Diplomatik Sığınma: Güncel Tartışmalar ve Devlet Uygulamaları

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 235 - 254, 13.02.2026

Betül Çatal

https://doi.org/10.54699/andhd.1771606

https://izlik.org/JA63RZ25EH

Öz

Bu çalışma, diplomatik sığınma kurumunun günümüzdeki hukuki geçerliliğini uluslararası hukuk perspektifinden incelemektedir. Tarihsel kökenleri itibarıyla Orta Çağ’daki “mabet dokunulmazlığı” geleneğine dayanan diplomatik sığınma, modern anlamda özellikle Latin Amerika’da siyasi istikrarsızlıklar neticesinde kurumsallaşmış ve 1928 Havana ile 1954 Caracas Sözleşmeleri aracılığıyla bölgesel düzeyde normatif çerçeveye kavuşmuştur. Bununla birlikte, 1961 tarihli Diplomatik İlişkiler Hakkında Viyana Sözleşmesi diplomatik sığınmayı açıkça tanımamakta, yalnızca misyon binalarının dokunulmazlığını düzenlemektedir. Uluslararası Adalet Divanı’nın Asylum Case (Colombia v. Peru) kararında da vurgulandığı üzere, diplomatik sığınma ancak özel andlaşmalar veya istikrarlı bölgesel teamül ile meşruiyet kazanabilmektedir. Güncel vakalar, özellikle Julian Assange’ın Ekvador’un Londra Büyükelçiliği’ne sığınması, bu kurumun küresel ölçekte bağlayıcı bir norm oluşturmadığını, aksine devletlerarası ilişkilerde ciddi gerilimlere yol açtığını göstermektedir. Bu bağlamda diplomatik sığınma, bir yandan bireyleri zulümden koruma işleviyle insan hakları boyutuna sahipken, diğer yandan ev sahibi devletin egemenlik haklarını sınırlayan tartışmalı bir kurum olarak belirmektedir. Sonuç olarak, diplomatik sığınma günümüz uluslararası hukukunda istisnai, bölgesel ve sınırlı geçerliliğe sahip bir uygulama olarak varlığını sürdürmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Diplomatik Sığınma , Caracas Sözleşmesi , Viyana Sözleşmesi , Bölgesel Teamül Hukuku , Asylum Vakası

Diplomatic Asylum: Contemporary Debates and State Practices

https://izlik.org/JA63RZ25EH

Öz

This study examines the contemporary legal validity of diplomatic asylum within the framework of international law. Historically rooted in the medieval concept of “sanctuary” diplomatic asylum gained its modern character primarily in Latin America, where political instability facilitated its institutionalization through the 1928 Havana Convention and the 1954 Caracas Convention. These treaties provided a regional normative framework but did not establish a binding obligation in general international law. The 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations regulates the inviolability of mission premises but remains silent on the issue of diplomatic asylum. The International Court of Justice, in the Asylum Case (Colombia v. Peru), emphasized that diplomatic asylum can only be legitimate when supported by specific treaties or consistent regional custom. Contemporary cases, most notably Julian Assange’s refuge in the Embassy of Ecuador in London, demonstrate that the institution has not crystallized into a universally binding norm but rather continues to generate tensions in inter-state relations. In this context, diplomatic asylum simultaneously serves as a mechanism for the protection of individuals from persecution, thereby engaging human rights concerns, while also raising challenges to the sovereignty of the territorial state. Consequently, diplomatic asylum remains an exceptional, regional, and limited practice within the current international legal order.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Diplomatic Asylum , Caracas Convention , Vienna Convention , Regional Customary Law , Asylum Case

Kaynakça

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