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Nigeria: The Effects of Identity Politics on Societal Security

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 11 Sayı: Afrika, 114 - 125, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.1307464

Öz

Nijerya nüfusu, ekonomisi ve enerji kaynaklarıyla Afrika kıtasının öne çıkan ülkesidir. İngiliz sömürgeciliğine maruz kalmış Nijerya’da 1960 yılında ilan edilen bağımsızlıktan bugüne siyasi sorunlar güvenlik gündemini şekillendirmiştir. 1960-1999 yılları arasında iç savaş ortamı ve ilan edilen cumhuriyetler sonrasında askeri darbelerin ortaya çıkmasıyla demokratik süreçlerin sekteye uğraması toplum güvenliği ortamının tesis edilemediğinin göstergesidir. Bu hususta farklı etnik ve dini niteliklere sahip kesimlerin entegrasyonunu sağlanamaması nedendir. Kimlik kavramının siyasi tartışmaların merkezine yerleşmesiyle birlikte köktenci düşüncelere sahip örgütlerin terör faaliyetleriyle karşılaşılmaktadır. Nijerya’da son 10 yıllık dönemde bölgesel çerçevede de etki uyandıran diğer örgütlerle bağlantı halinde uluslararası bir bağlama yerleşen Boko Haram terör örgütü bulunmaktadır. Bu makalede Nijerya’nın yaşadığı terör sorunu tarihsel, siyasi, ekonomik ve sosyal dinamikler üzerinden incelenmektedir. Her ne kadar inşa edilerek oluşturulan kimlik siyaseti yaklaşımının terör sorununda temel faktör olduğu düşünülse de Nijerya’daki bölgelerarası farklar hesaba katıldığında sosyal ve ekonomik gelişimin bu hususun aşılmasındaki önemi vurgulanmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Aghedo, I., Osumah, O. (2012). The Boko Haram Uprising: How Should Nigeria Respond?, Third World Quarterly, Vol.33, No.5, 853-869.
  • Aiyede, E.R. (2012). Parliament, Civil Society and Military Reform in Nigeria, J. Rüland, M. Manea & H. Born (Eds.), in (161-182) The Politics of Military Reform: Experiences from Indonesia and Nigeria, New York: Springer.
  • Amusan, L., Jedege, A., Saka, L. (2017). The Challenges of Democratisation in Africa: Evidence and the Way Forward for Nigeria, Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt:15, Sayı:29, 43-69.
  • Aydoğan, I., Fidan, M.S. (2022). Afrika’da Sömürgecilik ve Eğitim I.Cilt, Ankara: Hece Yayınları.
  • Bamidele, O. (2015). Nigeria Without Nigerians: National Identity and Nation-Building, International Journal on World Peace, Vol.XXXII, No.1, 7-32.
  • Ben-Edet, E. (2022). Terrorism: A Case Study of the Global Security Threat of Boko Haram and The ISIS Alliance in Nigeria (doctorate dissertation), Texas Southern University, https://digitalscholarship.tsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=dissertations
  • Campbell, J. (2010). Nigeria: Dancing on the Brink, Washington: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  • Campbell, J. (2014). Why are Boko Haram Fighters Successful, Nigerian Tribune, (Accessed: 20.05.2023), http://tribune.com.ng/index.php/columns/backpage/in-out/item/818-why-are-boko-haram-fighters-successful
  • CIA. (2021). The World Factbook, (Accessed: 20.05.2023), https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/
  • Çaşın, M. H. (2008). Uluslararası Terörizm, Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Falola, T., Heaton, M. A. (2008). A History of Nigeria, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ferhavi, F. (2015). Stratejik Etkileşimler: Arap Dünyası, Türkiye ve Afrika, Ankara: USAK Yayınları.
  • Forest, J., J., F. (2012). Confronting the Terrorism of Boko Haram in Nigeria, JSOU Report 12-5.
  • Forrest, J. B. (2004). Subnationalism in Africa: Ethnicity, Alliances and Politics, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Gieler, W., Akbaş, Z. (2010). Nijerya: Afrika’nın En Kalabalık Ülkesinde Dinsel ve Etnik Çatışma, K. İnat, B. Duran, M. Ataman (Eds.), in (199-227) Dünya Çatışmaları 2.Cilt, Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Guitta, O., Simcox, R. (2014). Terrorism in Nigeria the Threat from Boko Haram and Ansaru, A Henry Jackson Society Briefing.
  • International Crisis Group. (2014). Curbing Violence in Nigeria (II): The Boko Haram Insurgency, Africa Report No.216.
  • International Crisis Group. (2021). An Exit From Boko Haram? Assessing Nigeria’s Operation Safe Corridor, Africa Briefing No.170.
  • Kavak, G. (2021). İngiliz Koloni Yönetimine Nijerya’daki Hakimiyet Araçları ve Günümüzdeki Yansımaları, Africania, Yıl.1, Sayı.1, İnönü Üniversitesi Afrika Araştırmaları Dergisi, 121-144.
  • Kinnan, C., J., Gordon, D., B., DeLong, M., D., Jaquish, D., W., McAllum, R., S., (2011). Failed State 2030: Nigeria: A Case Study, Occasional Paper No.67, Alabama: Air University.
  • Kirk-Greene, A.H.M. (1967). The Peoples of Nigeria: The Cultural Bacground to the Crisis, African Affairs, Vol.66, Iss.262, 3-11.
  • Laitin, D. (1985). Hegemony and Religious Conflict: British Imperial Control and Political Cleavages in Yorubaland, (Eds.) P. B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer and T. Skocpol, in (285-316) Bringing the State Back in, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Mamman, E., B. (2020). Public Policy Responses to Violence: Case Study of Boko Haram Insurgency (doctorate thesis), Minnesota: Walden University, https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=10671&context=dissertations
  • Mbembe, A. (2021). Postkoloni Üzerine. (M. Yalçın & M. Yalçın, Trns.) Ankara: Hece Yayınları.
  • Montclos, M., P. (2014). Boko Haram and Politics: From Insurgency to Terrorism, IFRA-Nigeria, African Studies Centre, 110-131.
  • Ochonu, M. E. (2014). Colonialism by Proxy, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
  • Odeyemi, J. O. (2014). A Political History of Nigeria and the Crisis of Ethnicity in Nation-Building, International Journal of Developing Societies, Vol.3, No.1, 87-95.
  • Ojo, E., O. (2010). The Politics of Revenue Allocation and Resource Control in Nigeria: Implications for Federal Stability, Federal Governance, 7(1), 15-38.
  • Okafor, V., O. (2008). A Roadmap for Understanding African Politics Leadership and Political Integration in Nigeria, New York: Routledge.
  • Onimisi, T. (2014). The Politics of State Creation in Nigeria and The Economic Viability of The Existing 36 States, International Journal of Social Sciences and Management, Vol.1, No.2, 64-68.
  • Onuoha, F., C. (2010). The Islamist Challenge Nigeria’s Boko Haram crisis Explained, African Security Review, Vol.19, No.2, 54-67.
  • Onuoha, F., C. (2014). Why Do Yuoth Join the Boko Haram?, United States Institute of Peace, Special Report 348.
  • PRISM. (2017). The Struggle for Security in Africa, Vol.6, No.4, 2017. Rapoport, D. C. (2022). Waves of Global Terrorism from 1879 to the Present, New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Nijerya’nın Ekonomisi, (Accessed: 20.05.2023), https://www.mfa.gov.tr/nijerya-ekonomisi.tr.mfa
  • Sıradağ, A. (2015). Sahra altı Afrikası’nda Terörist Grupların Yükselişi Boko Haram ve Eş-Şebab, Analiz, Sayı:125, SETA.
  • Solomon, H. (2017). Theorizing Boko Haram: Understanding the terrorist threat, J. J. Hentz & H. Solomon (Ed.), in (3-16) Understanding Boko Haram, New York: Routledge. Statista. (Accessed: 20.05.2023), https://www.statista.com/statistics/1122955/forecast-population-in-nigeria/
  • Tandoğan, M. (2016). Nijerya ve Nijer’in Devlet Sistemlerinin Otoriterleşmesinde Askeri Darbelerin Etkisi, Rapor.2, İstanbul: Afrika Araştırmacıları Derneği.
  • The Fund for Peace, (Accessed: 20.05.2023), https://fragilestatesindex.org/
  • U.N. Office of the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Humanitarian Bulletin: Nigeria, Issue 03, April 2014.
  • Uchehara, K., E. (2008). Afrika’daki Çatışmalardan Din Faktörü: Nijerya Kaduna Örneğiyle Bir Analiz (doktora tezi), Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bursa.
  • Uluer, A. G. (2014). Nijerya’da Silahlı Örgütler: Boko Haram ve MEND (yüksek lisans tezi), Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. United Nations. (Accessed: 20.05.2023), https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/pdf/events/other/10/World_Population_Projections_Press_Release.pdf
  • Wolfers, A. (1952). “National Security” as an Ambiguous Symbol, Political Science Quarterly, Vol.67, No.4, 481-502.
  • Yakan, M.Z. (2017). Almanac of African Peoples and Nations, New York: Routledge.

Nigeria: The Effects of Identity Politics on Societal Security

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 11 Sayı: Afrika, 114 - 125, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.1307464

Öz

Nigeria is prominent country of the African continent with its population, economy and energy resources. Political problems have shaped the security agenda of Nigeria, which was exposed to British colonialism, since the independence declared in 1960. The interruption of democratic processes with the emergence of military coups after the civil war environment and the declared republics between the years 1960-1999 is an indication that a societal security environment could not be established. The reason for this is the failure to ensure the integration of segments with different ethnic and religious characteristics. With the concept of identity being placed at the center of political discussions, terrorist activities of organizations with fundamentalist ideas are encountered. There is the Boko Haram terrorist organization in Nigeria, which has settled in an international context in connection with other organizations that have had an impact on the regional framework in the last 10 years. In this article, the terror problem of Nigeria is examined through historical, political, economic and societal dynamics. Although the identity politics approach that is constructed and formed is thought to be the main factor in the problem of terrorism, the importance of societal and economic development in overcoming this issue is emphasized when the interregional differences in Nigeria are taken into account.

Kaynakça

  • Aghedo, I., Osumah, O. (2012). The Boko Haram Uprising: How Should Nigeria Respond?, Third World Quarterly, Vol.33, No.5, 853-869.
  • Aiyede, E.R. (2012). Parliament, Civil Society and Military Reform in Nigeria, J. Rüland, M. Manea & H. Born (Eds.), in (161-182) The Politics of Military Reform: Experiences from Indonesia and Nigeria, New York: Springer.
  • Amusan, L., Jedege, A., Saka, L. (2017). The Challenges of Democratisation in Africa: Evidence and the Way Forward for Nigeria, Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt:15, Sayı:29, 43-69.
  • Aydoğan, I., Fidan, M.S. (2022). Afrika’da Sömürgecilik ve Eğitim I.Cilt, Ankara: Hece Yayınları.
  • Bamidele, O. (2015). Nigeria Without Nigerians: National Identity and Nation-Building, International Journal on World Peace, Vol.XXXII, No.1, 7-32.
  • Ben-Edet, E. (2022). Terrorism: A Case Study of the Global Security Threat of Boko Haram and The ISIS Alliance in Nigeria (doctorate dissertation), Texas Southern University, https://digitalscholarship.tsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=dissertations
  • Campbell, J. (2010). Nigeria: Dancing on the Brink, Washington: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  • Campbell, J. (2014). Why are Boko Haram Fighters Successful, Nigerian Tribune, (Accessed: 20.05.2023), http://tribune.com.ng/index.php/columns/backpage/in-out/item/818-why-are-boko-haram-fighters-successful
  • CIA. (2021). The World Factbook, (Accessed: 20.05.2023), https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/
  • Çaşın, M. H. (2008). Uluslararası Terörizm, Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Falola, T., Heaton, M. A. (2008). A History of Nigeria, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ferhavi, F. (2015). Stratejik Etkileşimler: Arap Dünyası, Türkiye ve Afrika, Ankara: USAK Yayınları.
  • Forest, J., J., F. (2012). Confronting the Terrorism of Boko Haram in Nigeria, JSOU Report 12-5.
  • Forrest, J. B. (2004). Subnationalism in Africa: Ethnicity, Alliances and Politics, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Gieler, W., Akbaş, Z. (2010). Nijerya: Afrika’nın En Kalabalık Ülkesinde Dinsel ve Etnik Çatışma, K. İnat, B. Duran, M. Ataman (Eds.), in (199-227) Dünya Çatışmaları 2.Cilt, Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Guitta, O., Simcox, R. (2014). Terrorism in Nigeria the Threat from Boko Haram and Ansaru, A Henry Jackson Society Briefing.
  • International Crisis Group. (2014). Curbing Violence in Nigeria (II): The Boko Haram Insurgency, Africa Report No.216.
  • International Crisis Group. (2021). An Exit From Boko Haram? Assessing Nigeria’s Operation Safe Corridor, Africa Briefing No.170.
  • Kavak, G. (2021). İngiliz Koloni Yönetimine Nijerya’daki Hakimiyet Araçları ve Günümüzdeki Yansımaları, Africania, Yıl.1, Sayı.1, İnönü Üniversitesi Afrika Araştırmaları Dergisi, 121-144.
  • Kinnan, C., J., Gordon, D., B., DeLong, M., D., Jaquish, D., W., McAllum, R., S., (2011). Failed State 2030: Nigeria: A Case Study, Occasional Paper No.67, Alabama: Air University.
  • Kirk-Greene, A.H.M. (1967). The Peoples of Nigeria: The Cultural Bacground to the Crisis, African Affairs, Vol.66, Iss.262, 3-11.
  • Laitin, D. (1985). Hegemony and Religious Conflict: British Imperial Control and Political Cleavages in Yorubaland, (Eds.) P. B. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer and T. Skocpol, in (285-316) Bringing the State Back in, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Mamman, E., B. (2020). Public Policy Responses to Violence: Case Study of Boko Haram Insurgency (doctorate thesis), Minnesota: Walden University, https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=10671&context=dissertations
  • Mbembe, A. (2021). Postkoloni Üzerine. (M. Yalçın & M. Yalçın, Trns.) Ankara: Hece Yayınları.
  • Montclos, M., P. (2014). Boko Haram and Politics: From Insurgency to Terrorism, IFRA-Nigeria, African Studies Centre, 110-131.
  • Ochonu, M. E. (2014). Colonialism by Proxy, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
  • Odeyemi, J. O. (2014). A Political History of Nigeria and the Crisis of Ethnicity in Nation-Building, International Journal of Developing Societies, Vol.3, No.1, 87-95.
  • Ojo, E., O. (2010). The Politics of Revenue Allocation and Resource Control in Nigeria: Implications for Federal Stability, Federal Governance, 7(1), 15-38.
  • Okafor, V., O. (2008). A Roadmap for Understanding African Politics Leadership and Political Integration in Nigeria, New York: Routledge.
  • Onimisi, T. (2014). The Politics of State Creation in Nigeria and The Economic Viability of The Existing 36 States, International Journal of Social Sciences and Management, Vol.1, No.2, 64-68.
  • Onuoha, F., C. (2010). The Islamist Challenge Nigeria’s Boko Haram crisis Explained, African Security Review, Vol.19, No.2, 54-67.
  • Onuoha, F., C. (2014). Why Do Yuoth Join the Boko Haram?, United States Institute of Peace, Special Report 348.
  • PRISM. (2017). The Struggle for Security in Africa, Vol.6, No.4, 2017. Rapoport, D. C. (2022). Waves of Global Terrorism from 1879 to the Present, New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Republic of Türkiye, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Nijerya’nın Ekonomisi, (Accessed: 20.05.2023), https://www.mfa.gov.tr/nijerya-ekonomisi.tr.mfa
  • Sıradağ, A. (2015). Sahra altı Afrikası’nda Terörist Grupların Yükselişi Boko Haram ve Eş-Şebab, Analiz, Sayı:125, SETA.
  • Solomon, H. (2017). Theorizing Boko Haram: Understanding the terrorist threat, J. J. Hentz & H. Solomon (Ed.), in (3-16) Understanding Boko Haram, New York: Routledge. Statista. (Accessed: 20.05.2023), https://www.statista.com/statistics/1122955/forecast-population-in-nigeria/
  • Tandoğan, M. (2016). Nijerya ve Nijer’in Devlet Sistemlerinin Otoriterleşmesinde Askeri Darbelerin Etkisi, Rapor.2, İstanbul: Afrika Araştırmacıları Derneği.
  • The Fund for Peace, (Accessed: 20.05.2023), https://fragilestatesindex.org/
  • U.N. Office of the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Humanitarian Bulletin: Nigeria, Issue 03, April 2014.
  • Uchehara, K., E. (2008). Afrika’daki Çatışmalardan Din Faktörü: Nijerya Kaduna Örneğiyle Bir Analiz (doktora tezi), Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bursa.
  • Uluer, A. G. (2014). Nijerya’da Silahlı Örgütler: Boko Haram ve MEND (yüksek lisans tezi), Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. United Nations. (Accessed: 20.05.2023), https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/pdf/events/other/10/World_Population_Projections_Press_Release.pdf
  • Wolfers, A. (1952). “National Security” as an Ambiguous Symbol, Political Science Quarterly, Vol.67, No.4, 481-502.
  • Yakan, M.Z. (2017). Almanac of African Peoples and Nations, New York: Routledge.
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Politika ve Yönetim (Diğer), Ortadoğu Çalışmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Hakan Aydın 0000-0002-5061-5631

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Eylül 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2023
Kabul Tarihi 23 Ağustos 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 11 Sayı: Afrika

Kaynak Göster

APA Aydın, H. (2023). Nigeria: The Effects of Identity Politics on Societal Security. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(Afrika), 114-125. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.1307464

Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.