Kümes Hayvancılığı Barınaklarında Toksik Gazlar: Çoklu Sistemleri Etkileyen Sağlık Sonuçları ve Emisyon Kontrol Stratejileri

Öz

Yoğun kanatlı üretim sistemlerinde barınak havasında biriken zararlı gazlar (özellikle amonyak (NH₃), hidrojen sülfür (H₂S) ve karbondioksit (CO₂)) hayvan sağlığı, refahı ve üretim performansı üzerinde çok yönlü toksikolojik etkilere neden olmaktadır. Bu derleme çalışmasında, söz konusu gazların başta solunum sistemi olmak üzere bağışıklık, endokrin ve sinir sistemleri üzerindeki etkileri güncel literatür ışığında değerlendirilmiştir. NH₃'nin mukosiliyer bariyeri zayıflatarak enfeksiyöz etkenlere duyarlılığı artırdığı; lenfoid organlarda atrofi ve oksidatif stres yanıtına yol açtığı gösterilmiştir. H₂S’nin ise düşük konsantrasyonlarda dahi konjonktivit, pulmoner disfonksiyon ve belirgin nörotoksik etkiler oluşturabileceği saptanmıştır. CO₂ maruziyetinin artması, hipoksemi, davranışsal stres belirtileri ve çeşitli fizyolojik bozukluklara neden olabilmektedir. Ayrıca, mevcut maruziyet sınırlarının çoğunlukla insan sağlığına yönelik belirlenmiş olduğu ve hayvan refahını tam olarak gözetmediği vurgulanmaktadır. Barınak tasarımı, altlık yönetimi, biyofiltrasyon sistemleri, IoT tabanlı gaz sensörleri ve yem katkı maddeleri gibi teknolojik ve yönetsel stratejilerin uygulanması ile bu gazların emisyonunun büyük ölçüde kontrol altına alınabileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu kapsamda, tür özgü maruziyet sınırlarının yeniden belirlenmesi, multidisipliner yaklaşımların benimsenmesi ve sürdürülebilir hayvancılık ilkeleri doğrultusunda bilimsel ve mevzuat temelli düzenlemelerin geliştirilmesi önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Amonyak
• Hidrojen sülfür
• Karbondioksit
• Kanatlı barınakları
• Toksik gazlar

Toxic Gases in Poultry Housing: Multisystemic Health Effects and Strategies for Emission Control

Öz

In intensive poultry production systems, the accumulation of airborne noxious gases—particularly ammonia (NH₃), hydrogen sulphide (H₂S), and carbon dioxide (CO₂)—within housing environments exerts multifaceted toxicological effects on animal health, welfare, and production performance. This review evaluates the impacts of these gases on the respiratory system, as well as on the immune, endocrine, and nervous systems, based on current scientific literature. Ammonia has been shown to impair the mucociliary barrier, thereby increasing susceptibility to infectious agents, and to induce lymphoid organ atrophy alongside oxidative stress responses. Hydrogen sulphide, even at low concentrations, has been associated with conjunctivitis, pulmonary dysfunction, and marked neurotoxicity. Elevated exposure to carbon dioxide may result in hypoxaemia, behavioural stress manifestations, and various physiological disturbances. Furthermore, it is highlighted that existing exposure limits are primarily derived from human health standards and often fail to adequately address animal welfare thresholds. Technological and managerial interventions—such as improved housing design, litter management, biofiltration systems, IoT-based gas sensors, and dietary additives—are considered effective in substantially reducing gas emissions. In this context, it is recommended that species-specific exposure thresholds be redefined, multidisciplinary approaches adopted, and science-based legislative frameworks aligned with the principles of sustainable animal production be further developed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ammonia
• Hydrogen sulphide
• Carbon dioxide
• Poultry housing
• Toxic gases

Kaynakça

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