Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

SAVAŞ ALANLARINDAN SPOR SAHALARINA BİRİNCİ DÜNYA SAVAŞI SONRASI ULUSLARARASI BİR ETKİNLİK OLARAK MÜTTEFİKLER ARASI OYUNLAR (22 HAZİRAN-6 TEMMUZ 1919)

Yıl 2024, , 213 - 230, 11.11.2024
https://doi.org/10.46955/ankuayd.1507929

Öz

22 Haziran – 6 Temmuz 1919 tarihlerinde Paris'te düzenlenen Müttefikler Arası Oyunlar, uluslararası spor tarihinde özel bir yere sahip olan çok sporlu bir etkinliktir. Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nın sona ermesinden kısa bir süre sonra Amerikan Seferi Kuvvetleri (AEF) ve Genç Erkekler Hıristiyan Cemiyeti (YMCA) tarafından organize edilen ve İtilaf Devletleri arasında düzenlenen bu etkinlik, galip gelen farklı milletlere mensup askeri personel arasında dostluk ve dayanışmayı teşvik etmeyi amaçlamıştır. Olimpiyat Oyunları'na benzer bir yapıya sahip olan Müttefikler Arası Oyunlar, atletizm, yüzme, boks, futbol, tenis, güreş, atıcılık, binicilik gibi birçok spor dalında yarışmalar düzenlemiştir. Etkinlik, askeri rekabetin ötesinde, savaşın getirdiği yıkım ve kayıpların ardından barış ve kardeşlik mesajı vermek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Müttefikler Arası Oyunlar, sporun birleştirici gücünü vurgulayarak, savaş sonrası dönemde uluslararası dostluğun ve iş birliğinin önemini ortaya koymuştur. Bu makale, Müttefikler Arası Oyunların kökenlerini, organizasyonunu ve etkisini araştırarak, savaş sonrası yeniden yapılanma, uluslararası ilişkiler ve küresel spor müsabakalarının evrimi bağlamında önemini analiz etmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • “AEF Commender lauds athletes in address”, The New York Herald. 22 June 1919.
  • “Aujourd’hui commencent les jeux”, L’Auto. 23 Juin 1919.
  • “Break Ground for Pershing Stadium for Allied Games”, Albuquerque Morning Journal. 1 March 1919.
  • Buchanan, Ian. “Elwood S. Brown: Missionary Extraordinary”, Journal of Olympic History. 6/3, (Fall 1998): 12-13.
  • Chavinier-Réla, Sabine. “Inter-Allied Games”, 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Ed. Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, Berlin: Freie Universität, 2021: 1-3.
  • “Complete Program for Inter-Allied Games”, Norwich Bulletin. 19 April 1919.
  • Coubertin, Pierre de. Memoires Olympiques. Lausanne: Bureau International de Pédagogie Sportive, 1931.
  • Gilbert, Martin. The First World War: A Complete History. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1994.
  • Glarner, André. “Les Olympiades Militaires Au Stade Pershing”, Excelsior. 23 Juin 1919.
  • “Herkes İçin Oyun- YMCA’nın Dünya Hakkındaki Oyun ve Spor Programı”, Spor Alemi. 26, 4 Kasım 1920.
  • Hübner, Stefan. “Muscular Christianity and the Western Civilizing Mission: Elwood S. Brown, the YMCA, and the Idea of the Far Eastern Championship Games”, Diplomatic History. 39(3), (June 2015), 532-557.
  • Laffon, Bernard. “Les Jeux Interalliés”, Le Radical. 15 Juin 1919.
  • “L’Amerique offre aujourd’hui a la France le Stade Pershing”, L’Auto. 22 Juin 1919.
  • “Les Olympiades Militaires”, Lécho de France. 7 Avril 1919.
  • ”Les Olympiades Militaires Interallies”, Paris Journal. 13 Avril 1919.
  • “Les Olympiades Pershing”, Excelsior. 23 Juin 1919.
  • “Le Stade Pershing en construction”, L’Intransigeant. 17 Février 1919.
  • “Les travaux du Stade Pershing”, Le Journal du Peuple. 18 Février 1919.
  • Lewis, Guy. “The Military Olympics at Paris, France, 1919”, Physical Educator. 31/4, (1974): 172.
  • “Making Ready for Allied Field Meet”, Arizona Republican. 19 April 1919.
  • Mason, Tony. “The military, sport and physical training”, Routledge Handbook of Sports Development. Ed. Barrie Houlihan and Mick Green, Routledge, 2011: 42-50.
  • “Million Athletes in Inter-Allied Games”, Perth Amboy Evening News. 11 April 1919.
  • Mittag, Jürgen, Danlin Wu. “»Friendship through Sport«. Inter-Allied Games und Military World Games als transnationale Sportgroßereignisse des Militärs”, Der Sport des Militärs Perspektiven aus Forschung, Lehre und Praxis. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2023: 85-106.
  • Official Athletic Almanac of American Expeditionary Forces 1919, Championships and Inter-Allied Games. Ed. Wait J. Johnson, Elwood S. Brown, New York: American Sports Publishing Company, 1919.
  • “Paris to have great athletic meet”, The West Virginian. 7 May 1919.
  • “Pershing Stadium to be Scene of Inter-Allied Athletic Championship”, The Chickasha Daily Express. 31 March 1919.
  • Peterson, Horace Cornelius. Propaganda for War: The Campaign Against American Neutrality, 1914-1917. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1939.
  • Service with Fighting Men: An Account of the Work of the American Young Men's Christian Associations in World War. Ed. William Howard Taft, Frederick Harris, Frederic Houston Kent, William J. Newlin, Volume 2, New York: Association Press, 1922.
  • “Soldiers Will Hold Monster Athletic Meet”, The Cordova Daily Times. 3 May 1919.
  • Summary of World War Work of the American Y.M.C.A.: With the Soldiers and Sailors of America at Home, on the Sea, and Overseas. The International Committee of Young Men’s Christian Associations, 1920.
  • “Stage Inter-Allied Games in June in Pershing Stadium”, The Montgomery Advertiser. 29 February 1919.
  • Terret, Thierry. “Les quatre enjeux des Jeux interalliés de 1919”, L’Empreinte de Joinville, 150 ans de sport. Les Cahiers de l'INSEP, hors-série, (2003): 121-137.
  • ________, “The Military ‘Olympics’ of 1919, Sport, Diplomacy and Sport Politics in the Aftermath of World War One”, Journal of Olympic History. 14/2, (August 2006): 22-31.
  • The Inter-Allied Games. Paris 22nd June to 6th July 1919, Paris: The Games Committee, 1919.
  • Tlustý, Tomáš, ”Americká YMCA a její sportovní aktivity před a v průběhu Pershingovy olympiády (American YMCA and Its Sports Activities Before and During Inter-allied Games)“, Studia Kinanthropologica, 17/1, 2016: 49-60.
  • ________, “Českoslovenští sportovci a jejich účast na Pershingově olympiádě”, Studia sportiva, 11/1, 2017: 68-79.
  • “YMCA’nın Türkiye Hakkında Terbiye-i Bedeniye Programı”, Spor Alemi. 28, 2 Aralık 1920.

From Battlefields to Sports Fields: The Inter-Allied Games as an Olympic Level Event after the First World War (June 22-July 6, 1919)

Yıl 2024, , 213 - 230, 11.11.2024
https://doi.org/10.46955/ankuayd.1507929

Öz

Held from June 22 to July 6, 1919 in Paris, the Inter-Allied Games were a multi-sport event with a special place in the history of international sport. Organized by the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) and the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) shortly after the end of the First World War, this event between the Allied Powers aimed to promote friendship and solidarity among military personnel of different victorious nations. The Inter-Allied Games, which had a similar structure to the Olympic Games, organized competitions in many sports such as athletics, swimming, boxing, football, tennis, wrestling, shooting and horse riding. Beyond military competition, the event was organized to send a message of peace and brotherhood after the destruction and losses brought by the war. By emphasizing the unifying power of sports, the Inter-Allied Games demonstrated the importance of international friendship and cooperation in the post-war period. This article explores the origins, organization and impact of the Inter-Allied Games, analyzing its significance in the context of post-war reconstruction, international relations and the evolution of global sporting competitions.

Kaynakça

  • “AEF Commender lauds athletes in address”, The New York Herald. 22 June 1919.
  • “Aujourd’hui commencent les jeux”, L’Auto. 23 Juin 1919.
  • “Break Ground for Pershing Stadium for Allied Games”, Albuquerque Morning Journal. 1 March 1919.
  • Buchanan, Ian. “Elwood S. Brown: Missionary Extraordinary”, Journal of Olympic History. 6/3, (Fall 1998): 12-13.
  • Chavinier-Réla, Sabine. “Inter-Allied Games”, 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Ed. Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, Berlin: Freie Universität, 2021: 1-3.
  • “Complete Program for Inter-Allied Games”, Norwich Bulletin. 19 April 1919.
  • Coubertin, Pierre de. Memoires Olympiques. Lausanne: Bureau International de Pédagogie Sportive, 1931.
  • Gilbert, Martin. The First World War: A Complete History. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1994.
  • Glarner, André. “Les Olympiades Militaires Au Stade Pershing”, Excelsior. 23 Juin 1919.
  • “Herkes İçin Oyun- YMCA’nın Dünya Hakkındaki Oyun ve Spor Programı”, Spor Alemi. 26, 4 Kasım 1920.
  • Hübner, Stefan. “Muscular Christianity and the Western Civilizing Mission: Elwood S. Brown, the YMCA, and the Idea of the Far Eastern Championship Games”, Diplomatic History. 39(3), (June 2015), 532-557.
  • Laffon, Bernard. “Les Jeux Interalliés”, Le Radical. 15 Juin 1919.
  • “L’Amerique offre aujourd’hui a la France le Stade Pershing”, L’Auto. 22 Juin 1919.
  • “Les Olympiades Militaires”, Lécho de France. 7 Avril 1919.
  • ”Les Olympiades Militaires Interallies”, Paris Journal. 13 Avril 1919.
  • “Les Olympiades Pershing”, Excelsior. 23 Juin 1919.
  • “Le Stade Pershing en construction”, L’Intransigeant. 17 Février 1919.
  • “Les travaux du Stade Pershing”, Le Journal du Peuple. 18 Février 1919.
  • Lewis, Guy. “The Military Olympics at Paris, France, 1919”, Physical Educator. 31/4, (1974): 172.
  • “Making Ready for Allied Field Meet”, Arizona Republican. 19 April 1919.
  • Mason, Tony. “The military, sport and physical training”, Routledge Handbook of Sports Development. Ed. Barrie Houlihan and Mick Green, Routledge, 2011: 42-50.
  • “Million Athletes in Inter-Allied Games”, Perth Amboy Evening News. 11 April 1919.
  • Mittag, Jürgen, Danlin Wu. “»Friendship through Sport«. Inter-Allied Games und Military World Games als transnationale Sportgroßereignisse des Militärs”, Der Sport des Militärs Perspektiven aus Forschung, Lehre und Praxis. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH, 2023: 85-106.
  • Official Athletic Almanac of American Expeditionary Forces 1919, Championships and Inter-Allied Games. Ed. Wait J. Johnson, Elwood S. Brown, New York: American Sports Publishing Company, 1919.
  • “Paris to have great athletic meet”, The West Virginian. 7 May 1919.
  • “Pershing Stadium to be Scene of Inter-Allied Athletic Championship”, The Chickasha Daily Express. 31 March 1919.
  • Peterson, Horace Cornelius. Propaganda for War: The Campaign Against American Neutrality, 1914-1917. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1939.
  • Service with Fighting Men: An Account of the Work of the American Young Men's Christian Associations in World War. Ed. William Howard Taft, Frederick Harris, Frederic Houston Kent, William J. Newlin, Volume 2, New York: Association Press, 1922.
  • “Soldiers Will Hold Monster Athletic Meet”, The Cordova Daily Times. 3 May 1919.
  • Summary of World War Work of the American Y.M.C.A.: With the Soldiers and Sailors of America at Home, on the Sea, and Overseas. The International Committee of Young Men’s Christian Associations, 1920.
  • “Stage Inter-Allied Games in June in Pershing Stadium”, The Montgomery Advertiser. 29 February 1919.
  • Terret, Thierry. “Les quatre enjeux des Jeux interalliés de 1919”, L’Empreinte de Joinville, 150 ans de sport. Les Cahiers de l'INSEP, hors-série, (2003): 121-137.
  • ________, “The Military ‘Olympics’ of 1919, Sport, Diplomacy and Sport Politics in the Aftermath of World War One”, Journal of Olympic History. 14/2, (August 2006): 22-31.
  • The Inter-Allied Games. Paris 22nd June to 6th July 1919, Paris: The Games Committee, 1919.
  • Tlustý, Tomáš, ”Americká YMCA a její sportovní aktivity před a v průběhu Pershingovy olympiády (American YMCA and Its Sports Activities Before and During Inter-allied Games)“, Studia Kinanthropologica, 17/1, 2016: 49-60.
  • ________, “Českoslovenští sportovci a jejich účast na Pershingově olympiádě”, Studia sportiva, 11/1, 2017: 68-79.
  • “YMCA’nın Türkiye Hakkında Terbiye-i Bedeniye Programı”, Spor Alemi. 28, 2 Aralık 1920.
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mustafa Mutlu 0000-0002-3357-4567

Yayımlanma Tarihi 11 Kasım 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2024
Kabul Tarihi 17 Ekim 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Mutlu, Mustafa. “SAVAŞ ALANLARINDAN SPOR SAHALARINA BİRİNCİ DÜNYA SAVAŞI SONRASI ULUSLARARASI BİR ETKİNLİK OLARAK MÜTTEFİKLER ARASI OYUNLAR (22 HAZİRAN-6 TEMMUZ 1919)”. Atatürk Yolu Dergisi, sy. 75 (Kasım 2024): 213-30. https://doi.org/10.46955/ankuayd.1507929.

Journal of Atatürk Yolu is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0