Günümüzde kanatlı sektörü büyümesini hızla devam ettirmektedir. Ancak bakteriyel, viral ve özellikle genç kanatlıları hedef alan koksidiyozis hastalığı gibi paraziter hastalıklar dünya genelinde kanatlı sektörüne her yıl büyük ekonomik zarar vermektedir. Koksidiyozis hastalığı Eimeria türlerinin neden olduğu bağırsak epitel hücrelerini hedef alan enterik bir hastalıktır. Yemden yararlanmayı azaltarak büyümede gerilemeye neden olan ve ciddi vakalarda ölüme yol açan bu hastalık antikoksidiyal ilaçlar ve aşılarla kontrol altında tutulmaya çalışılmaktadır. Ancak antikoksidiyal ilaçlara karşı gelişen direnç ve bu ilaçların hayvansal ürünlerde kalıntı bırakma riski göz önüne alındığında kemoterapotik ilaçların kullanımına mesafeli yaklaşılmaktadır. Aşılama ile bağışıklık kazandırma yöntemi daha güvenli bulunsa da aşıların erken büyüme performansında düşüşe neden olabileceği ve civcivlerin nekrotik enteritis gibi sekonder enfeksiyonlara karşı duyarlılığını arttırabileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu nedenle son dönemlerde alternatif koruma yöntemi olarak probiyotiklerle yapılan çalışmalara ağırlık verilmiştir.
Behnamifar, A. R., Rahimi, S., Kiaei, M. M., & Fayazi, H. (2019). Comparison of the effect of probiotic, prebiotic, salinomycin and vaccine in control of coccidiosis in broiler chickens. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 20(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.22099/IJVR.2019.5143
Cai, H., Luo, S., Zhou, Q., Yan, Z., Liu, Q., Kang, Z., & Sun, M. (2022). Effects of Bacillus subtilis and coccidiosis vaccine on growth indices and intestinal microbiota of broilers. Poultry Science, 101(11), 102091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.102091
Chaudhari, A. A., Lee, Y., & Lillehoj, H. S. (2020). Beneficial effects of dietary supplementation of Bacillus strains on growth performance and gut health in chickens with mixed coccidiosis infection. Veterinary Parasitology, 277, 109009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.109009
Elmusharaf, M. A., & Beynen, A. C. (2007). Coccidiosis in poultry with emphasis on alternative anticoccidial treatments. Annals of the World Association on Animal Pathology, 9-44.
Giannenas, I., Papadopoulos, E., Tsalie, E., Triantafillou, E. L., Henikl, S., Teichmann, K., & Tontis, D. (2012). Assessment of dietary supplementation with probiotics on performance, intestinal morphology and microflora of chickens infected with Eimeria tenella. Veterinary Parasitology, 188(1-2), 31-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.02.017
Gilbert, E. R., Cox, C. M., Williams, P. M., McElroy, A. P., Dalloul, R. A., Ray, W. K., & Webb Jr, K. E. (2011). Eimeria species and genetic background influence the serum protein profile of broilers with coccidiosis. PloS one, 6(1), e14636. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014636
Karademir, G., & Karademir, B. (2003). Yem Katkı Maddesi Olarak Kullanılan Biyoteknolojik Ürünler. Lalahan Hayvancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 43(1), 61-74.
Karaer, Z., & Çiçek, H. (2013). Kanatlılarda coccidiosis enfeksiyonları. In: Karaer Z. (Ed.), Veteriner Hekimliğinde Parazit Hastalıkları (pp.539-550). Türkiye Parazitoloji Derneği Yayını.
Khater, H. F., Ziam, H., Abbas, A., Abbas, R. Z., Raza, M. A., Hussain, K., & Selim, A. (2020). Avian coccidiosis: Recent advances in alternative control strategies and vaccine development. Agrobiol Records, 1, 11-25. https://doi.org/10.47278/journal.abr/2020.003
Lopez-Osorio, S., Chaparro-Gutierrez, J. J., & Gomez-Osorio, L. M. (2020). Overview of poultry Eimeria life cycle and host-parasite interactions. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7, 384. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00384
Memon, F. U., Yang, Y., Lv, F., Soliman, A. M., Chen, Y., Sun, J., & Si, H. (2021). Effects of probiotic and Bidens pilosa on the performance and gut health of chicken during induced Eimeria tenella infection. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 131(1), 425-434. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.14928
Mohsin, M., Zhang, Z., & Yin, G. (2022). Effect of probiotics on the performance and intestinal health of broiler chickens infected with Eimeria tenella. Vaccines, 10(1), 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10010097
Nahed, A., Abd El-Hack, M. E., Albaqami, N. M., Khafaga, A. F., Taha, A. E., Swelum, A. A., & Elbestawy, A. R. (2022). Phytochemical control of poultry coccidiosis: a review. Poultry Science, 101(1), 101542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101542
Noack, S., Chapman, H. D., & Selzer, P. M. (2019). Anticoccidial drugs of the livestock industry. Parasitology Research, 118, 2009-2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06343-5
Peek, H. W., & Landman, W. J. M. (2011). Coccidiosis in poultry: anticoccidial products, vaccines and other prevention strategies. Veterinary Quarterly, 31(3), 143-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2011.605247
Quiroz-Castañeda, R. E., & Dantán-González, E. (2015). Control of avian coccidiosis: future and present natural alternatives. BioMed Research İnternational, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/430610
Ritzi, M. M., Abdelrahman, W., Van-Heerden, K., Mohnl, M., Barrett, N. W., & Dalloul, R. A. (2016). Combination of probiotics and coccidiosis vaccine enhances protection against an Eimeria challenge. Veterinary Research, 47, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-016-0397-y
Shirley, M. W., Smith, A. L., & Tomley, F. M. (2005). The biology of avian Eimeria with an emphasis on their control by vaccination. Advances in Parasitology, 60, 285-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-308X(05)60005-X
Stringfellow, K., Caldwell, D., Lee, J., Mohnl, M., Beltran, R., Schatzmayr, G., & Farnell, M. (2011). Evaluation of probiotic administration on the immune response of coccidiosis-vaccinated broilers. Poultry Science, 90(8), 1652-1658. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-01026
Tsukahara, T., Inoue, R., Nakayama, K., & Inatomi, T. (2018). Inclusion of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain TOA 5001 in the diet of broilers suppresses the symptoms of coccidiosis by modulating intestinal microbiota. Animal Science Journal, 89(4), 679-687. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12980
TÜİK (2022). Hayvansal Üretim İstatistikleri. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=Tarim-111 (Erişim Tarihi: 23.04.2023).
Ülger, İ., Beyzi, S. B., Kaliber, M., & Konca, Y. (2016). Kanatlı Sektöründe Probiyotiklerin Etkinliği ve Geleceği. Tavukçuluk Araştırma Dergisi, 12(2), 7-12.
Üstündağ, A. Ö., & Özdoğan, M. (2017). Kanatlı beslemede alterbiyotik kullanımı: probiyotikler, prebiyotikler, organik asitler ve bakteriyosinler. Türkiye Klinikleri Veteriner Bilimleri-Farmakoloji ve Toksikoloji Özel Dergisi, 3(3), 1-16.
Wang, X., Peebles, E. D., Kiess, A. S., Wamsley, K. G., & Zhai, W. (2019). Effects of coccidial vaccination and dietary antimicrobial alternatives on the growth performance, internal organ development, and intestinal morphology of Eimeria-challenged male broilers. Poultry Science, 98(5), 2054-2065. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey552
Williams, R. B. (2005). Intercurrent coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis of chickens: rational, integrated disease management by maintenance of gut integrity. Avian Pathology, 34(3), 159-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079450500112195
Yang, Y., Memon, F. U., Hao, K., Jiang, M., Guo, L., Liu, T., & Si, H. (2021). The combined use of Bacillus subtilis-based probiotic and anticoccidial herb had a better anti-Eimeria tenella efficiency. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 30(3), 100181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japr.2021.100181
Possibilities of Use of Probiotics Against Coccidiosis in Poultry
Today, the poultry industry continues to grow rapidly. However, bacterial, viral, and parasitic diseases such as coccidiosis, which mainly target young poultry, cause significant economic damage to the poultry industry every year around the world. Coccidiosis is an enteric disease that targets intestinal epithelial cells caused by Eimeria species. This disease, which causes regression in growth by reducing feed efficiency and causes death in severe cases, is tried to be controlled with anticoccidial drugs and vaccines. However, chemotherapeutic drugs are approached with a distance, considering the resistance developed against anticoccidial drugs and the risk of this drugs leaving residues in animal products. Although the method of immunization by vaccination is found to be safer, it is thought that vaccines may cause a decrease in early growth performance and increase the susceptibility of chicks to secondary infections such as necrotic enteritis. For this reason, studies with probiotics as an alternative protection method have recently been emphasized.
Behnamifar, A. R., Rahimi, S., Kiaei, M. M., & Fayazi, H. (2019). Comparison of the effect of probiotic, prebiotic, salinomycin and vaccine in control of coccidiosis in broiler chickens. Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research, 20(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.22099/IJVR.2019.5143
Cai, H., Luo, S., Zhou, Q., Yan, Z., Liu, Q., Kang, Z., & Sun, M. (2022). Effects of Bacillus subtilis and coccidiosis vaccine on growth indices and intestinal microbiota of broilers. Poultry Science, 101(11), 102091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.102091
Chaudhari, A. A., Lee, Y., & Lillehoj, H. S. (2020). Beneficial effects of dietary supplementation of Bacillus strains on growth performance and gut health in chickens with mixed coccidiosis infection. Veterinary Parasitology, 277, 109009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.109009
Elmusharaf, M. A., & Beynen, A. C. (2007). Coccidiosis in poultry with emphasis on alternative anticoccidial treatments. Annals of the World Association on Animal Pathology, 9-44.
Giannenas, I., Papadopoulos, E., Tsalie, E., Triantafillou, E. L., Henikl, S., Teichmann, K., & Tontis, D. (2012). Assessment of dietary supplementation with probiotics on performance, intestinal morphology and microflora of chickens infected with Eimeria tenella. Veterinary Parasitology, 188(1-2), 31-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.02.017
Gilbert, E. R., Cox, C. M., Williams, P. M., McElroy, A. P., Dalloul, R. A., Ray, W. K., & Webb Jr, K. E. (2011). Eimeria species and genetic background influence the serum protein profile of broilers with coccidiosis. PloS one, 6(1), e14636. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014636
Karademir, G., & Karademir, B. (2003). Yem Katkı Maddesi Olarak Kullanılan Biyoteknolojik Ürünler. Lalahan Hayvancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 43(1), 61-74.
Karaer, Z., & Çiçek, H. (2013). Kanatlılarda coccidiosis enfeksiyonları. In: Karaer Z. (Ed.), Veteriner Hekimliğinde Parazit Hastalıkları (pp.539-550). Türkiye Parazitoloji Derneği Yayını.
Khater, H. F., Ziam, H., Abbas, A., Abbas, R. Z., Raza, M. A., Hussain, K., & Selim, A. (2020). Avian coccidiosis: Recent advances in alternative control strategies and vaccine development. Agrobiol Records, 1, 11-25. https://doi.org/10.47278/journal.abr/2020.003
Lopez-Osorio, S., Chaparro-Gutierrez, J. J., & Gomez-Osorio, L. M. (2020). Overview of poultry Eimeria life cycle and host-parasite interactions. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7, 384. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00384
Memon, F. U., Yang, Y., Lv, F., Soliman, A. M., Chen, Y., Sun, J., & Si, H. (2021). Effects of probiotic and Bidens pilosa on the performance and gut health of chicken during induced Eimeria tenella infection. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 131(1), 425-434. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.14928
Mohsin, M., Zhang, Z., & Yin, G. (2022). Effect of probiotics on the performance and intestinal health of broiler chickens infected with Eimeria tenella. Vaccines, 10(1), 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10010097
Nahed, A., Abd El-Hack, M. E., Albaqami, N. M., Khafaga, A. F., Taha, A. E., Swelum, A. A., & Elbestawy, A. R. (2022). Phytochemical control of poultry coccidiosis: a review. Poultry Science, 101(1), 101542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101542
Noack, S., Chapman, H. D., & Selzer, P. M. (2019). Anticoccidial drugs of the livestock industry. Parasitology Research, 118, 2009-2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06343-5
Peek, H. W., & Landman, W. J. M. (2011). Coccidiosis in poultry: anticoccidial products, vaccines and other prevention strategies. Veterinary Quarterly, 31(3), 143-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/01652176.2011.605247
Quiroz-Castañeda, R. E., & Dantán-González, E. (2015). Control of avian coccidiosis: future and present natural alternatives. BioMed Research İnternational, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/430610
Ritzi, M. M., Abdelrahman, W., Van-Heerden, K., Mohnl, M., Barrett, N. W., & Dalloul, R. A. (2016). Combination of probiotics and coccidiosis vaccine enhances protection against an Eimeria challenge. Veterinary Research, 47, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-016-0397-y
Shirley, M. W., Smith, A. L., & Tomley, F. M. (2005). The biology of avian Eimeria with an emphasis on their control by vaccination. Advances in Parasitology, 60, 285-330. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-308X(05)60005-X
Stringfellow, K., Caldwell, D., Lee, J., Mohnl, M., Beltran, R., Schatzmayr, G., & Farnell, M. (2011). Evaluation of probiotic administration on the immune response of coccidiosis-vaccinated broilers. Poultry Science, 90(8), 1652-1658. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-01026
Tsukahara, T., Inoue, R., Nakayama, K., & Inatomi, T. (2018). Inclusion of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain TOA 5001 in the diet of broilers suppresses the symptoms of coccidiosis by modulating intestinal microbiota. Animal Science Journal, 89(4), 679-687. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12980
TÜİK (2022). Hayvansal Üretim İstatistikleri. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=Tarim-111 (Erişim Tarihi: 23.04.2023).
Ülger, İ., Beyzi, S. B., Kaliber, M., & Konca, Y. (2016). Kanatlı Sektöründe Probiyotiklerin Etkinliği ve Geleceği. Tavukçuluk Araştırma Dergisi, 12(2), 7-12.
Üstündağ, A. Ö., & Özdoğan, M. (2017). Kanatlı beslemede alterbiyotik kullanımı: probiyotikler, prebiyotikler, organik asitler ve bakteriyosinler. Türkiye Klinikleri Veteriner Bilimleri-Farmakoloji ve Toksikoloji Özel Dergisi, 3(3), 1-16.
Wang, X., Peebles, E. D., Kiess, A. S., Wamsley, K. G., & Zhai, W. (2019). Effects of coccidial vaccination and dietary antimicrobial alternatives on the growth performance, internal organ development, and intestinal morphology of Eimeria-challenged male broilers. Poultry Science, 98(5), 2054-2065. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey552
Williams, R. B. (2005). Intercurrent coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis of chickens: rational, integrated disease management by maintenance of gut integrity. Avian Pathology, 34(3), 159-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079450500112195
Yang, Y., Memon, F. U., Hao, K., Jiang, M., Guo, L., Liu, T., & Si, H. (2021). The combined use of Bacillus subtilis-based probiotic and anticoccidial herb had a better anti-Eimeria tenella efficiency. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 30(3), 100181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japr.2021.100181
Tegün, E., Özüiçli, M., Gökmen, M., Aydın, R. (2023). Kanatlılarda koksidiyozise karşı probiyotiklerin kullanım olanakları. Antakya Veteriner Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 61-67.