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CANDIDA ALBICANS VE CANDIDA DUBLINIENSIS AYRIMINDA KSİLOZ BAZLI AGAR BESİYERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 2, 35 - 40, 30.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.54962/ankemderg.1691960

Öz

Candida dubliniensis, Candida albicans ile birçok fenotipik özelliği ortak olan patojenik bir Candida türüdür. Flukonazole karşı hızla direnç geliştirebilmesi açısından doğru olarak tanımlanması önem arz etmektedir. Bu iki türün doğru bir şekilde ayırt edilmesi için çeşitli fenotipik testler geliştirilmiş, ancak tek başına yeterlilikleri konusunda farklı görüşler bildirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, iki türün güvenilir bir şekilde ayırt edilmesi için ksiloz bazlı agar (XAM) besiyerinin kullanımının araştırılmasıdır. Çalışmada, 95 C. albicans ve 10 C. dubliniensis stok izolatı test edilmiştir. Tüm izolatlar XAM besiyerine inoküle edilmiş, 28°C’de inkübe edilmiş ve yedi güne kadar gözle görülür üreme açısından incelenmiştir. Flukonazol, vorikonazol, amfoterisin B ve kaspofungin için antifungal duyarlılık testleri gradient strip test yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilmiş ve European Committee of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) klinik sınır değerlere göre değerlendirilmiştir. Bu besiyerinde 95 C. albicans izolatının tümü 48 saatlik inkübasyonda üreme gösterirken, 10 C. dubliniensis izolatının hiçbiri inkübasyon süresi yedi güne uzatıldığında bile gözle görülür üreme göstermemiştir. C. dubliniensis izolatlarının flukonazol için MİK aralığı 0.005-0.5 mg/L olarak bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, XAM besiyerini, C. dubliniensis'in germ tüp pozitif izolatlardan ayırt edilmesinde, imkânı olmayan laboratuvarlarda tek başına etkin bir fenotipik yöntem olarak önermekteyiz.

Etik Beyan

Çalışma için, Erciyes Üniversitesi Klinik Araştırmaları Etik Kurulu tarafından 27.03.2024 tarih ve 2024/219 karar numarası ile etik onay alınmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Albaina O, Sahand IH, Brusca MI, Sullivan DJ, Fernández de Larrinoa I, Moragues MD. Identification and characterization of nine atypical Candida dubliniensis clinical isolates. J Med Microbiol. 2015;64(Pt 2):147-156. https://doi.org: 10.1099/jmm.0.078832-0.
  • 2. Ergon MC, Doluca Dereli M, Ener B, Atalay MA, Koç AN, Çerikçioğlu N, Erturan Z, Aksaray S. Türkiye’de Altı Yıllık Zaman Dilimi İçerisinde Kan Kültürlerinden Soyutlanan Maya Mantarlarının Tür Dağılımı: Çok Merkezli Bir Çalışma. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2020;54(4):638-646. https://doi.org:10.5578/mb.69837.
  • 3. Krcmery V, Barnes AJ. Non-albicans Candida spp. causing fungaemia: pathogenicity and antifungal resistance. J Hosp Infect. 2002;50(4):243-60. https://doi.org:10.1053/jhin.2001.1151.
  • 4. Sullivan DJ, Westerneng TJ, Haynes KA, Bennett DE, Coleman DC. Candida dubliniensis sp. nov.: phenotypic and molecular characterization of a novel species associated with oral candidosis in HIV-infected individuals. Microbiology. 1995;141(Pt7):1507-21. https://doi.org: 10.1099/13500872-141-7-1507.
  • 5. Pincus DH, Coleman DC, Pruitt WR, Padhye AA, Salkin IF, Geimer M, Bassel A, Sullivan DJ, Clarke M, Hearn V. Rapid identification of Candida dubliniensis with commercial yeast identification systems. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37(11):3533-9. https://doi.org:10.1128/JCM.
  • 6. Jan A, Bashir G, Altaf I, Fomda BA, Hamid S, Jan K. Evaluation of various phenotypic methods for differentiation of Candida dubliniensis from Candida albicans. J Microbiol Methods. 2022;193:106400. https://doi.org:10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106400
  • 7. Ells R, Kock JL, Pohl CH. Candida albicans or Candida dubliniensis? Mycoses. 2011;54(1):1-16. https://doi.org:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2009.01759.x.
  • 8. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). Antifungal Agents: Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs. Version 11.0, 2024. Available from: http://www.eucast.org/astoffungi/. (erişim tarihi 23.04.2025)
  • 9. Gómez-Gaviria M, Baruch-Martínez DA, Mora-Montes HM. Exploring the Biology, Virulence, and General Aspects of Candida dubliniensis. Infect Drug Resist. 2024 21;17:5755-5773. https://doi.org:10.2147/IDR.S497862.
  • 10. Moran GP, Coleman DC, Sullivan DJ. Candida albicans versus Candida dubliniensis: why is C. albicans more pathogenic? Int J Microbiol. 2012;2012:205921. https://doi.org:10.1155/2012/205921.
  • 11. Gutiérrez J, Morales P, González MA, Quindós G. Candida dubliniensis, a new fungal pathogen. J Basic Microbiol. 2002;42(3):207-27. https://doi.org: 10.1002/1521-4028(200206)42:3<207::AID-JOBM207>3.0.CO;2-C.
  • 12. Sullivan DJ, Moran GP, Pinjon E, et al. . Comparison of the epidemiology, drug resistance mechanisms, and virulence of C. dubliniensis and Candida albicans. FEMS Yeast Res. 2004;4(4-5):369-76. https://doi.org: 10.1016/S1567-1356(03)00240-X.
  • 13. Jan A, Bashir G, Fomda BA, Khangsar DAU, Manzoor M, Kohli A, Reshi S, Suhail M, Choudhary S, Fatima A. Hypertonic xylose agar medium: A novel medium for differentiation of Candida dubliniensis from Candida albicans. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2017;35(4):518-521. https://doi.org:10.4103/ijmm.IJMM_17_216.
  • 14. Khan Z, Ahmad S, Chandy R, Joseph L. A simple xylose-based agar medium for the differentiation of Candida dubliniensis and Candida albicans. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;72(3):285-7. https://doi.org: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2011.11.017.

Evaluation of Xylose-Based Agar Medium in the Differentiation of Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 2, 35 - 40, 30.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.54962/ankemderg.1691960

Öz

Candida dubliniensis is a pathogenic Candida species that shares many phenotypic characteristics with Candida albicans. Accurate identification is important as it can rapidly develop resistance to fluconazole. Various phenotypic tests have been developed to accurately differentiate these two species, but different opinions have been reported on their adequacy alone. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of Xylose-based agar (XAM) medium for reliable differentiation of the two species. In the study, 95 C. albicans and 10 C. dubliniensis stock isolates were tested. All isolates were inoculated on XAM medium, incubated at 28°C and examined for visible growth for up to seven days. Antifungal susceptibility tests for fluconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B and caspofungin were performed by gradient strip test method and evaluated according to the European Committee of Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) clinical breakpoints. On this medium, all 95 C. albicans isolates showed growth after 48 hours of incubation, while none of the 10 C. dubliniensis isolates showed visible growth even when the incubation period was extended to seven days. The MIC range of C. dubliniensis isolates for fluconazole was 0.005-0.5 mg/L. In conclusion, we recommend XAM medium as an effective stand-alone phenotypic method for differentiating C. dubliniensis from germ tube positive isolates in laboratories without facilities.

Etik Beyan

Ethical approval was obtained from the Erciyes University Clinical Research Ethics Committee with decision number 2024/219 on March 27, 2024.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Albaina O, Sahand IH, Brusca MI, Sullivan DJ, Fernández de Larrinoa I, Moragues MD. Identification and characterization of nine atypical Candida dubliniensis clinical isolates. J Med Microbiol. 2015;64(Pt 2):147-156. https://doi.org: 10.1099/jmm.0.078832-0.
  • 2. Ergon MC, Doluca Dereli M, Ener B, Atalay MA, Koç AN, Çerikçioğlu N, Erturan Z, Aksaray S. Türkiye’de Altı Yıllık Zaman Dilimi İçerisinde Kan Kültürlerinden Soyutlanan Maya Mantarlarının Tür Dağılımı: Çok Merkezli Bir Çalışma. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2020;54(4):638-646. https://doi.org:10.5578/mb.69837.
  • 3. Krcmery V, Barnes AJ. Non-albicans Candida spp. causing fungaemia: pathogenicity and antifungal resistance. J Hosp Infect. 2002;50(4):243-60. https://doi.org:10.1053/jhin.2001.1151.
  • 4. Sullivan DJ, Westerneng TJ, Haynes KA, Bennett DE, Coleman DC. Candida dubliniensis sp. nov.: phenotypic and molecular characterization of a novel species associated with oral candidosis in HIV-infected individuals. Microbiology. 1995;141(Pt7):1507-21. https://doi.org: 10.1099/13500872-141-7-1507.
  • 5. Pincus DH, Coleman DC, Pruitt WR, Padhye AA, Salkin IF, Geimer M, Bassel A, Sullivan DJ, Clarke M, Hearn V. Rapid identification of Candida dubliniensis with commercial yeast identification systems. J Clin Microbiol. 1999;37(11):3533-9. https://doi.org:10.1128/JCM.
  • 6. Jan A, Bashir G, Altaf I, Fomda BA, Hamid S, Jan K. Evaluation of various phenotypic methods for differentiation of Candida dubliniensis from Candida albicans. J Microbiol Methods. 2022;193:106400. https://doi.org:10.1016/j.mimet.2021.106400
  • 7. Ells R, Kock JL, Pohl CH. Candida albicans or Candida dubliniensis? Mycoses. 2011;54(1):1-16. https://doi.org:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2009.01759.x.
  • 8. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). Antifungal Agents: Breakpoint Tables for Interpretation of MICs. Version 11.0, 2024. Available from: http://www.eucast.org/astoffungi/. (erişim tarihi 23.04.2025)
  • 9. Gómez-Gaviria M, Baruch-Martínez DA, Mora-Montes HM. Exploring the Biology, Virulence, and General Aspects of Candida dubliniensis. Infect Drug Resist. 2024 21;17:5755-5773. https://doi.org:10.2147/IDR.S497862.
  • 10. Moran GP, Coleman DC, Sullivan DJ. Candida albicans versus Candida dubliniensis: why is C. albicans more pathogenic? Int J Microbiol. 2012;2012:205921. https://doi.org:10.1155/2012/205921.
  • 11. Gutiérrez J, Morales P, González MA, Quindós G. Candida dubliniensis, a new fungal pathogen. J Basic Microbiol. 2002;42(3):207-27. https://doi.org: 10.1002/1521-4028(200206)42:3<207::AID-JOBM207>3.0.CO;2-C.
  • 12. Sullivan DJ, Moran GP, Pinjon E, et al. . Comparison of the epidemiology, drug resistance mechanisms, and virulence of C. dubliniensis and Candida albicans. FEMS Yeast Res. 2004;4(4-5):369-76. https://doi.org: 10.1016/S1567-1356(03)00240-X.
  • 13. Jan A, Bashir G, Fomda BA, Khangsar DAU, Manzoor M, Kohli A, Reshi S, Suhail M, Choudhary S, Fatima A. Hypertonic xylose agar medium: A novel medium for differentiation of Candida dubliniensis from Candida albicans. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2017;35(4):518-521. https://doi.org:10.4103/ijmm.IJMM_17_216.
  • 14. Khan Z, Ahmad S, Chandy R, Joseph L. A simple xylose-based agar medium for the differentiation of Candida dubliniensis and Candida albicans. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;72(3):285-7. https://doi.org: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2011.11.017.
Toplam 14 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Klinik Mikrobiyoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Mehmet Can Çelikzencir 0009-0003-3464-4699

Mustafa Altay Atalay 0000-0003-4169-0637

Ayşe Nedret Koç 0000-0002-1736-9707

Pınar Sağıroğlu 0000-0001-6742-0200

Merve Ertürk Melez 0009-0005-3024-7877

Nuri Çakır 0000-0002-9935-7397

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ağustos 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Mayıs 2025
Kabul Tarihi 12 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 39 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Çelikzencir MC, Atalay MA, Koç AN, Sağıroğlu P, Ertürk Melez M, Çakır N. CANDIDA ALBICANS VE CANDIDA DUBLINIENSIS AYRIMINDA KSİLOZ BAZLI AGAR BESİYERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ. ANKEM Derg. 2025;39(2):35-40.