Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 13 - 24, 19.06.2020
Elton Hala
Neritan Shkodrani
Kaynakça
- [1] United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division. World Urbanization Prospects. The 2009 Revision. CD-ROM. 2010.
- [2] UN. World Urbanization Prospects, and others: The 2018 Revision. UN. 2018.
- [3]. Durgin FH, and Chock AW. Pedestrian wind levels: a brief review. Journal of the Structural Division ASCE, 1982;108(8):1751–1767.
- [4] Hala E. Turning the effect of urban wind into an asset: its impact in climate-sensitive urban design. International Conference for Civil Engineering, 2017;2:196.
- [5] Moore N. Dublin Docklands reinvented. The Post-Industrial Regeneration of a European City Quarter; Four Courts Press, Dublin. 2008.
- [6] Bosselmann P, Arens E, Dunker K, Wright R, Sun, Wind, and Pedestrian Comfort: A Study of Toronto’s Central Area. Center of Environmental Design Research, University of California. 1990.
- [7] Bosselmann P, Flores J, Gray W, Priestley T, Anderson R, Arens E, Kim J J. Sun, Wind, and Comfort: A Study of Open Spaces and Sidewalks in Four Downtown Areas. Berkeley, CA: Center for Environmental Design, University of California. 1984.
- [8] Arens E, Bosselmann P. Wind, Sun and Temperature—Predicting the Thermal Comfort of People in Outdoor Spaces. Building and Environment 1989;24(4): 315-20.
- [9] Gehl J. Life Between Buildings. Using Public Space, Island Press, Washington, D.C. 2011.
- [10] Zacharias J, Stathopoulos T, Wu H. Microclimate and Downtown Open Space Activity. Environment and Behavior 2001;39: 660-84.
- [11] Jordan SC, Johnson T, Sterling M. Baker C. Evaluating and modeling the response of an individual to a sudden change in wind speed. Building and Environment, 2008;43: 1521-1534.
- [12] Stathopoulos T. Wind and comfort. In: 5 EACWE Proceedings, Florence, 2009;1–16.
- [13] Thorsson S, Lindqvist M, Lindqvist S. Thermal bioclimatic conditions and patterns of behavior in an urban park in Göteborg, Sweden. International Journal of Biometeorology, 2003;48: 149–156.
- [14] Emmanuel R, Rosenlund H, Johansson E. Urban shading–a design option for the tropics. A study in Colombo, Sri Lanka. International Journal of Climatology, 2007;27: 1995–2004.
- [15] Blocken B, Carmeliet J. Pedestrian wind conditions at outdoor platforms in a high-rise apartment building: generic sub-configuration validation, wind comfort assessment, and uncertainty issues. Wind and Structures, 2008;11(1): 51–70.
- [16] Andrade H, and Alcoforado MJ. Microclimatic variation of thermal comfort in a district of Lisbon (Telheiras) at night. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2008;92(3–4): 225–237.
- [17] Qingyan (Yan) Chen. Using computational tools to factor wind into architectural environment design. Energy and Buildings, 2004;36: 1197-1209.
- [18] Blocken B, Janssen WD, Hooff J. CFD simulation for pedestrian wind comfort and wind safety in urban areas: General decision framework and case study for the Eindhoven University campus. Environmental Modelling & Software, 2012;30: 15-34.
- [19] Reiter S. Assessing wind comfort in urban planning. Environment and Planning. Planning and Design, 2010;37(5): 857-873.
- [20] Murakami S. Computational wind engineering. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. 1990;36(1): 517-538.
- [21] Gadilhe A. Janvier L. Barnaud G. Numerical and experimental modeling of the three-dimensional turbulent wind flow through an urban square. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. 1993;46-47: 755-763.
- [22] Blocken B, Persoon J. Pedestrian wind comfort around a large football stadium in an urban environment: CFD simulation, validation, and application of the new Dutch wind nuisance standard. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2009;97(5–6): 255-270.
- [23] Hooff T, Blocken B, Harten M. 3D CFD simulations of wind flow and wind-driven rain shelter in sports stadia: Influence of stadium geometry”. Building and Environment, 2011;46(1): 22-37.
- [24] Wu H, Kriksic F, Designing for pedestrian comfort in response to the local climate. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2012;104-106: 397–407.
- [25] Janssen WD, Blocken B, Hoof T, Pedestrian wind comfort around buildings: comparison of wind comfort criteria based on whole-flow field data for a complex case study. Building and Environment. 2012;59: 547-562.
- [27] Murakami S, Iwasa Y, Morikawa Y. Study on acceptable criteria for assessing wind environment on ground level based on residents’ diaries. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 1986;24: 1–18.
- [28] ASCE. Outdoor Human Comfort and its Assessment: State of the Art, Task Committee on Outdoor Human Comfort, American Society of Civil Engineers. 2003.
- [29] Bottema M. A method for optimization of wind discomfort criteria. Build Environmental, 2000;35(1): 1-18.
- [30] NEN 8100. Wind comfort and wind danger in the built environment. Netherland Standards. 2006.
- [31] Koss HH. On differences and similarities of applied wind comfort criteria. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial. Aerodynamics. 2006;94: 781-797.
- [32] Kusaka M, Setoguchi T, Watanabe N, Guo Zh, Paukaeva A. Human Behavior in Downtown Public Spaces during Cooling Periods in Winter Cities. Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 2018;12: 1-10.
- [33] Yang L, and Li Y. Thermal conditions and ventilation in an ideal city model of Hong Kong. Energy and Buildings, 2011;43: 1139-1148.
- [34] Memon RA, Leung DYC. Impacts of environmental factors on urban heating. Journal of Environmental Sciences-China. 2010;22: 1903-1909.
- [35] Crosbie MJ, Perry D, Smith Th. “Buildings at Risk: Wind design basics for practicing architects”. The American Institute of Architects. 2008.
- [36] Suomi I, Vihma T. Wind Gust Measurement Techniques-From Traditional Anemometry to New Possibilities. Sensors, 2018;18(4): 1300.
- [37] Orlandi P. Fluid flow Phenomena: A Numerical Toolkit, Dordrecht, Kluwer. 2000.
- [38] Hala E, Nepravishta F, Panariti A. The wind flow effects and high-rise buildings in urban spatial morphology. International Forum in Architecture and Urban Planning 2019;2:61.
Design for wind comfort. The CFD assessment over a future outdoor public space.
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 13 - 24, 19.06.2020
Elton Hala
Neritan Shkodrani
Öz
People’s comfort depends also on the wind condition, which is strongly guided by urban spatial design. This paper focuses on climatic conditions and pedestrian behavior in an urban area. These studies emphasize the connection of people’s attitudes with physical and climatic ambiance. The challenge of urban designers is to consider the surrounding structures and the topography to design a comfortable outdoor public space. Two criteria are used to assess the wind in a public space domain. The CFD was used as an instrument to analyze pedestrian wind comfort in the outlined environment. This study has come to important findings related to the air movement in and around the studied domain: High-velocity wind can be a nuisance for most creative activities in the outdoor public space. This paper provided a velocity map for future recreational activities inside the current building pattern. The effects of these architectural patterns were discussed.
Kaynakça
- [1] United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division. World Urbanization Prospects. The 2009 Revision. CD-ROM. 2010.
- [2] UN. World Urbanization Prospects, and others: The 2018 Revision. UN. 2018.
- [3]. Durgin FH, and Chock AW. Pedestrian wind levels: a brief review. Journal of the Structural Division ASCE, 1982;108(8):1751–1767.
- [4] Hala E. Turning the effect of urban wind into an asset: its impact in climate-sensitive urban design. International Conference for Civil Engineering, 2017;2:196.
- [5] Moore N. Dublin Docklands reinvented. The Post-Industrial Regeneration of a European City Quarter; Four Courts Press, Dublin. 2008.
- [6] Bosselmann P, Arens E, Dunker K, Wright R, Sun, Wind, and Pedestrian Comfort: A Study of Toronto’s Central Area. Center of Environmental Design Research, University of California. 1990.
- [7] Bosselmann P, Flores J, Gray W, Priestley T, Anderson R, Arens E, Kim J J. Sun, Wind, and Comfort: A Study of Open Spaces and Sidewalks in Four Downtown Areas. Berkeley, CA: Center for Environmental Design, University of California. 1984.
- [8] Arens E, Bosselmann P. Wind, Sun and Temperature—Predicting the Thermal Comfort of People in Outdoor Spaces. Building and Environment 1989;24(4): 315-20.
- [9] Gehl J. Life Between Buildings. Using Public Space, Island Press, Washington, D.C. 2011.
- [10] Zacharias J, Stathopoulos T, Wu H. Microclimate and Downtown Open Space Activity. Environment and Behavior 2001;39: 660-84.
- [11] Jordan SC, Johnson T, Sterling M. Baker C. Evaluating and modeling the response of an individual to a sudden change in wind speed. Building and Environment, 2008;43: 1521-1534.
- [12] Stathopoulos T. Wind and comfort. In: 5 EACWE Proceedings, Florence, 2009;1–16.
- [13] Thorsson S, Lindqvist M, Lindqvist S. Thermal bioclimatic conditions and patterns of behavior in an urban park in Göteborg, Sweden. International Journal of Biometeorology, 2003;48: 149–156.
- [14] Emmanuel R, Rosenlund H, Johansson E. Urban shading–a design option for the tropics. A study in Colombo, Sri Lanka. International Journal of Climatology, 2007;27: 1995–2004.
- [15] Blocken B, Carmeliet J. Pedestrian wind conditions at outdoor platforms in a high-rise apartment building: generic sub-configuration validation, wind comfort assessment, and uncertainty issues. Wind and Structures, 2008;11(1): 51–70.
- [16] Andrade H, and Alcoforado MJ. Microclimatic variation of thermal comfort in a district of Lisbon (Telheiras) at night. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2008;92(3–4): 225–237.
- [17] Qingyan (Yan) Chen. Using computational tools to factor wind into architectural environment design. Energy and Buildings, 2004;36: 1197-1209.
- [18] Blocken B, Janssen WD, Hooff J. CFD simulation for pedestrian wind comfort and wind safety in urban areas: General decision framework and case study for the Eindhoven University campus. Environmental Modelling & Software, 2012;30: 15-34.
- [19] Reiter S. Assessing wind comfort in urban planning. Environment and Planning. Planning and Design, 2010;37(5): 857-873.
- [20] Murakami S. Computational wind engineering. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. 1990;36(1): 517-538.
- [21] Gadilhe A. Janvier L. Barnaud G. Numerical and experimental modeling of the three-dimensional turbulent wind flow through an urban square. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics. 1993;46-47: 755-763.
- [22] Blocken B, Persoon J. Pedestrian wind comfort around a large football stadium in an urban environment: CFD simulation, validation, and application of the new Dutch wind nuisance standard. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2009;97(5–6): 255-270.
- [23] Hooff T, Blocken B, Harten M. 3D CFD simulations of wind flow and wind-driven rain shelter in sports stadia: Influence of stadium geometry”. Building and Environment, 2011;46(1): 22-37.
- [24] Wu H, Kriksic F, Designing for pedestrian comfort in response to the local climate. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2012;104-106: 397–407.
- [25] Janssen WD, Blocken B, Hoof T, Pedestrian wind comfort around buildings: comparison of wind comfort criteria based on whole-flow field data for a complex case study. Building and Environment. 2012;59: 547-562.
- [27] Murakami S, Iwasa Y, Morikawa Y. Study on acceptable criteria for assessing wind environment on ground level based on residents’ diaries. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 1986;24: 1–18.
- [28] ASCE. Outdoor Human Comfort and its Assessment: State of the Art, Task Committee on Outdoor Human Comfort, American Society of Civil Engineers. 2003.
- [29] Bottema M. A method for optimization of wind discomfort criteria. Build Environmental, 2000;35(1): 1-18.
- [30] NEN 8100. Wind comfort and wind danger in the built environment. Netherland Standards. 2006.
- [31] Koss HH. On differences and similarities of applied wind comfort criteria. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial. Aerodynamics. 2006;94: 781-797.
- [32] Kusaka M, Setoguchi T, Watanabe N, Guo Zh, Paukaeva A. Human Behavior in Downtown Public Spaces during Cooling Periods in Winter Cities. Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 2018;12: 1-10.
- [33] Yang L, and Li Y. Thermal conditions and ventilation in an ideal city model of Hong Kong. Energy and Buildings, 2011;43: 1139-1148.
- [34] Memon RA, Leung DYC. Impacts of environmental factors on urban heating. Journal of Environmental Sciences-China. 2010;22: 1903-1909.
- [35] Crosbie MJ, Perry D, Smith Th. “Buildings at Risk: Wind design basics for practicing architects”. The American Institute of Architects. 2008.
- [36] Suomi I, Vihma T. Wind Gust Measurement Techniques-From Traditional Anemometry to New Possibilities. Sensors, 2018;18(4): 1300.
- [37] Orlandi P. Fluid flow Phenomena: A Numerical Toolkit, Dordrecht, Kluwer. 2000.
- [38] Hala E, Nepravishta F, Panariti A. The wind flow effects and high-rise buildings in urban spatial morphology. International Forum in Architecture and Urban Planning 2019;2:61.