Exploitable Potential of Biomass Energy in Electrical Energy Production in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 4, 666 - 676, 17.10.2022

Mehmet Emin Bilgili

https://doi.org/10.15832/ankutbd.944680

Öz

Turkey is targeting to generate 30% of its total electricity production from renewable energy sources by 2023. The replacement of electrical energy in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey according to exploitable biomass data was determined in this study. Data from the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Turkish Statistical Institute, measurements and literature were used in the study. The technical potential of plant residues and animal-originated biomass in the region was analyzed. It is estimated that the existing plant and animal residues in Turkey correspond to 39% and 9%, respectively. These residues can meet 6.9% of the energy demand of the region, i.e. about 8.3 PJ/year. Employment can be established from the technologies to be used here. By generating electrical energy from biomass, 2 644 302 tons of CO2/year can be reduced by generating electrical energy from biomass. The amount of biofertilizer that can be obtained after biogas production is 1 184 049 ton/year of biofertilizer can be obtained after biogas production. The calorific values measured to determine the energy values of agricultural residues were found to be between 13.0-20.7 MJ/kg.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Renewable energy, Agricultural residues, biomass potential, energy substitution

Kaynakça

• Atay O A & Ekinci K (2020). Characterization of pellets made from rose oil processing solid wastes/coal powder/pine bark. Renewable Energy,149, 933-939.
• Avcıoğlu A O, & Türker U (2012). Status and potential of biogas energy from animal wastes in Turkey. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 16:1557–61.
• Aybek A, Üçok S, İspir M A & Bilgili M E (2015). Digital Mapping and Determination of Biogas Energy Potential of Usable Animal Manure and Cereal Straw Wastes in Turkey. (In Turkish). Journal of Tekirdag Agricultural Faculty. 12(3), 109-120.
• Balat M (2004). The Use of Renewable Energy Sources for Energy in Turkey and Potential Trends. Energy Exploratıon & Exploıtatıon. Volume 22. Number 4.·pp.235–251.
• BEPA (2020). General Directorate of Renewable Energy, BEPA Graphs 2020. Retrived in October, 10, 2020 from, http://www.yegm.gov.tr
• Bilgen S, Keleş S, Sarıkaya İ & Kaygusuz K (2015). A perspective for potential and technology of bioenergy in Turkey: present case and future view. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 48:228–39.
• Bilgili M E, Başçetinçelik A ve Karaca C (2008). Determination of Some Agricultural Waste (Biomass) Potential in Çukurova Region and Comparison with Traditional Energy Sources. (In Turkish). Project number: TAGEM-TOPRAKSU- 05440C01. Publication No: TAGEM-BB-TOPRAKSU-2008/66. Tarsus.
• Bilgili M E (2015). Biomass Chemical Composition Induced Air/Fuel Ratio and Determination of Some Theoretical Parameters on Thermal Efficiency. (In Turkish). TARMEK 2015 "29th National Agricultural Mechanization and Energy Congress". 2-5 September, 2015. Diyarbakır-Turkey
• Bilgili M E, Akyüz A & Aybek A (2018). Electricity Consumption in Fertilizer Management of Modern Dairy Cattle Farms and Providing with Photovoltaic. (In Turkish). IGAP2018 - 1st Internatıonal GAP Agrıculture and Lıvestock Congress. April 25 - 27, 2018. Sanliurfa-Turkey
• Bilgili M E (2020). “Usage of Agricultural Biomass Potential in Electricity Substitution in Adana Province”. (In Turkish). Osmaniye Korkut Ata University Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences. Volume 3, Issue 1, 41-47.
• BP Statistical (2018). Review of World Energy. Retrived in April, 10, 2020 from, https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review-2016/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2018-full-report.pdf.
• Brussels (2004). European Renewable Energy Council, “Renewable Energy Targets for Europe”, EREC,
• Demirbaş A, Akdeniz F, Güllü D & Cağlar A (2001). Energy policies and sustainable energy options of Turkey up to 2010. Energy. Educ. Sci. Tech. 7:19–36.
• Ekinci K, Külcü R, Kaya D, Yaldιz O, Ertekin C, & Öztürk H H (2010). The prospective of potential biogas plants that can utilize animal manure in Turkey. Energ. Explor. Exploit 28:187–205.
• ETKB (2010). Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, “Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources 2010-2014 Strategic Plan”, (In Turkish). Retrived in April, 10, 2018 from: http://www.enerji.gov.tr/yayinlar_raporlar/ETKB_2010_2 014_Stratejik_Plani.pdf
• ETKB (2018). Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. (In Turkish). Retrived in April, 15, 2019 from,www.enerji.gov.tr
• Gellings C W & Parmenter K E (2016). Energy efficiency in fertilizer production and use. Efficient Use and Conservation of Energy; Gellings, CW, Ed.; Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, 123-136.
• Gokcol C, Dursun B, Alboyaci B & Sunan E (2009). Importance of biomass energy as alternative to other sources in Turkey. Energy Policy 37:424–43.
• Gonzalez-Salazar M A, Morini M, Pinelli M, Spina P R, Venturini M, Finkenrath M & Poganietz W R (2014). Methodology for estimating biomass energy potential and its application to Colombia. Applied Energy 136, 781-796.
• Görmüş C (2018). Determination Of Biogas Energy Potential Of Animal Manure in Turkey. (In Turkish). (Master's thesis, Namık Kemal University, Institute of Science). Tekirdag.
• GWEC (2018). Global Wind Energy Council, Global wind statistics. Retrived in April, 18, 2019 from, http://gwec. net/global-figures/graphs
• Hart S A (1960). The management of livestock wastes. J. Water Pollut. Con. F. 3:78–80.
• Horlock J H (1997). Cogeneration-Combined Heat and Power (CHP): Thermodynamics and Economics. Krieger publishing company, Florida.
• IRENA (2018). Global Energy Transformation: A Roadmap to 2050. Retrived in May, 05, 2018 from https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA /Agency/Publication/2018/Apr/IRENA_Report_GET_2018.pdf
• Johnsson F, Kjärstad J & Rootzén J (2019). The threat to climate change mitigation posed by the abundance of fossil fuels. Climate Policy, 19(2), 258-274.
• Kar Y & Tekeli Y (2008). The potential of biomass residues in Turkey and their importance as energy resources. Energy Sources. Part A. 30:483–93.
• Mao C, Yongzhong F, Xiaojiao W & Guangxin R (2015). Review on research achievements of biogas from anaerobic digestion. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 45: 540-555. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.032.
• Mao G, Huang N & Wang H (2018). Research on biomass energy and environment from the past to the future: A bibliometric analysis. Science of The Total Environment 635: 1081-1090. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.173.
• NREL (2017). Biomass Energy Basics. Retrived in April, 25, 2020 from http://www.nrel.gov/workingwithus/re-biomass.html.
• Özcan M, Öztürk S, Yıldırım M & Kılıç L (2012). Electricity Energy Potential of Different Biomass Sources Based on Different Production Technologies. ELECO’2012 Electrical - Electronics and Computer Engineering Symposium, 162-166. Bursa- TURKEY.
• REN21 (2020). Renewables (Global status report). Retrived in July, 11, 2020 from https://www.ren21.net/reports/global-status-report/
• Saka K & Yılmaz İ H (2017). Agricultural biomass potential in Turkey. Int. J. Manage. Appl. Sci. 3(2):79-81.
• Salleh S F, Gunawan M F, Zulkarnain M F B & Halim A (2019). Modelling and optimization of biomass supply chain for bioenergy production. Journal of Environmental Treatment Techniques, 7(4), 689-695.
• Samah E (2016). Measuring small-scale biogas capacity and production. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Abu Dhabi.
• Sensoy S, Demircan M, Ulupınar U & Balta I (2008). Turkey's climate. Turkish State Meteorological Service (DMİ), (In Turkish). Ankara.
• Sturm V (2011). Taking into account the emissions from the production and use of mineral fertilizers by imposing a ‘carbon tax’. 14th Annual Conference on Global Economic Analysis, Venice, Italy.
• Sürmen Y (2002). “The necessity of biomass energy for Turkish economy”. Energy Education Science and Technology, Vol.10, pp: 19–26.
• Tafdrup S (1994). Centralized biogas plants combine agricultural and environmental benefits with energy production. Water Sci. Technol. 30:133–41.
• Tezçakar M & Can O (2010). "Thermal Disposal Technologies from Waste to Energy", 2nd Waste Technologies Symposium and Exhibition, İstanbul.
• TKB (2018). Development Bank Environmental Management Committee. R.V: 1.03, V. Date: 20.06.2018. Ankara
• Tolay M, Söğüt N & Öztürk İ (1999). Commissioning, Operation and Maintenance of Biological Wastewater Treatment Plants”, Environmental Pollution Priorities in Turkey. Symposium III”, Gebze Institute of Technology, Gebze-Kocaeli.
• TURKSTAT (State Institute of Statistics) (2019a). Annual Gross Domestic Product, (In Turkish). Retrived in April, 10, 2018 from: http://www.turkstat.gov.tr.
• TURKSTAT (State Institute of Statistics). (2019b). Agricultural Structure Statistics, Retrived in April, 16, 2020 from: http://www.turkstat.gov.tr.
• Türker M (2008). Anaerobic Biotechnology and Bioenergy Production: Trends in the World and Turkey (In Turkish). Çevkor Vakfı Yayınları, İstanbul.
• WEB1 (2017). IEA Bioenergy Task 37: Anaerobic Digestion Report Turkey’s Situation in Biogas. Retrived in June, 11, 2019 from: http:// task37.ieabioenergy.com/country-reports.html.
• WEB2 (2017). Retrived in April, 25, 2019 from: https://www.enerjiatlasi.com/biyogaz/
• WEB3 (2019). Agricultural biomass potential of Turkey. (In Turkish). Retrived in April, 25, 2020 from: http://www.yegm.gov.tr/yenilenebilir/biyogaz.aspx
• WEB4 (2017). Turkey's Biomass Power Plants. (In Turkish). Retrived in May, 10, 2019 from: http://enerjienstitusu.com/santraller/biyokutle-santralleri
• WEB5 (2019). Retrived in June, 10, 2020 from: https://www.enerji.gov.tr/tr-TR/Sayfalar/Biyokutle (In Turkish).
• Weiland P (2010). Biogas Production: Current State and Perspectives. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 85, 849‒860.
• Yelmen B & Çakir M T (2016). Biomass potential of Turkey and energy production applications. Energy Sources. Part B. 11 (5):428–35.
• Yılmaz İ H, & Saka K (2018). Exploitable biomass status and potential of the Southeastern Anatolia Region, Turkey. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, And Policy 2018, Vol. 13, No. 1, 46–52