“Lex Sempronia Tiberiana”: Tiberius Gracchus’un Toprak Reformu ve Toplumsal Kökenleri

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 183 - 238, 01.02.2020

Ozan Giray Şahin

Öz

Adını Pleb Tribünü Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus’tan alan Lex Sempronia Tiberiana, Roma Cumhuriyeti’nin siyasi ve hukuki tarihinin en önemli olaylarından biridir. Lex Sempronia Tiberiana cumhuriyetin en ağır krizlerinden birini yaşadığı M.Ö. II. Yüzyıl’ın ikinci yarısının toplumsal koşullarının bir sonucudur. Latifundia sisteminin geliştiği, köylülerin kitleler halinde topraksız kaldığı, köle emeğinin kitlesel biçimde tüm üretim alanına hâkim olduğu, köle isyanlarının daha önce Roma’da görülmemiş boyutlara ulaştığı ve son raddede cumhuriyetin toplumsal yapısının vuku bulan değişiklikler sonucu ortaya çıkan yeni ilişkileri taşıyamadığı bir dönemde ortaya çıkan Lex Sempronia Tiberiana sadece bir reform programı olmanın ötesindedir. Toplumsal krizlerin yoğunlaştığı dönemler, hukuk üretimini de dönüştürmüş ve her toplum gibi Roma Cumhuriyeti de kendi krizine hukuk içinde çözüm arayan aktörler ortaya çıkarmıştır. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus işte bu aktörlerden biridir. Fakat tarih sahnesine çıktığı dönemin toplumsal koşulları onu hiç bekleyemediği bir yere itecek ve Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus kendini pleblerin sözcüsü olarak bulacaktır. Pleblerin toplumsal talepleri ile bütünleşme ise Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus ile onun reform programını, benzer örneklerin çok ötesinde yere yerleştirecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ager Publicus, Lex Sempronia Tiberiana, Tiberius Gracchus, Toprak Reformu, Köleci Üretim Tarzı

“Lex Sempronia Tiberiana”: The Agrarian Reform of Tiberius Gracchus and Its Social Foundations

Öz

Lex Sempronia Tiberiana: The agrarian reform act that is named after the Tribune of PlebsTiberius Sempronius Gracchus is one of the milestones of the political and judicial history of the Roman Republic. Lex Sempronia Tiberiana refers to an outcome of the crisis of Second Century B.C. which is one of the most severe social crises of the Roman Republic. The periods when the social crises intensify; transforms the production of law and like every society the Roman Republic gave birth to the actors who are looking for a solution to the crisis of their society. Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus is one of these actors. The social conditions of the era that he has been introducing himself to the history will position him as the political leader and spokesman of the plebs which maybe he has never intended to. Thus unification with the plebs will put Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus and his reforms to the position of historical importance far beyond than the similar actors and attempts.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ager Publicus, Lex Sempronia Tiberiana, Tiberius Gracchus, Agrarian Reform, Slave Mode of Production

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