 1978, pp. 205-223 (Political).
- CARNEIRO, Robert L.: “The chiefdom: precursor of the state”, (Ed.) JONES, Grant D. / KAUTZ, Robert B.: The Transition to Statehood in the New World, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1981, pp. 834-871 (The Cheifdom).
- CARNEIRO, Robert L.: “The Circumscription Theory: Challenge and Response”, American Behavioral Scientist, 1988, Volume 31, Number 4, pp. 497-511 (The Circumscription).
- CARNEIRO, Robert L.: “The role of warfare in political evolution: past results and future projections”, (Ed.) AUSENDA, Giorgio: Effects of War on Society, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Social Stress, San Marino, 1992, pp. 87-102 (The Role).
- CHANAIWA, David S.: “The Zulu Revolution: State Formation in a Pastoralist Society”, African Studies Review, 1980, Volume 23, Number 3, pp. 1-20.
