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Asur Kralı II. Sargon Yıllıklarında Yamanu (Iamanu) Ülkesi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 2, 589 - 606, 17.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.1764588

Öz

Asur Krallarına ait yıllıklar yalnızca Anadolu’daki siyasi unsurların belirlenmesine değil, aynı zamanda Anadolu’nun Orta Demir Çağı’na ilişkin tarihi coğrafyası adına temel kaynaklardan biri olmuştur. Orta Demir Çağı başlarından itibaren Asurluların önemli bir güç olarak etkileri, yalnızca Mezopotamya’da değil, Anadolu ve Doğu Akdeniz coğrafyasını da etkilemiştir. Asur’un izlediği yayılmacı politika II. Sargon döneminden itibaren bir dünya imparatorluğu kurma yönünde ilerlemiştir. Bu doğrultuda Asur’un Anadolu coğrafyasındaki görece büyük engelleri olan Urartu ve Frig’in bir tehdit unsuru teşkil etmediği her koşul II. Sargon tarafından değerlendirilmiş; Orta Anadolu egemenliği Doğu Akdeniz’den deniz yoluyla da tescillenmiş ve bu coğrafyadaki unsurlar bertaraf edilmeye başlanmıştır. Bu mücadeleye ilişkin kayıtlarda geçen Iamani ülkesi insanları “Batı Denizi” adı verilen bir bölgede ve özellikle Orta Anadolu’da kendilerine oldukça eski bir tarihten itibaren yer açmaya çalışan halk olarak tanımlanmıştır. Bu ülkenin Doğu Ege konumlandırmasındaki güncel verilerin analizi, Iamanu/Iananu/İonian eşleşmesi ve kapsamı ile ilgili erken dönem çivi yazılı kayıtların değerlendirildiği bu çalışmada temel kaynağı II. Sargon’un bölgeye ilişkin sefer kayıtları oluşturmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Arslan, Nurettin. “Kilikya Bölgesindeki Grek Kolonizasyonu”, OLBA 4, (2001): 1-16.
  • Amadasi Guzzo, Maria and Zamora López. “L’archivio fenicio di Idalion: stato della ricerche”, Semitica et Classica 9, (2016): 187-193.
  • Astour, Michael C. “Place-Names from the Kingdom of Alalaḫ in the North Syrian List of Thutmose III: A Study in Historical Topography”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 22/4, (1963): 220-224.
  • Barnett, Richard. D. “Phrygia and The People of Anatolia in Iron Age”, CAH II/2, (1974): 420-431.
  • Bing, John D. A History of Cilicia During the Assyrian Period, Indiana University. 1987.
  • Boardman, John. “The Excavated History of al Mina”, Ancient Greeks West and East II, (1999): 131-165.
  • Brinkman, Jonh. “The Akkadian Words for 'Ionia' and 'Ionian'”, in Daidalikon: Studies in Memory of Raymond V. Schoder, S. J., ed. R. F. Sutton, (1989): 53–72.
  • Brown, Richard B. “Greeks in Assyria: Some Overlooked Evidence”, The Classical World, 77/5 (1984): 300-303.
  • Çilingiroğlu, Altan. “Sargon’un Sekizinci Seferi ve Bazı Öneriler”. An-Ar (Anadolu Araştırmaları) 4-5, Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi, İstanbul, (1977): 235-271.
  • Grayson, Albert K. “Assyria: Ashur-Dan II to Ashur-Nirari V (954–745 B.C.)”, ed. Boardman J, Edwards IES, Hammond NGL, Sollberger E, The Cambridge Ancient History, (Cambridge University Press 1982), 238-281.
  • Haider, Peter W. ‘War ein “Gross-Ionien” tatsächlich um 1360 v. Chr. İn Westkleinasien existent? Eine kritische Analyse zu den Lesungen und Identifizierungen der jüngst entdeckten topographischen Namenslisten aus der Regierungszeit Amenophis’ III.’, Klio 90, (2008): 291–306.
  • Haspels, Emilie. The Highlands of Phrygia. Sites and Monuments. 2 vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1971.
  • Hawkins, John, D. “The Political Geography of North Syria and South-East Anatolia in the Neo-Assyrian Period”, in M. Liverani (ed.) Roma: The Neo-Assyrian Geography 1995.
  • Işık, Fahri. ‘Über den anti-anatolischen Reflex: zur Lokalisation von Gross-Ionien und Datierung der Königsstele von Karakuyu. Luwische Existenz im früheisenzeitlichen Kaystrostal’, ed. E. Dündar, Ş. Aktas, M. Koçak and S. Erkoç, LYKIARHISSA: Havva İşkan’a Armağan (İstanbul 2016): 395–430.
  • Kearsley, Rosalinde. “Greeks Overseas in The Eighth Century BC: Euboeans, Al Mina and Assyrian Imperialism”, (ed.) G. Tsetskhladze, Ancient Greeks West and East, Leiden: Brill, (1999): 109-132.
  • King, Leonard W. “Sennacherib and the Ionians”, The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 30 (1910): 327-335.
  • Kuhrt, Amelie. Eskiçağda Yakındoğu, İstanbul: İş Bankası Yayınları, 2013.
  • Kurt, Mehmet. “II. Sargon Devri Kaynakları Işığında Güney Anadolu ve Toros Dağları Bölgesi”, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, Sayı 48, (2010): 69-88.
  • Lanfranchi, Giovanni. “Sargon Letter to Aššur-šarru-uṣur: An Interpretation”, SAAB II/I, (1988): 59-64. Liverani, Mario. Storia di Ugarit (Rome 1962).
  • Mitchell, T. C. “Tiglat-Pileser III and Assyrian Threat”, ed. John Boardman, ‎I. E. S. Edwards, ‎E. Sollberger, The Cambridge Ancient History 3, (Cambridge 1992), 322-371.
  • Na’aman, Nadav. “Ra’shu, Re’si-ṣuri, and the Ancient Names of Ras Ibn Hani”. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 334, (2004): 33-39.
  • Olmstead, Albert T. “Shalmaneser III and the establishment of the Assyrian Power”, JAOS 41 (1921): 354-382.
  • Parpola, Simo. The Correspondence of Tiglath-Pileser III from Calah/ Nimrud, Nederlands: State Archives of Assyria, Vol. XIX, 2012.
  • Postgate, Nicholas. "Assyrian Texts and Fragments," Iraq 35, (1973): 21-34.
  • Radner Karen- A. Vacek. “The settlement of Yauna, ‘Ionian’ identity and the Greek presence on the Syrian coast in the second half of the eighth century BC: a reassessment of two letters from the Nimrud correspondence”. The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 142, (2022): 65-99.
  • Radner, Karen. “Asur Kenti ve Asur Krallığı Tarihine Genel Bakış”. Asurlular: Dicle’den Toroslar’a Tanrı Asur’un Krallığı, (ed.) K. Köroğlu, S. F. Adalı, Tüpraş Anadolu Uygarlıkları Serisi 7, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, (2018): 12-27.
  • _______. “The Stele of Sargon II of Assyria at Kition: A Focus for An Emerging Cypriot Identity?”, Interkulturalität in der Alten Welt, Harrossowitz Verlag, Weisbaden (2010): 429-448.
  • Reyes, A. T. “Notes on Iron Age Kingdoms of Cyprus”, BASOR 308, (1997): 65-68.
  • Rollinger, Robert. "Zur Bezeichnung von 'Griechen' in Keilschrifttexten", RA 91 (1999):167-72.
  • ______. “Near Eastern perspectives on the Greeks”, ed. G. Boyes-Stones, B. Graziosi and P. Vasunia, The Oxford Handbook of Hellenic Studies (Oxford 2009): 32–47.
  • ______. ‘Überlegungen zur Frage der Lokalisation von Jawan in neuassyrischer Zeit’, State Archives of Assyria Bulletin 16, (2007): 63-90.
  • _______. Assyria and the Far West, (ed) E. Frahm, A Companion to Assyria, London: John Wiley & Sons Pres. (2017): 275-285.
  • RINAP 2: Frame, G. Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period Project, 2019etc.
  • RIMA 3: Grayson, Albert Kirk. Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Assyrian Periods, Toronto. 1966etc.
  • SAA 6: State Archives of Assyria 6, T. Kwasman and S. Parpola, Legal Transactions of the Royal Court of Nineveh, Part I: Tiglath-Pileser III through Esarhaddon, Helsinki 1991.
  • SAA 19: State Archives of Assyria, M. Luukko, The Correspondence of Tiglath-Pileser III and Sargon II Helsinki 2012.
  • Schmitz, Philip. C. “Archaic Greek Names in a Neo-Assyrian Cuneiform Tablet from Tarsus” Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 61, (2009): 127-131.
  • Tadmor, Hayim and Yamada, Shigeo. The Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser III (744-727 BC) and Shalmaneser V (726-722 BC), Kings of Assyria, Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period (RINAP I), Eisenbrauns 2011.
  • Wright, Nicholas L. “Seleukos, Zeus and the Dynastic Cult at Seleukeia in Pieria”. ed. K. Erickson, The Seleukid Empire 281-222 BC: War Within the Family, (United Kingdom 2018): 83-100.
  • Yamada, Shigeo. The Construction of the Assyrian Empire: A Historical Study of the Inscriptions of Shalmanesser III (859-824 BC) Netherlands: Culture&History of the Ancient Near East, 2000.
  • Yıldırım, Nurgül. “Çiviyazılı Kaynaklara Göre Patina Krallığın’dan Unqi Krallığı’na Antakya ve Amik Ovası’nın Tarihsel Süreci”. Belleten 80-289 (2016): 701-18.
  • _______. “II. Sargon’un Aššur-Šarru-Uṣur’a Mektubu (Nd 2759) Kapsamında MÖ 8. Yüzyılda Anadolu’nun Siyasi Görünümü Üzerine Bir İnceleme”, Cappadocia Journal of History and Social Sciences, Vol.8 (2017): 243-254.
  • _______. “Eski Doğu Akdeniz’de Bir Krali Liman ‘Al-Mina’, Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri 13/2, (2019): 185-201.
  • _______. “The Rich Trade Center of the Mediterranean” Alashiya and Yadnana” in the Cuneiform Memory”, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Dergisi 164, (2020): 41-52.
  • _______. “Çivi Yazılı Kayıtlardan Hellen Kaynaklarına Hazi’den Kasios’a Eski Doğu Akdeniz’in Tanrılar Dağı “Kılıç Dağ”. CEDRUS-Akdeniz Uygarlıkları Araştırma Dergisi, 10(1), (2022): 1-21.
  • _______. “Çivi Yazılı Kayıtlardan Antik Yunan Kaynaklarına Efsaneleşen Anadolulu Kral Adı Mita/Midas”, Belleten 86-306, (2022): 469-98.
  • Yiğit, Turgut. “Tabal”, Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 3/4, (2000): 176-189. Zadok, Ran. “Geographical and Onomastical Notes,” Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society 8, (1976): 124-136.
  • Zoroğlu, Levent. “Cilicia Tracheia in the Iron Age: the Khilakku Problem”, Anatolian Iron Ages 3 BIA Monography 16 (The Proceeding of the Third Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium held at Van, (1994): 301-306.

THE LAND OF YAMANU (IAMANU) IN THE ANNALS OF ASSYRIAN KING SARGON II

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 2, 589 - 606, 17.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.1764588

Öz

The annals of Assyrian kings have served as a fundamental source not only for identifying the political elements in Anatolia but also for understanding the historical geography of Anatolia during the Middle Iron Age. From the early stages of this period, the Assyrians established themselves as a significant power, exerting influence not only in Mesopotamia but also across Anatolia and the Eastern Mediterranean. Under Sargon II, Assyria's expansionist policies evolved into an effort to establish a world empire. In this context, Sargon II evaluated every possible scenario in which Urartu and Phrygia, the major obstacles to Assyrian dominance in Anatolia, would not pose a threat. The consolidation of Assyrian control over Central Anatolia was reinforced by maritime connections to the Eastern Mediterranean, and efforts were made to eliminate opposing forces in the region. The people of the land of Iamanu/Iamnaya, mentioned in records of these conflicts, were described as a group attempting to establish a presence in Central Anatolia and a region referred to as the "Western Sea" since ancient times. This study examines the earliest cuneiform records concerning the location of this land in the Eastern Aegean and its potential connection to Iamanu/Ionian. The primary source for this analysis is Sargon II’s campaign records related to the region.

Kaynakça

  • Arslan, Nurettin. “Kilikya Bölgesindeki Grek Kolonizasyonu”, OLBA 4, (2001): 1-16.
  • Amadasi Guzzo, Maria and Zamora López. “L’archivio fenicio di Idalion: stato della ricerche”, Semitica et Classica 9, (2016): 187-193.
  • Astour, Michael C. “Place-Names from the Kingdom of Alalaḫ in the North Syrian List of Thutmose III: A Study in Historical Topography”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 22/4, (1963): 220-224.
  • Barnett, Richard. D. “Phrygia and The People of Anatolia in Iron Age”, CAH II/2, (1974): 420-431.
  • Bing, John D. A History of Cilicia During the Assyrian Period, Indiana University. 1987.
  • Boardman, John. “The Excavated History of al Mina”, Ancient Greeks West and East II, (1999): 131-165.
  • Brinkman, Jonh. “The Akkadian Words for 'Ionia' and 'Ionian'”, in Daidalikon: Studies in Memory of Raymond V. Schoder, S. J., ed. R. F. Sutton, (1989): 53–72.
  • Brown, Richard B. “Greeks in Assyria: Some Overlooked Evidence”, The Classical World, 77/5 (1984): 300-303.
  • Çilingiroğlu, Altan. “Sargon’un Sekizinci Seferi ve Bazı Öneriler”. An-Ar (Anadolu Araştırmaları) 4-5, Edebiyat Fakültesi Basımevi, İstanbul, (1977): 235-271.
  • Grayson, Albert K. “Assyria: Ashur-Dan II to Ashur-Nirari V (954–745 B.C.)”, ed. Boardman J, Edwards IES, Hammond NGL, Sollberger E, The Cambridge Ancient History, (Cambridge University Press 1982), 238-281.
  • Haider, Peter W. ‘War ein “Gross-Ionien” tatsächlich um 1360 v. Chr. İn Westkleinasien existent? Eine kritische Analyse zu den Lesungen und Identifizierungen der jüngst entdeckten topographischen Namenslisten aus der Regierungszeit Amenophis’ III.’, Klio 90, (2008): 291–306.
  • Haspels, Emilie. The Highlands of Phrygia. Sites and Monuments. 2 vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1971.
  • Hawkins, John, D. “The Political Geography of North Syria and South-East Anatolia in the Neo-Assyrian Period”, in M. Liverani (ed.) Roma: The Neo-Assyrian Geography 1995.
  • Işık, Fahri. ‘Über den anti-anatolischen Reflex: zur Lokalisation von Gross-Ionien und Datierung der Königsstele von Karakuyu. Luwische Existenz im früheisenzeitlichen Kaystrostal’, ed. E. Dündar, Ş. Aktas, M. Koçak and S. Erkoç, LYKIARHISSA: Havva İşkan’a Armağan (İstanbul 2016): 395–430.
  • Kearsley, Rosalinde. “Greeks Overseas in The Eighth Century BC: Euboeans, Al Mina and Assyrian Imperialism”, (ed.) G. Tsetskhladze, Ancient Greeks West and East, Leiden: Brill, (1999): 109-132.
  • King, Leonard W. “Sennacherib and the Ionians”, The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 30 (1910): 327-335.
  • Kuhrt, Amelie. Eskiçağda Yakındoğu, İstanbul: İş Bankası Yayınları, 2013.
  • Kurt, Mehmet. “II. Sargon Devri Kaynakları Işığında Güney Anadolu ve Toros Dağları Bölgesi”, Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi, Sayı 48, (2010): 69-88.
  • Lanfranchi, Giovanni. “Sargon Letter to Aššur-šarru-uṣur: An Interpretation”, SAAB II/I, (1988): 59-64. Liverani, Mario. Storia di Ugarit (Rome 1962).
  • Mitchell, T. C. “Tiglat-Pileser III and Assyrian Threat”, ed. John Boardman, ‎I. E. S. Edwards, ‎E. Sollberger, The Cambridge Ancient History 3, (Cambridge 1992), 322-371.
  • Na’aman, Nadav. “Ra’shu, Re’si-ṣuri, and the Ancient Names of Ras Ibn Hani”. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 334, (2004): 33-39.
  • Olmstead, Albert T. “Shalmaneser III and the establishment of the Assyrian Power”, JAOS 41 (1921): 354-382.
  • Parpola, Simo. The Correspondence of Tiglath-Pileser III from Calah/ Nimrud, Nederlands: State Archives of Assyria, Vol. XIX, 2012.
  • Postgate, Nicholas. "Assyrian Texts and Fragments," Iraq 35, (1973): 21-34.
  • Radner Karen- A. Vacek. “The settlement of Yauna, ‘Ionian’ identity and the Greek presence on the Syrian coast in the second half of the eighth century BC: a reassessment of two letters from the Nimrud correspondence”. The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 142, (2022): 65-99.
  • Radner, Karen. “Asur Kenti ve Asur Krallığı Tarihine Genel Bakış”. Asurlular: Dicle’den Toroslar’a Tanrı Asur’un Krallığı, (ed.) K. Köroğlu, S. F. Adalı, Tüpraş Anadolu Uygarlıkları Serisi 7, İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, (2018): 12-27.
  • _______. “The Stele of Sargon II of Assyria at Kition: A Focus for An Emerging Cypriot Identity?”, Interkulturalität in der Alten Welt, Harrossowitz Verlag, Weisbaden (2010): 429-448.
  • Reyes, A. T. “Notes on Iron Age Kingdoms of Cyprus”, BASOR 308, (1997): 65-68.
  • Rollinger, Robert. "Zur Bezeichnung von 'Griechen' in Keilschrifttexten", RA 91 (1999):167-72.
  • ______. “Near Eastern perspectives on the Greeks”, ed. G. Boyes-Stones, B. Graziosi and P. Vasunia, The Oxford Handbook of Hellenic Studies (Oxford 2009): 32–47.
  • ______. ‘Überlegungen zur Frage der Lokalisation von Jawan in neuassyrischer Zeit’, State Archives of Assyria Bulletin 16, (2007): 63-90.
  • _______. Assyria and the Far West, (ed) E. Frahm, A Companion to Assyria, London: John Wiley & Sons Pres. (2017): 275-285.
  • RINAP 2: Frame, G. Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period Project, 2019etc.
  • RIMA 3: Grayson, Albert Kirk. Royal Inscriptions of Mesopotamia, Assyrian Periods, Toronto. 1966etc.
  • SAA 6: State Archives of Assyria 6, T. Kwasman and S. Parpola, Legal Transactions of the Royal Court of Nineveh, Part I: Tiglath-Pileser III through Esarhaddon, Helsinki 1991.
  • SAA 19: State Archives of Assyria, M. Luukko, The Correspondence of Tiglath-Pileser III and Sargon II Helsinki 2012.
  • Schmitz, Philip. C. “Archaic Greek Names in a Neo-Assyrian Cuneiform Tablet from Tarsus” Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol. 61, (2009): 127-131.
  • Tadmor, Hayim and Yamada, Shigeo. The Royal Inscriptions of Tiglath-Pileser III (744-727 BC) and Shalmaneser V (726-722 BC), Kings of Assyria, Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period (RINAP I), Eisenbrauns 2011.
  • Wright, Nicholas L. “Seleukos, Zeus and the Dynastic Cult at Seleukeia in Pieria”. ed. K. Erickson, The Seleukid Empire 281-222 BC: War Within the Family, (United Kingdom 2018): 83-100.
  • Yamada, Shigeo. The Construction of the Assyrian Empire: A Historical Study of the Inscriptions of Shalmanesser III (859-824 BC) Netherlands: Culture&History of the Ancient Near East, 2000.
  • Yıldırım, Nurgül. “Çiviyazılı Kaynaklara Göre Patina Krallığın’dan Unqi Krallığı’na Antakya ve Amik Ovası’nın Tarihsel Süreci”. Belleten 80-289 (2016): 701-18.
  • _______. “II. Sargon’un Aššur-Šarru-Uṣur’a Mektubu (Nd 2759) Kapsamında MÖ 8. Yüzyılda Anadolu’nun Siyasi Görünümü Üzerine Bir İnceleme”, Cappadocia Journal of History and Social Sciences, Vol.8 (2017): 243-254.
  • _______. “Eski Doğu Akdeniz’de Bir Krali Liman ‘Al-Mina’, Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri 13/2, (2019): 185-201.
  • _______. “The Rich Trade Center of the Mediterranean” Alashiya and Yadnana” in the Cuneiform Memory”, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Dergisi 164, (2020): 41-52.
  • _______. “Çivi Yazılı Kayıtlardan Hellen Kaynaklarına Hazi’den Kasios’a Eski Doğu Akdeniz’in Tanrılar Dağı “Kılıç Dağ”. CEDRUS-Akdeniz Uygarlıkları Araştırma Dergisi, 10(1), (2022): 1-21.
  • _______. “Çivi Yazılı Kayıtlardan Antik Yunan Kaynaklarına Efsaneleşen Anadolulu Kral Adı Mita/Midas”, Belleten 86-306, (2022): 469-98.
  • Yiğit, Turgut. “Tabal”, Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 3/4, (2000): 176-189. Zadok, Ran. “Geographical and Onomastical Notes,” Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society 8, (1976): 124-136.
  • Zoroğlu, Levent. “Cilicia Tracheia in the Iron Age: the Khilakku Problem”, Anatolian Iron Ages 3 BIA Monography 16 (The Proceeding of the Third Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium held at Van, (1994): 301-306.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Eski Önasya Tarihi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Nurgül Yıldırım 0000-0002-4692-2823

Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Ağustos 2025
Kabul Tarihi 15 Eylül 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 17 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Yıldırım, Nurgül. “THE LAND OF YAMANU (IAMANU) IN THE ANNALS OF ASSYRIAN KING SARGON II”. Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri 19, sy. 2 (Aralık 2025): 589-606. https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.1764588.