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Atalarımızın sözcükleri birleştirmesine neden olan şey ne idi?

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 41, 136 - 149, 28.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.33613/antropolojidergisi.840727

Öz

Bu makale dilbilgisi ontojenezine evrimsel bir yaklaşım getirmekte ve soyoluşta cinsel davranışlar ile zihinsel dilsel mekanizmalar arasında bir ilişki kurmaktadır. Çalışmada, ilk olarak, dil evrimi ve adaptasyonların doğası ile ilgili evrimsel görüşlerin bir özeti sunuldmuş ve ardından bunlar cinsel seçilim açısından bütüncül bir şekilde tartışılmıştır. Daha sonra, dilbilgisinin ontojenezinde eski çağlardan beri bulunduğu düşünülen atasal dilsel özellikleri açıklamak için üretken, hiyerarşik, cinsiyetli, birleşimli ve yinelemeli yapılar tartışılmıştır. Son olarak, filojenezde hangi zihinsel mekanizmaların tekrarlandığını belirlemek için üretkenlik, sembolizm, hiyerarşi, cinsiyet, birleşim ve yineleme gibi dilbilgisel özellikler ontojenezde ve filojenezde diğer üreyici, hiyerarşik, cinsel, birleşimli ve yinelemeli deneyimlerle ilişkilendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, insanın zihinsel ve dilsel evrimindeki çeşitli gelişmelerin kaynağı olan sembolik düşünce dilbilgisel ontojenezde yüz yüze cinsel deneyimle elde edilen cinsel hazzın bir yan etkisi olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Başka bir deyişle, yüz yüze çiftleşme sembolik düşüncenin ve dilin öncülü olarak gösterilmiştir. Buradan yola çıkarak dilbilgisi yapıları ontojenezindeki üretkenlik, sembolizm, hiyerarşi, cinsiyet, birleşim ve yinelemenin filojenezde dilbilgisinin çiftleşme kalıplarının, özellikle de yüz yüze çiftleşme deneyiminin, daha önceki evrimsel aşamalarına gerileme olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Andersson, M. (1994). Sexual selection. Princeton University Press.
  • Annicchiarico, G., Bertini, M., Cordoni, G., & Palagi, E. (2020). Look at me while having sex! Eye-to-eye contact affects homosexual behaviour in bonobo females. Behaviour, 157(10-11), 949-970. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568539X-bja10034
  • Arbib, M. A. (2012). How the brain got language: The mirror system hypothesis. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199896684.001.0001
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What made our ancestors put the words together?

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 41, 136 - 149, 28.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.33613/antropolojidergisi.840727

Öz

This article introduces an evolutionary approach to the ontogeny of grammar and establishes a relation between sexual behaviors and mental linguistic mechanisms in phylogeny. Initially, it presents a summary of evolutionary ideas relating to language evolution and the nature of adaptations, and holistically discuss them in terms of sexual selection. Next, generative, hierarchical, gendered, combinatorial and recursive operations are illustrated, explained and discussed in order to unroll the ancestral linguistic characters in the ontogeny of grammar. Finally, the linguistic characters such as generation, symbolism, hierarchy, gender, merge and recursivity in the ontogeny are correlated with other reproductive, symbolic, sexual, combinatorial, hierarchical, iterative, repetitive, recursive experiences in ontogeny and phylogeny in order to identify what mental mechanisms in the phylogeny are recapitulated. The conclusion is that symbolic thought as the origin of several developments in human mental evolution as well as merge and recursivity characters of grammar in ontogeny is the side-effect of sexual pleasure from ventro-ventral sexual experience. In other words, ventro-ventral sex is introduced as the antecedent of symbolic thought and protolanguage. This grounding led to the postulation that generation, symbolism, hierarchy, gender, merge and recursivity in the ontogeny of grammar are regressions to earlier evolutionary stages of copulatory, particularly ventro-ventral, patterns in the phylogeny.

Kaynakça

  • Andersson, M. (1994). Sexual selection. Princeton University Press.
  • Annicchiarico, G., Bertini, M., Cordoni, G., & Palagi, E. (2020). Look at me while having sex! Eye-to-eye contact affects homosexual behaviour in bonobo females. Behaviour, 157(10-11), 949-970. https://doi.org/10.1163/1568539X-bja10034
  • Arbib, M. A. (2012). How the brain got language: The mirror system hypothesis. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199896684.001.0001
  • Balcombe, J. (2009). Animal pleasure and its moral significance. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 118(3-4), 208-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2009.02.012
  • Banes, S. (1998). Dancing women: Female bodies on stage. Routledge.
  • Barkow, J. H., Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (Eds.). (1992). The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. Oxford University Press.
  • Bednarik, R. (2003). A figurine from the African Acheulian. Current Anthropology, 44(3), 405-413. https://doi.org/10.1086/374900
  • Benitez-Burraco, A. (2017). Grammaticalization and language evolution: focusing the debate. Language Sciences, 63, 60-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2017.03.003
  • Bergman, T., Beehner, J., Cheney, D. & Seyfarth, R. (2003). Hierarchical classification by rank and kinship in baboons. Science, 302(5648), 1234-1236. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1087513
  • Berwick, R. C., Friederici, A. D., Chomsky, N., & Bolhuis, J. J. (2013). Evolution, brain, and the nature of language. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(2), 89-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.12.002
  • Berwick, R. C., & Chomsky, N. (2016). Why only us: Language and evolution. MIT press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/10684.001.0001
  • Bickerton, D. (1990). Language and species. University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226220949.001.0001
  • Bickerton, D. (2002). From protolanguage to language. in T. J. Crow (Ed.). The speciation of modern Homo sapiens (pp. 103-120). British Academy Scholarship Online. https://doi.org/ 10.5871/bacad/9780197263112.003.0006
  • Bickerton, D. (2017). Language and human behavior. University of Washington Press.
  • Bickerton, D., & Szathmáry, E. (Eds.). (2009). Biological foundations and origins of syntax. MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262013567.001.0001
  • Bischof-Campbell, A., Hilpert, P., Burri, A., & Bischof, K. (2019). Body movement is associated with orgasm during vaginal intercourse in women. The Journal of Sex Research, 56(3), 356-366. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2018.1531367
  • Bolinger, D. (1980). Language: The loaded weapon. Longman.
  • Botha, R. (2009). Theoretical underpinnings of inferences about language evolution: the syntax used at Blombos Cave. The Cradle of Language, 12, 93.
  • Bouchard, D. (2013). The nature and origin of language. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199681624.001.0001
  • Brodd, J. (2003). World religions. Saint Mary’s Press.
  • Byrne, R., & Russon, A. (1998) Learning by imitation: A hierarchical approach. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 21(5), 667-721. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X98001745
  • Buss, D.M. (1994). The evolution of desire: Strategies of human mating. Basic Books.
  • Calvin, W. H. (1983). A stone’s throw and its launch window: Timing precision and its implications for language and hominid brains. Journal of theoretical Biology, 104(1), 121-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(83)90405-8
  • Calvin, W. H., & Bickerton, D. (2001). Lingua ex machina: Reconciling Darwin and Chomsky with the human brain. MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/4246.001.0001
  • Campbell, D. T. (1974). Downward causation’in hierarchically organised biological systems. In F. J. Ayala & T. Dobzhansky (Eds.), Studies in the Philosophy of Biology (pp. 179-186). Palgrave. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-01892-5_11
  • Chisholm, J. S. (1999). Death, hope and sex: Steps to an evolutionary ecology of mind and morality. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511605932
  • Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. The MIT Press.
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  • Chomsky, N. (2010). Some simple evo devo theses: How true might they be for language. In R. K. Larson, V. Déprez & H. Yamakido (Eds.). The evolution of human language: Biolinguistic perspectives (pp. 54-62). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511817755.003
  • Chomsky, N. (2012). The Science of language: Interviews with James McGilvray. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139061018
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  • Dewsbury, D. A., & Pierce Jr, J. D. (1989). Copulatory patterns of primates as viewed in broad mammalian perspective. American Journal of Primatology, 17(1), 51-72. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.1350170106
  • Dixson, A. (1998). Primate sexuality: comparative studies of the prosimians, monkey, apes and human beings. Oxford University Press.
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  • Forrester, J. (1980). Language and the origins of psychoanalysis. Macmillan Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-04445-0
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  • Friederici, A. D. (2011). The brain basis of language processing: From structure to function. Physiological Reviews, 91(4), 1357-1392. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00006.2011
  • Gallup Jr, G. G. (2015). Bipedalism and sex. In The international encyclopedia of human sexuality, 1-2. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118896877.wbiehs052
  • Garner, M. W. J. (2004). Language: An ecological view. Peter Lang Publishers.
  • Garza-Mercer, F. (2007). The evolution of sexual pleasure. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 18(2-3), 107-124. https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v18n02_04
  • Gatesy, S. M., & Middleton, K. M. (1997). Bipedalism, flight, and the evolution of theropod locomotor diversity. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 17(2), 308-329. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1997.10010977
  • Geher, G., & Miller, G. (Eds.). (2008). Mating intelligence: Sex, relationships, and the mind’s reproductive system. Taylor & Francis.
  • Gilbert, S. F. (2006). Developmental Biology, 8th Ed. Sinauer Associates.
  • Golitzin, A. (1995). On the mystical life, the ethical discourses: St. Symeon the new theologian. SVS Press.
  • Gould, S. J. (1987). The limits of adaptation: Is language a spandrel of the human brain? Paper presented to the Cognitive Science Seminar. Center for Cognitive Science, MIT, 50.
  • Greenfield, P. M. (1991). Language, tools and brain: The ontogeny and phylogeny of hierarchically organized sequential behavior. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 14(4), 531-551. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00071235
  • Gruss, L. T., & Schmitt, D. (2015). The evolution of the human pelvis: changing adaptations to bipedalism, obstetrics and thermoregulation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 370(1663), 20140063. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0063
  • Hanna, J. L. (2010). Dance and sexuality: Many moves. Journal of sex research, 47(2-3), 212-241. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224491003599744
  • Hauser, M.D., Chomsky, N., & Fitch, T. (2002). The faculty of language: what is it, who has it, and how did it evolve? Science, 298(5598), 1569-1580. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.298.5598.1569
  • Hinzen, W. (2012). The philosophical significance of Universal Grammar. Language Science, 34(5), 635-649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2012.03.005
  • Huber, B. A., Sinclair, B. J., & Schmitt, M. (2007). The evolution of asymmetric genitalia in spiders and insects. Biological Reviews, 82(4), 647-698. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.2007.00029.x
  • Hurford, J. R. (2003). The language mosaic and its evolution. In M. Christiansen & S. Kirby (Eds.), Language Evolution (pp. 38-57). Oxford Scholarship Online. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199244843.003.0003
  • Hurford, J. R. (2007). The origins of meaning: Language in the light of evolution. Oxford University Press.
  • Hull, E. M., Meisel, R. L., & Sachs, B. D. (2002). Male sexual behavior. In D. Pfaff, A. P. Arnold, S. E. Fahrbach, A. M. Etgen & R. T. Rubin (Eds.), Hormones, brain and behavior (p. 5-65). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012532104-4/50003-2
  • Ibrahim, M. H. (2014). Grammatical gender: its origin and development. Walter de Gruyter.
  • Johansson, S. (2006). Working backwards from modern language to proto-grammar. In A. Cangelosi, A. D. M. Smith & K. Smith (Eds.), The evolution of language (pp. 160-167). World Scientific. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812774262_0021
  • Kaplan, H. S. (1992). Does the CAT technique enhance female orgasm?. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 18(4), 285-291. https://doi.org/10.1080/00926239208412853
  • Kaufman, J. C. (Ed.). (2014). Creativity and mental illness. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139128902
  • Kauth, M. R. (2007). The evolution of human sexuality: An introduction. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 18(2-3), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v18n02_01
  • King, B. J. (2004). The dynamic dance: Nonvocal communication in African great apes. Harvard University Press.
  • Kohn, M. (2000). As we know it: Coming to terms with an evolved mind. Granta.
  • Laqueur, T. (2003). Solitary sex: A cultural history of masturbation. Zone Books.
  • Launer, J. (2014). Sex and sexuality: an evolutionary view. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 34(8), 831-846. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351690.2014.968026
  • Lovejoy, C.O. (1988). Evolution of human walking. Scientific American, 259(5), 82-89. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1188-118
  • Manson, J. H., Perry, S., & Parish, A. R. (1997). Non-conceptive sexual behavior in bonobos and capuchins. International Journal of Primatology, 18(5),767-786.
  • McBrearty, S. (2007). Down with the revolution. In P. Mellars, K. Boyle, O. Bar-Yosef & C. Stringer, Rethinking the human revolution (pp. 133-152). McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
  • McBrearty, S., & Brooks, A. S. (2000). The revolution that wasn’t: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior. Journal of Human Evolution, 39(5), 453-563. https://doi.org/10.1006/jhev.2000.0435
  • McHenry, H. M. (1994). Behavioral ecological implications of early hominid body size. Journal of Human Evolution, 27(1-3), 77-87. https://doi.org/10.1006/jhev.1994.1036
  • Miller, G. (2001). The mating mind: How sexual choice shaped the evolution of human nature. Anchor.
  • Morris, D. (1967). The naked ape: A zoologist’s study of the human animal. Cape.
  • Nathan, G. J. (1972). The world in falseface. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
  • Okanoya, K. (2002). Sexual display as a syntactic vehicle: the evolution of syntax in birdsong and human language through sexual selection. In A. Wray (Ed.), The transition to language (pp. 46-64). Oxford University Press.
  • Palagi, E., Bertini, M., Annicchiarico, G., & Cordoni, G. (2020). Mirror replication of sexual facial expressions increases the success of sexual contacts in bonobos. Scientific reports, 10, 18979. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-75790-3
  • Parker, A. R. (2006). Evolving the narrow language faculty: was recursion the pivotal step? In A. Cangelosi, A. D. M. Smith & K. Smith (Eds.), The evolution of language (pp. 239-246). World Scientific. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812774262_0031
  • Pinker, S., & Bloom, P. (1990). Natural language and natural selection. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 13(4), 707-784. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00081061
  • Pinker, S. (2003). The language instinct: How the mind creates language. Penguin Books.
  • Pfeiffer, J. E. (1982). The creative explosion: An inquiry into the origins of art and religion. Harper & Row.
  • Roebroeks, W., & Villa, P. (2011). On the earliest evidence for habitual use of fire in Europe. PNAS, 108(13), 5209-5214. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1018116108
  • Simon, H. A. (1969). The sciences of the artificial, 3rd Ed. MIT Press.
  • Sommer, V., & Vasey, P. L. (Eds.). (2006). Homosexual behavior in animals: An evolutionary perspective. Cambridge University Press.
  • Strachey, J. (1953). The Standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Volume VII (1901-1905): A case of hysteria, Three Essays on Sexuality and Other Works. I-VI. The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis.
  • Strachey, J. (1963). The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XVI (1916-1917): Introductory lectures on psycho-analysis (Part III). I-VI. The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis.
  • Şeker, E. (2017). Sex of the words: A psychoanalytic approach to grammar. International Journal of Language Academy, 5/6, 173-187. https://doi.org/10.18033/ijla.3742
  • Tallerman, M. (2008). Holophrastic protolanguage: Planning, processing, storage, and retrieval. Interaction Studies, 9(1), 84-99. https://doi.org/10.1075/is.9.1.07tal
  • Tallerman, M. (2011). Protolanguage. In K. R. Gibson & M. Tallerman (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of language evolution (pp. 479-491). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199541119.013.0051
  • Tallerman, M. (2014). No syntax saltation in language evolution. Language Sciences, 46(Part B), 207-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2014.08.002
  • Tattersall, I. (2014). An evolutionary context for the emergence of language. Language Sciences, 46(Part B), 199-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2014.06.011
  • Taylor, T. (1996). The prehistory of sex: Four million years of human sexual culture. Bantam.
  • Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (1992). The psychological foundations of culture. In J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides & J. Tooby (Eds.), The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture (pp. 19-136). The Oxford University Press.
  • Tse, P. U. (2008). Symbolic thought and the evolution of human morality. In W. Sinnott-Armstrong (Ed.), Moral psychology, Volume 1, The evolution of morality: Adaptations and innateness (pp. 269-297). The MIT Press.
  • Tuttle, R. H. (1981). Evolution of hominid bipedalism and prehensile capabilities. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, Biological Sciences, 292(1057), 89-94. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1981.0016
  • Wacewicz, S., & Żywiczyński, P. (2012). Beyond protolanguage: Contemporary problems in the evolution of language. Theoria et Historia Scientiarum, 9, 5-12. https://doi.org/10.12775/v10235-011-0001-6
  • Whiten, A., & Byrne, R. W. (1988). The Machiavellian intelligence hypotheses: Editorial. In R. W. Byrne & A. Whiten (Eds.), Machiavellian intelligence: Social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes, and humans (p. 1-9). Clarendon Press/Oxford University Press.
  • Wildlife Conservation Society. (2008, February 13). Unique mating photos of wild gorillas face to face. ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080212134818.htm
  • Wray, A. (1998). Protolanguage as a holistic system for social interaction. Language & Communication, 18(1), 47-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5309(97)00033-5
  • Zywiczynski, P., Gontier, N., & Wacewicz, S. (2017). The evolution of (proto-) language: Focus on mechanisms. Language Sciences, 63, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2017.06.004
Toplam 103 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Antropoloji
Bölüm Değerlendirme (Derleme) Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Emrullah Şeker 0000-0002-7834-1214

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Haziran 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Aralık 2020
Kabul Tarihi 15 Haziran 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 41

Kaynak Göster

APA Şeker, E. (2021). What made our ancestors put the words together?. Anthropology(41), 136-149. https://doi.org/10.33613/antropolojidergisi.840727

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