Deneye Dayalı Bir Yaklaşım: Gottman Çift Terapisi

Öz

1970’lerde Gottman’ın çiftleri sistematik olarak gözlemlemeye başlaması ve 1986’da ilk Aşk Laboratuvarı’nın kurulmasından bu yana, Gottman çift terapisi yöntemi pek çok kez deneysel olarak sınanmış ve etkililiği kanıtlanmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Gottman çift terapisinin tarihsel gelişiminin, temel sayıltılarının, Güçlü İlişki Evi Modeli ve Mahşerin Dört Atlısı gibi temel kavramları ile terapötik müdahalelerinin incelenmesidir. Uluslararası alan yazında Gottman yönteminin güçlü ve etkili bir terapi modeli olduğu kanıtlanmış olsa da Türkiye’de bu yöntemin etkililiğe dair herhangi bir çalışmaya rastlanamamıştır. Bu yöntemin aile danışmanlığı ve çift terapisi hizmetlerini yürüten psikolojik danışmanlar ve psikoterapistler tarafından daha çok kullanılmasının faydalı olacağına inanılmakta ve ülkemizde de etkililiğini sınayan çalışmaların artması gerektiği düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gottman çift terapisi
• gottman yöntemi
• çift terapileri

An Experimental Based Approach: Gottman Couple Therapy

Öz

Since Gottman started to observe couples systematically in the 1970s and the foundation of the first love laboratory in 1986, Gottman couple therapy has been experimentally tested numerous times and its effectiveness has been proved. The purpose of this study is to examine the historical development of Gottman couple therapy, its fundamental assumptions, basic concepts such as Sound Relationship House and Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, and therapeutic interventions. Although the Gottman method was approved as a robust and effective model of therapy in the international literature, no similar study of its effectiveness was found in Turkey. It is believed that the application of this method in family counseling and couple therapy sessions by psychological counselors and psychotherapists will be beneficial and more studies should be conducted in order to examine the effectiveness of its utilization in our country.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gottman couple therapy
• Gottman method
• couple therapies

Kaynakça

1. Ahmadi, S. ve Zahrakar, K. (2020). Effectiveness of educating marital skills based on Gottman’s approach on of woman’s communication patterns. Quarterly of Counseling Culture & Psychotherapy, 11(44), 253–278. doi:10.22054/QCCPC.2020.49279.2296
2. Barnacle, R. E. S. ve Abbott, D. A. (2009). The development and evaluation of a Gottman-based premarital education program: A pilot study. Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy, 8(1), 64–82. doi:10.1080/15332690802626734
3. Chen-Charpentier, B., Garza-Hume, C. E. ve Jorge, M. d. C. (2021). A continuous model of marital relations with Stochastic Differential Equations. Mathematical and Computational Applications, 26(3), 1–17. doi:10.3390/mca26010003
4. Driver, J. L. ve Gottman, J. M. (2004). Daily marital interactions and positive affect during marital conflict among newlywed couples. Family Process, 43(3), 301–314. doi: 10.1111/j.1545-5300.2004.00024.x.
5. Gottman, J. M., Coan, J., Carrère, S. ve Swanson, C. (1998). Predicting marital happiness and stability from newlywed interactions. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60(1), 5–22. doi:10.2307/353438
6. Gottman, J. M. ve DeClaire, J. (1996). The Heart of Parenting: Raising an Emotionally Intelligent Child. New York: Simon & Schuster.
7. Gottman, J. M. ve DeClaire, J. (2001). The Relationship Cure. New York: Simon & Schuster.
8. Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F. ve Hooven, C. (1996). Meta-emotion. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum.

9. Gottman, J. M. ve Levenson, R. W. (2002). A two-factor model for predicting when a couple divorce: Exploratory analyses using 14-year longitudinal data. Family Process, 41(1), 83–96. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.2002.40102000083.x
10. Gottman, J. M., Murray, J. D., Swanson, C. C., Tyson, R. ve Swanson, K. R. (2002). The Mathematics of Marriage: Dynamic Nonlinear Models. London: The MIT Press.
11. Gottman, J. M. ve Schwartz Gottman, J. (2007). And Baby Makes Three. New York: Crown.
12. Gottman, J. M. ve Schwartz Gottman, J. (2015). Gottman Couple Therapy. A. S. Gurman, J. L. Lebow ve D. K. Snyder (Ed.), Clinical Handbook of Couple Therapy içinde (s. 138–164). New York: The Guilford Press.
13. Gottman, J. M. ve Schwartz Gottman, J. (2017). The Natural Principles of Love. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 9(1), 7–26. doi:10.1111/jftr.12182
14. Gottman, J. M. ve Schwartz Gottman, J. (2020). Gottman Çift Terapisi 1. Düzey Eğitim Manueli: Çiftler Arasındaki Köprüyü Yeniden İnşa Etmek [Yayınlanmamış Eğitim Materyali].
15. Gottman, J. M., Schwartz Gottman, J., Abrams, D. ve Carlton Abrams, R. (2019). Eight Dates: Essential Conversations for a Lifetime of Love. New York: Workman Publishing.
16. Gottman, J. M. ve Silver, N. (1995). Why Marriages Succed or Fail. New York: Simon & Schuster.
17. Gottman, J. M. ve Silver, N. (2015). The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work. New York: Harmony Books.
18. Heinrichs, N., Pueffel, M., Lohaus, A., Konrad, K. ve Briegel, W. (2020). Gottman’s balance theory in the context of parent-child relationships. Zeitschrift Für Psychiatrie, Psychologie Und Psychotherapie, 68(4), 229–242. doi:10.1024/1661-4747/a000421
19. Hooper, A., Spann, C., McCray, T., & Kimberly, C. (2017). Revisiting the basics: Understanding potential demographic differences with John Gottman’s four horsemen and emotional flooding. The Family Journal: Counseling and Therapy for Couples and Families, 25(3), 224–229. doi:10.1177/1066480717710650
20. Katz, L. F., & Gottman, J. M. (1993). Patterns of marital conflict predict children’s internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 29(6), 940–950. doi:10.1037//0012-1649.29.6.940
21. Kwan, H. Y. C. (2020). Dysfunctional Communication Among Chinese Couples in Hong Kong: Emotional Blackmail and the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. (Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi). Alliant International University, Kaliforniya.
22. Levenson, R. W., Cartensen, L. L. ve Gottman, J. M. (1993). Long-term marriage: Age, gender, and satisfaction. Psychology and Aging, 8(2), 301–313. doi:10.1037//0882-7974.8.2.301
23. Levenson, R. W. ve Gottman, J. M. (1985). Physiological and affective predictors of change in relationship satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(1), 85–94. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.49.1.85
24. Navarra, R. J. ve Gottman, J. M. (2018). Sound relationship house in Gottman method couples therapy. In J. L. Lebow, A. L. Chambers ve D. C. Breunlin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Couple and Family Therapy içinde (s. 2753–2755). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
25. Padash, Z., Yousefi, Z., Abedi, M. R. ve Torkan, H. (2020). Effect of Gottman’s couple therapy on divorce tendency and marital burnout in married women. Middle Eastern Journal of Disability Studies, 10(154), 1–8. doi:10.12738/estp.2016.5.2781
26. Saemi, H., Besharat, M. A. ve Farid, A. A. (2020). Comparison of the effectiveness of Gottman couple therapy and emotionally focused couples therapy on emotion regulation in couples. Research in Clinical Psychology and Counseling, 10(1), 87–104. doi:10.22067/tpccp.2020.39366
27. Schwartz Gottman, J. ve Gottman, J. M. (2015). 10 Principles for Doing Effective Couples Therapy. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
28. Shapiro, A. F., Gottman, J. M. ve Carrère, S. (2000). The baby and the marriage: Identifying factors that buffer against decline in marital satisfaction after the first baby arrives. Journal of Family Psychology, 14(1), 59–70. doi:10.1037//0893-3200.14.1.59
29. The Gottman Institute. (2020a). What is the Sound Relationship House. 13 Aralık 20202 tarihinde https://www.gottman.com/blog/what-is-the-sound-relationship-house/ adresinden erişildi.
30. The Gottman Institute. (2020b). Research. 15 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://www.gottman.com/about/research/ adresinden erişildi.
31. Yöntem, M. K., Adem, K., İlhan, T. ve Kılıçarslan, S. (2019). Divorce prediction using correlation based feature selection and artificial neural networks. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 9(1), 259–273. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/748448 adresinden erişildi.
32. Yöntem, M. K., & İlhan, T. (2018). Boşanma göstergeleri ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 18(41), 339–358. doi: 10.21560/spcd.vi.460646