Georgian immigrant women in Turkey: Ankara case

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 42, 19 - 26, 28.12.2021

Betül Kocaoğlu Dündar

https://doi.org/10.33613/antropolojidergisi.1001365

Öz

This study addresses post-socialist Georgian immigrant women’s lives and experiences as immigrants in Turkey. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, many post-Soviet countries had serious threats in terms of economic development and political stability. These countries had to face with high unemployment and privatization because of these problems and also Georgia has been influenced due to these problems. In this way, especially, women of Georgia who try to find better ways for their economic conditions had to leave their homes, families and become a hero for their countries. Georgian female migrants have endured at least two enormous politico-economic changes in their lives: first, the transition from Soviet Georgia to a post-socialist, free market economy; second, the transition from Georgia to Turkey. Georgian women started to migrate since the 1990s to Turkey and Turkey has been a popular destination country for Georgian immigrant women. The reasons are the geographical closeness and flexible visa regime between Georgia and Turkey. The aim of this study is to listen to the personal experiences of immigrant women themselves, understand their working conditions and social life experiences in Turkey.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mıgration, Georgian women, Turkey, Georgia

Türkiye’deki Gürcü göçmen kadınlar: Ankara örneği

Öz

Bu çalışma Türkiye’deki post-sosyalist Gürcü kadınların yaşamlarını ve göçmenlik deneyimlerini ele almaktadır. Sovyetler Birliği’nin dağılmasından sonra birçok Sovyet sonrası ülke ekonomik kalkınma ve siyasi istikrar açısından ciddi tehditlerle karşı karşıya kaldı. Bu sorunlar nedeniyle bu ülkeler yüksek işsizlik ve özelleştirme ile yüzleşmek zorunda kalmış ve Gürcistan da bu sorunlardan etkilenmiştir. Böylece ekonomik durumlarına daha iyi çözümler bulmaya çalışan Gürcü kadınlar evlerini, ailelerini terk etmek zorunda kalıp ülkelerinin asıl kahramanları olmak zorunda kaldılar. Gürcü kadınlar hayatlarında en az iki büyük politik ve ekonomik değişikliğe göğüs gerdiler. Bunlardan birincisi, Sovyet Gürcistan’dan post-sosyalist serbest piyasa ekonomisine geçiş; ikincisi ise Gürcistan’dan Türkiye’ye geçiş. 1990’lı yıllarından itibaren Gürcü kadınlar Türkiye’ye göç etmeye başlamış ve Türkiye, Gürcü göçmen kadınlar için popüler bir varış ülkesi haline gelmiştir. Bunun nedeni Gürcistan ile Türkiye arasındaki coğrafi yakınlık ve esnek vize rejimidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı göçmen kadınların kişisel deneyimlerini dinlemek ve Türkiye’deki çalışma koşulları ve sosyal yaşam deneyimlerini anlamaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Göç, Gürcü kadınlar, Gürcistan, Türkiye

Kaynakça

• Antonenko, O. (2008). A War with no winners. Survival, 50(5), 23-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396330802456445
• Badurashvili, I., & Nadareishvili, M. (2012). Social impact of emigration and rural-urban migration in Central and Eastern Europe. Final Country Report: Georgia. European Commission DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion. https://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=8862&langId=en
• Bernard, H. R. (2006). Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Rowman Altamira.
• Cheterian, V. (2009). The August 2008 war in Georgia: From ethnic conflict to border wars. Central Asian Survey, 28(2), 155-170. https://doi.org/10.1080/02634930903056768
• Chindea, A., Majkowska-Tomkin, M., Matilla, H., & Pastor, I. (2008). Migration in Georgia: A country profile. International Organization for Migration, Geneva. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/georgia_profile2008.pdf
• Dinçer, C. G. (2014). In between countries: Experiences of women migrant domestic workers from Georgia in Turkey [Unpublished octoral dissertation]. Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey. https://open.metu.edu.tr/handle/11511/24345
• Europa World Yearbook (2004). The Europa world year book 2004, 45th ed., Vol. 1. Europa Publications.
• European Commission (EC) (2011). Social protection and social inclusion in Georgia. European Commision Directorate-General for Emplyment, Social Affairs and Inclusion. https://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=6887&langId=en
• Hofmann, E., & Buckley, C. (2012). Cultural responses to changing gender patterns of migration in Georgia. International Migration, 50(5), 77-94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2010.00681.x
• Içduygu, A. (2000). The politics of international migratory regimes: Transit migration flows in Turkey. International Social Science Journal, 52(165), 357-367. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2451.00265
• Içduygu, A. (2006). A panorama of the international migration regime in Turkey. Revue Européenne Des Migrations Internationales, 22(3), 11-21. https://doi.org/10.4000/remi.3221
• Kalça, A., & Ari, Y. O. (2016). Circular migration between Georgia and Turkey: Is triple win a solution for illegal employment? Proceedings of International Conference of Eurasian Economies 2016 (pp. 14-19). Kaposvár, Hungary. https://doi.org/10.36880/C07.01647
• Kirişci, K. (2007). Turkey: A country of transition from Emigration to immigration. Mediterranean Politics, 12(1), 91-97. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629390601136871
• Lohm, H. (2006). “It’s not all roses”. Georgian defence reforms since the Rose Revolution [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Lund University, Lund, Sweeden. https://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/lup/publication/1323368
• Migration Policy Center (2013). MPC - Migration profile: Georgia. Migration Policy Center. http://www.migrationpolicycentre.eu/docs/migration_profiles/Georgia.pdf
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2017). Visa information for foreigners. Retrieved September 27, 2021 from http://www.mfa.gov.tr/visa-information-for-foreigners.en.mfa
• Pettman, J. J. (1998). Women on the move: Globalisation and labour migration from south and Southeast Asian states. Global Society, 12(3), 389-403. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600829808443172
• Putkaradze, T. (2008). Some aspects of the geopolitical strategy of Georgia (On politicization of the Kartvelological Studies). In A. Adam (Akhaladze), T. Beradze, R. Gujejiani, R. Topchishvili, M. Lordkipanidze, L. Margiani, T. Putkaradze & B. Khorava (Eds.), Causes of war, prospects for peace (pp. 173-183). Georgian Orthodox Church Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. https://kas.de/wf/doc/kas_18802-544-2-30.pdf?100223134941
• Sassen, S. (2000). Women’s burden: Counter-geographies of globalization and the feminization of survival. Journal of International Affairs, 53(2). 503-524. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24357763
• Shinjiashvili, T. (2005). Irregular labour migration from Georgia. International Union for the Scientific Study of Population XXV International Population Conference, Tours, France, July 18-23, 2005. https://iussp2005.princeton.edu/papers/50120
• Toktaş, Ş., & Çelik, N. (2016). Border crossings between Georgia and Turkey: The Sarp Land Border Gate. Geopolitics, 22(2), 383-406. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2016.1219998
• Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research: Design and methods, 4th edition. Sage Publications.