Ailede Bağımlılık Kültürü ve Çocuğa Yansımaları: Çift ve Aile Terapisi Perspektifinden Bir Derleme

Öz

Bağımlılık, yalnızca bireysel bir ruhsal bozukluk değil; aile yapısı, kültürel normlar ve kuşaklar arası aktarılan ilişkisel dinamiklerle şekillenen çok katmanlı bir olgudur. Aile içindeki roller, iletişim örüntüleri ve duygusal etkileşimler, “ailede bağımlılık kültürü” olarak tanımlanan yapının oluşumunda belirleyici rol oynamaktadır. Bu yapı, madde kullanımının bozukluğa evrilmesinde ve sürdürülmesinde etkili olmaktadır. Bu tür aile ortamlarında çocuklar, parentifikasyon, duygusal ihmal, rol karmaşası ve travmanın kuşaklar arası aktarımı gibi süreçler nedeniyle çeşitli psikososyal ve gelişimsel risklere maruz kalmaktadır. Bu derleme, ailede bağımlılık kültürünün çocuk üzerindeki etkilerini sistem kuramı, bağlanma kuramı ve kuşaklar arası aktarım çerçevesinde ele almaktadır. Ayrıca çift ve aile terapisi yaklaşımlarının bu kültürü dönüştürmedeki rolünü tartışmakta; kuramsal ve uygulamaya dönük öneriler sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ailede Bağımlılık Kültürü
• Çift Terapisi
• Aile Terapisi
• Kuşaklar Arası Aktarım
• Çocuk Gelişimi

Destekleyen Kurum

Çalışmayı destekleyen bir kurum bulunmamaktadır.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma derleme yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilmiş olup insan katılımcılardan ya da hayvanlardan veri toplanmamıştır. Etik onay alınması gerekmemektedir.

Addiction Culture in the Family and Its Effects on the Child: A Review from the Perspective of Couple and Family Therapy

Öz

Addiction is not merely an individual mental disorder, but a multidimensional phenomenon shaped by family structure, cultural norms, and relational dynamics transmitted across generations. Roles, communication patterns, and emotional interactions within the family play a decisive role in the formation of what is defined as the “addiction culture in the family.” This structure is influential in the progression of substance use into a disorder and in the maintenance of addictive behaviors. In such family environments, children are exposed to various psychosocial and developmental risks due to processes such as parentification, emotional neglect, role confusion, and the intergenerational transmission of trauma. This review examines the effects of the addiction culture in the family on children within the frameworks of systems theory, attachment theory, and intergenerational transmission. In addition, it discusses the role of couple and family therapy approaches in transforming this culture and offers theoretical and practice-oriented recommendations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Addiction Culture in the Family
• Couple Therapy
• Family Therapy
• Multigenerational Transmission Process
• Child Development

Destekleyen Kurum

There is no institution supporting the study.

Etik Beyan

This study was conducted using a review method and no data was collected from human participants or animals. Ethical approval is not required.

Kaynakça

1. Ainsworth, M. S., & Bowlby, J. (1991). An ethological approach to personality development. American Psychologist, 46(4), 333–341. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.46.4.333
2. Alhammad, M., Aljedani, R., Alsaleh, M., Atyia, N., Alsmakh, M., Alfaraj, A., Alkhunaizi, A., Alwabari, J., & Alzaidi, M. (2022). Family, individual, and other risk factors contributing to risk of substance abuse in young adults: A narrative review. Cureus, 14(12), e32316. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.32316
3. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Author. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
4. Andrews, J. A., Hops, H., & Duncan, S. C. (1997). Adolescent modeling of parent substance use: The moderating effect of the relationship with the parent. Journal of Family Psychology, 11(3), 259–270. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.11.3.259
5. Arlappa, P., Jha, S., & Jayaseeli, S. (2019). Impact of addiction on family: An exploratory study with reference to slums in Kolkata. Current Research Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(1), 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CRJSSH.2.1.07
6. Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Prentice-Hall.
7. Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1963). Social learning and personality development. Holt Rinehart and Winston.
8. Barrett, A. E., & Turner, R. J. (2006). Family structure and substance use problems in adolescence and early adulthood: examining explanations for the relationship. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 101(1), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01296.x

9. Bierut, L. J., Dinwiddie, S. H., Begleiter, H., Crowe, R. R., Hesselbrock, V., Nurnberger, J. I., Jr., Porjesz, B., Schuckit, M. A., & Reich, T. (1998). Familial transmission of substance dependence: Alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, and habitual smoking: A report from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(11), 982–988. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.55.11.982
10. Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. Jason Aronson.
11. Bradshaw, S. D., Shumway, S. T., & Kimball, T. G. (2021). Associations between SUD in the family, PFC functioning, and codependency: Importance of family member recovery. In J. M. Croff & J. Beaman (Eds.), Family resilience and recovery from opioids and other addictions (pp. 145–168). Springer Nature Switzerland AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56958-7_8
12. Cadet, J. L. (2016). Epigenetics of stress, addiction, and resilience: Therapeutic implications. Molecular Neurobiology, 53(1), 545–560. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-014-9040-y
13. Calatrava, M., Martins, M. V., Schweer-Collins, M., Duch-Ceballos, C., & Rodríguez-González, M. (2022). Differentiation of self: A scoping review of Bowen Family Systems Theory’s core construct. Clinical Psychology Review, 91, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102101
14. Carr, A. (2009). The effectiveness of family therapy and systemic interventions for child‐focused problems. Journal of Family Therapy, 31(1), 3-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6427.2008.00451.x
15. Carr, A. (2014). The evidence base for family therapy and systemic interventions for child‐focused problems. Journal of Family Therapy, 36(2), 107-157. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.12032
16. Carr, A. (2019). Family therapy and systemic interventions for child‐focused problems: The current evidence base. Journal of Family Therapy, 41(2), 153-213. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.12226
17. Chase, N. D. (Ed.). (1999). Burdened children: Theory, research, and treatment of parentification. Sage.
18. Chen, H., Liu, S., Wang, W., Shi, H., Gao, S., Yan, Y., Fang, J., Zhan, Y., Chen, H., & Liu, Z. (2025). Global burden of substance use disorders in adolescents and young adults aged 10–24 years from 1990 to 2021. Scientific Reports, 15, 25971. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-11266-6
19. Church, S., Bhatia, U., Velleman, R., Velleman, G., Orford, J., Rane, A., & Nadkarni, A. (2018). Coping strategies and support structures of addiction affected families: A qualitative study from Goa, India. Families, Systems, & Health, 36(2), 216–224. https://doi.org/10.1037/fsh0000339
20. Collaco, J. M., & McGrath-Morrow, S. A. (2022). Developmental effects of electronic cigarette use. Comprehensive Physiology, 12(2), 3337–3346. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c210018
21. Crowley, J. L., & Miller, L. E. (2020). How people with opioid use disorder communicatively experience family: A family systems approach. Journal of Family Communication, 20(4), 298–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2020.1819283
22. Demircan, D. ve Tamam, L. (2024). Madde kullanım bozukluğuna aile perspektifinden bir bakış. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 25(4), 491–497. https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1432624
23. Diggs, O. N., & Neppl, T. K. (2018). The influence of economic pressure on emerging adult binge drinking: Testing the family stress model over time. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(11), 2481–2495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-018-0923-5
24. Ducci, F., & Goldman, D. (2012). The genetic basis of addictive disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 35(2), 495–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2012.03.010
25. Earley, L., & Cushway, D. (2002). The parentified child. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 7(2), 163–178. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104502007002005
26. Easton, C. J., Swan, S., & Sinha, R. (2000). Prevalence of family violence in clients entering substance abuse treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 18(1), 23–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0740-5472(99)00019-7
27. Eiden, R. D., Lessard, J., Colder, C. R., Livingston, J., Casey, M., & Leonard, K. E. (2016). Developmental cascade model for adolescent substance use from infancy to late adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 52(10), 1619–1633. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000199
28. Fonseca, F., Robles-Martínez, M., Tirado-Muñoz, J., Alías-Ferri, M., Mestre-Pintó, J.-I., Coratu, A. M., & Torrens, M. (2021). A gender perspective of addictive disorders. Current Addiction Reports, 8, 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-021-00357-9
29. Forestell, C. A., Dickter, C. L., & Collier-Spruel, L. (2021). Associations between pre-adolescents’ cognitive responses to alcohol-related cues, maternal drinking, and direct exposure to alcohol. Alcohol, 96, 27-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcohol.2021.06.003
30. Friedrich, F. S., Pasman, E., Boraginna-Ballard, L., O'Shay, S., Szechy, K. A., Ellis, J. D., Resko, S. M., & Brown, S. (2023). “Do not carry the load by yourself”: Advice for families affected by non-medical opioid use. Families in Society, 104(3), 262–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/10443894221145759
31. Glynn, T. J. (1981). From family to peer: A review of transitions of influence among drug-using youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 10(5), 363-383. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02088939
32. Haley, J. (1976). Problem-solving therapy. Jossey-Bass.
33. Hamilton, P. J., & Nestler, E. J. (2019). Epigenetics and addiction. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 59, 128–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2019.05.005
34. Hussong, A. M., Wirth, R. J., Edwards, M. C., Curran, P. J., Chassin, L. A., & Zucker, R. A. (2007). Externalizing symptoms among children of alcoholic parents: Entry points for an antisocial pathway to alcoholism. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116(3), 529–542. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.116.3.529
35. Jamshed, L., Perono, G. A., Jamshed, S., & Holloway, A. C. (2020). Early life exposure to nicotine: Postnatal metabolic, neurobehavioral and respiratory outcomes and the development of childhood cancers. Toxicological Sciences, 178(1), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfaa127
36. Joanning, H., Quinn, W., Thomas, F., & Mullen, R. (1992). Treating adolescent drug abuse: A comparison of family systems therapy, group therapy, and family drug education. Journal of marital and family therapy, 18(4), 345-356. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1992.tb00948.x
37. Kantaş Yılmaz, F., Ergelen, M., Akülker, G. ve Bilici, R. (2021). Alkol ve madde kullanım bozukluğu olan ebeveynlerin çocuklarında karşılaşılan davranış sorunları. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 22(4), 455–464. https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.927171
38. Kaplan, Ö. ve Özbaran, B. (2024). Alkol-madde kullanıcılarının bağımlılık şiddeti ile aile üyelerinin eş bağımlılık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 25(2), 113–121. https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1322007
39. Kara, Y. (2024). Madde kullanım bozukluklarının aileler üzerindeki etkisi: Sosyal hizmet perspektifinden bir inceleme. 19 Mayıs Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(4), 223–233. https://doi.org/10.52835/19maysbd.1600940
40. Kardaş, Ö. ve Kardaş, B. (2023). Çocuk ve ergen madde bağımlılığı tedavi merkezine başvuran olguların sosyodemografik ve madde kullanım özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 24(2), 174–185. https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1112645
41. Kaufman, E. (1986). A contemporary approach to the family treatment of substance abuse disorders. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 12(3), 199–211. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952998609007390
42. Kendler, K. S., Prescott, C. A., Myers, J., & Neale, M. C. (2003). The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for common psychiatric and substance use disorders in men and women. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(9), 929–937. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.9.929
43. Kerr, M. E., & Bowen, M. (1988). Family evaluation: An approach based on Bowen theory. W W Norton & Co.
44. Kyzar, E. J., & Pandey, S. C. (2015). Molecular mechanisms of synaptic remodeling in alcoholism. Neuroscience letters, 601, 11-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2015.01.051
45. Liddle, H. A. (2004). Family-based therapies for adolescent alcohol and drug use: Research contributions and future research needs. Addiction, 99(Suppl 2), 76–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00856.x
46. Liddle, H. A., & Dakof, G. A. (1995). Family-based treatment for adolescent drug use: State of the science. In E. Rahdert & D. Czechowicz (Eds.), Adolescent drug abuse: Clinical assessment and therapeutic interventions (NIDA Research Monograph No. 156, pp. 218–254). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Drug Abuse.
47. Litteral, C. A., Martel, M. M., Mattingly, D. T., & Moore, J. X. (2025). Weighted family history density of substance use: Influence on participant substance use onset, duration, and escalation. Substance Abuse and Rehabilitation, 16, 147–163. https://doi.org/10.2147/SAR.S522297
48. Liu, M., & Si, Z. (2024). An update: Epigenetic mechanisms underlying methamphetamine addiction. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 12, 1494557. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2024.1494557
49. Madanes, C. (1991). Strategic family therapy. In A. S. Gurman & D. P. Kniskern (Eds.), Handbook of Family Therapy (Vol. 2, pp. 396–416). Brunner/Mazel.
50. Mardani, M., Alipour, F., Rafiey, H., Fallahi-Khoshknab, M., & Arshi, M. (2023). Challenges in addiction-affected families: A systematic review of qualitative studies. BMC Psychiatry, 23, 439. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04927-1
51. Mattson, S. N., Bernes, G. A., & Doyle, L. R. (2019). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: A review of the neurobehavioral deficits associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 43(6), 1046–1062. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.14040
52. McCrady, B. S., & Epstein, E. E. (2013). Addictions: A comprehensive guidebook (2. Edition). Oxford University Press.
53. McGoldrick, M., Gerson, R., & Petry, S. (2020). Genograms: Assessment and treatment. WW Norton & Company.
54. McKeganey, N., Barnard, M., & McIntosh, J. (2002). Paying the Price for their Parents’ Addiction: meeting the needs of the children of drug-using parents. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 9(3), 233–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687630210122508
55. Merdan, E. D. (2021). Alkol ve madde bağımlılığı. Y. Söylemez (Der.), Çift ve aile terapisi (2. baskı, Bölüm 2, s. 25–48). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
56. Meulewaeter, F., De Pauw, S. S. W., & Vanderplasschen, W. (2019). Mothering, substance use disorders and intergenerational trauma transmission: An attachment-based perspective. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 728. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00728
57. Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and family therapy. Harvard University Press.
58. Minuchin, S., & Fishman, H. C. (1981). Family therapy techniques. Harvard University Press.
59. Moosavi, A., & Motevalizadeh Ardekani, A. (2016). Role of epigenetics in biology and human diseases. Iranian Biomedical Journal, 20(5), 246–258. https://doi.org/10.22045/ibj.2016.01
60. Neppl, T. K., Diggs, O. N., & Cleveland, M. J. (2020). The intergenerational transmission of harsh parenting, substance use, and emotional distress: Impact on the third-generation child. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors : Journal of the Society of Psychologists in Addictive Behaviors, 34(8), 852–863. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000551
61. Nestler E. J. (2014). Epigenetic mechanisms of drug addiction. Neuropharmacology, 76 Pt B(0 0), 259–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.004
62. Nichols, M. (2013). Family therapy: Concepts and methods (10th ed.). Pearson.
63. Nichols, M. P., & Schwartz, R. C. (1998). Family therapy: Concepts and methods (4th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
64. Nkobi, M., & Kingan, M. (2025). The impact of parental alcohol misuse on children: A systematic review. Substance Use & Misuse, 60(11), 1690–1698. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2025.2512232
65. Oei, J. L. (2020). Alcohol use in pregnancy and its impact on the mother and child. Addiction, 115(11), 2148–2163. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.15036
66. O'Farrell, T. J., & Fals-Stewart, W. (2000). Behavioral couples therapy for alcoholism and drug abuse. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 18(1), 51–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0740-5472(99)00026-4
67. Orford, J. (2017). How does the common core to the harm experienced by affected family members vary by relationship, social and cultural factors? Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 24(1), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2016.1189876
68. Orford, J., Velleman, R., Copello, A., Templeton, L., & Ibanga, A. (2010). The experiences of affected family members: A summary of two decades of qualitative research. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 17(sup1), 44–62. https://doi.org/10.3109/09687637.2010.514192
69. Ögel, K. (2005). Madde kullanım bozuklukları epidemiyolojisi. Türkiye Klinikleri Dahili Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi Psikiyatri, 1(47), 61-4. https://ogelk.net/makale/alkolmaddeepi.pdf
70. Ögel, K. (2010). Sigara, alkol ve madde kullanım bozuklukları: tanı, tedavi ve önleme. Yeniden Yayınları. https://www.ogelk.net/Dosyadepo/etyoloji.pdf
71. Ögel, K. (2021). Bağımlılık ve tedavisi temel kitabı (4. baskı). IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık.
72. Pickens, R. W., Preston, K. L., Miles, D. R., Gupman, A. E., Johnson, E. O., Newlin, D. B., Soriano, J., van den Bree, M. B. M., & Umbricht, A. (2001). Family history influence on drug abuse severity and treatment outcome. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 61(3), 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-8716(00)00146-0
73. Piercy, F. P., & Frankel, B. R. (1989). The evolution of an integrative family therapy for substance-abusing adolescents: Toward the mutual enhancement of research and practice. Journal of Family Psychology, 3(1), 5–25. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0080529
74. Ren, M., Lotfipour, S., & Leslie, F. (2022). Unique effects of nicotine across the lifespan. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 214, 173343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173343
75. Robbins, M. S., Szapocznik, J., Horigian, V. E., Feaster, D. J., Puccinelli, M., Jacobs, P., Burlew, K., Werstlein, R., Bachrach, K., & Brigham, G. (2009). Brief strategic family therapy for adolescent drug abusers: a multi-site effectiveness study. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 30(3), 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2009.01.004
76. Robison, A. J., & Nestler, E. J. (2011). Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of addiction. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12(11), 623–637. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3111
77. Rodríguez-Ruiz, J., Kaakinen, M., Oksanen, A., & Espejo-Siles,R. (2025). The influence of parental substance use on adolescent substance use: A systematic review of moderators. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 17(3), 721–741. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12620
78. Rowe, C. L. (2012). Family therapy for drug abuse: Review and updates 2003–2010. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 38(1), 59–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.2011.00280.x
79. Rusby, J. C., Light, J. M., Crowley, R., & Westling, E. (2018). Influence of parent–youth relationship, parental monitoring, and parent substance use on adolescent substance use onset. Journal of Family Psychology, 32(3), 310–320. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000350
80. Santisteban, D. A., Coatsworth, J. D., Perez-Vidal, A., Kurtines, W. M., Schwartz, S. J., LaPerriere, A., & Szapocznik, J. (2003). Efficacy of brief strategic family therapy in modifying Hispanic adolescent behavior problems and substance use. Journal of Family Psychology, 17(1), 121–133. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.17.1.121
81. Schindler, A. (2019). Attachment and substance use disorders: Theoretical models, empirical evidence, and implications for treatment. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 727. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00727
82. Schneider, D., Bouhali, F., Richter, C. G., Costache, R., Costache, C., Kirchhoffer, K., Sheth, V., MacDonald, I., & Hoeft, F. (2024). Perinatal influences on academic achievement and the developing brain: A scoping systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1352241. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1352241
83. Seyfeli, E. B. ve Şener, Ö. (2022). Yetişkinlerde madde bağımlılığı ile çocukluk çağı travmaları ve bağlanma stilleri arasındaki ilişki. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 23(4), 473–482. https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1052077
84. Shelby, C. L. (2016). The culture of addiction. In C. L. Shelby, Addiction: A philosophical perspective (pp. 79–100). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137552853_5
85. Sim, T. (2007). Structural family therapy in adolescent drug abuse: A Hong Kong Chinese family. Clinical Case Studies, 6(1), 79–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534650105275989
86. Srivastava, S., Kumar, P., Rashmi, Paul, R., & Dhillon, P. (2021). Does substance use by family members and community affect the substance use among adolescent boys? Evidence from UDAYA study, India. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1896. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11911-5
87. Stanton, M. D., & Shadish, W. R. (1997). Outcome, attrition, and family–couples treatment for drug abuse: A meta-analysis and review of the controlled, comparative studies. Psychological Bulletin, 122(2), 170–191. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.122.2.170
88. Stanton, M. D., & Todd, T. C. (1979). Structural family therapy with drug addicts. In E. Kaufman & P. Kaufman (Eds.), The family therapy of drug and alcohol abuse (pp. 55–70). Gardner.
89. Stephenson, M., Heron, J., Bountress, K., Hickman, M., Kendler, K. S., & Edwards, A. C. (2023). The effect of parental alcohol use on alcohol use disorder in young adulthood: Exploring the mediating roles of adolescent alcohol expectancies and consumption. Journal of Adolescence, 95(4), 716–728. https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12148
90. Svensson, R. (2000). Risk factors for different dimensions of adolescent drug use. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 9(3), 67–90. https://doi.org/10.1300/J029v09n03_05
91. Swathi, T. P., & Gitanjali, N. (2017). Family models of addiction: Evaluation, trends and cultural context. Archives of Mental Health, 18(1), 57–60. https://journals.lww.com/amhe/abstract/2017/18010/Family_models_of_addiction__evaluation,_trends_and.11.aspx
92. Szapocznik, J., Hervis, O. E., & Schwartz, S. J. (2003). Brief strategic family therapy for adolescent drug abuse (Therapy Manuals for Drug Addiction Series). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse. https://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/13601/1/NIDA_Brief_strategiv.pdf
93. Szapocznik, J., Muir, J. A., & Schwartz, S. J. (2013). Brief strategic family therapy for adolescent drug abuse: Treatment and implementation. In B. S. Miller (Ed.), Interventions for addiction (pp. 97–108). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-398338-1.00011-7
94. Szapocznik, J., Perez-Vidal, A., Brickman, A. L., Foote, F. H., Santisteban, D., Hervis, O., & Kurtines, W. M. (1988). Engaging adolescent drug abusers and their families in treatment: A strategic structural systems approach. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(4), 552–557. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.4.552
95. Tambling, R. R., Russell, B., & D'Aniello, C. (2022). Where is the family in young adult substance use treatment? The case for systemic family therapy for young adults with substance use disorders. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(3), 1659–1670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00471-1
96. Tiberio, S. S., Kerr, D. C. R., Bailey, J. A., Henry, K. L., & Capaldi, D. M. (2020). Intergenerational associations in onset of cannabis use during adolescence: A data synthesis approach. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 34(8), 877–889. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000625
97. Tucker, J. S., Davis, J. P., Seelam, R., Stein, B. D., & D'Amico, E. J. (2020). Predictors of opioid misuse during emerging adulthood: An examination of adolescent individual, family and peer factors. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 214, Article 108188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108188
98. Uğurlu, T. T., Şengül, C. B., ve Şengül, C. (2012). Bağımlılık psikofarmakolojisi. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 4(1), 37-50. https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20120403
99. Urbanoski, K. A., & Kelly, J. F. (2012). Understanding genetic risk for substance use and addiction: a guide for non-geneticists. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(1), 60–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.11.002
100. van Namen, D. M., Hilberink, S. R., de Vries, H., van Staa, A., & Nagelhout, G. E. (2024). Students with and without relatives with problematic substance use: Do they differ in health, substance use and study success? International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 22, 417–437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-022-00881-3
101. Vassoler, F. M., & Sadri-Vakili, G. (2014). Mechanisms of transgenerational inheritance of addictive-like behaviors. Neuroscience, 264, 198–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.064
102. Vassoler, F. M., White, S. L., Schmidt, H. D., Sadri-Vakili, G., & Pierce, R. C. (2013). Epigenetic inheritance of a cocaine-resistance phenotype. Nature Neuroscience, 16(1), 42–47. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3280
103. Velleman, R., & Templeton, L. J. (2016). Impact of parents’ substance misuse on children: An update. British Journal of Psychiatry Advances, 22(2), 108–117. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.114.014449
104. Vernig, P. M. (2010). Family roles in homes with alcohol-dependent parents: An evidence-based review. Substance Use & Misuse, 46(4), 535–542. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2010.501676
105. Vetere, A., & Henley, M. (2001). Integrating couples and family therapy into a community alcohol service: a pantheoretical approach. Journal of Family Therapy, 23(1), 85-101. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.00170
106. Walker, D. M., & Nestler, E. J. (2018). Neuroepigenetics and addiction. In S. J. Sadovnick, A. C. Ludwin, & E. D. Louis (Eds.), Handbook of Clinical Neurology (Vol. 148, pp. 747–765). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64076-5.00048-X
107. Wegscheider-Cruse, S. (1989). Another chance: Hope and health for the alcoholic family (2nd ed.). Science and Behavior Books.
108. Wilkens, C., & Foote, J. (2019). “Bad parents,” “codependents,” and other stigmatizing myths about substance use disorder in the family. In J. D. Avery & J. J. Avery (Eds.), The stigma of addiction: An essential guide (pp. 33–53). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02580-9_3
109. Yehuda, R., & Lehrner, A. (2018). Intergenerational transmission of trauma effects: putative role of epigenetic mechanisms. World Psychiatry: Official Journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 17(3), 243–257. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20568
110. Zakiniaeiz, Y., & Potenza, M. N. (2018). Gender-related differences in addiction: A review of human studies. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 23, 171–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.08.004
111. Zeng, X., & Tan, C. (2021). The relationship between the family functioning of individuals with drug addiction and relapse tendency: A moderated mediation model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 625. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020625
112. Zeng, X., Cai, Y., Wu, M., Chen, H., Sun, M., & Yang, H. (2024). An overview of current advances in perinatal alcohol exposure and pathogenesis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 16, 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11689-024-09537-w
113. Zhang, X., Liu, Y., Li, J., Li, B., Yang, X., Sun, Q., Yan, J., Wang, Z., & Liu, H. (2022). Prenatal alcohol exposure and the risk of depression in offspring: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 2022, 5458611. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5458611