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Roma’da Giysi Temizliği

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 1 - 22, 29.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.1501/Archv_0000000135

Öz



Günümüzde olduğu gibi Eskiçağ’da da insanlar temiz
görünmeye dikkat etmişlerdir. Romalılar, giysileri temizlemek için özel yapılar
(fullonicae) inşa etmişler ve kirli giysileri oldukça ayrıntılı birtakım
işlemlerden geçirerek temizlemeye özel bir çaba göstermişlerdir. Doğada bulunan
soda, kil, kükürt gibi maddelerin, sabunkökü gibi bitkilerin ya da kolay
ulaşabildikleri üre, kül gibi maddelerin de gücünü keşfetmişler, sabun ya da
deterjan olarak kullanmışlardır. Bu çalışmada önce Romalıların giysileri temizlerken
hangi işlemlerden geçirdikleri anlatılacak, ardından fullonicalarda çalışan
işçilerden bahsedilecek, daha sonra ise giysi temizliğinde kullanılan özellikle
de leke sökücü özelliği olan malzemeler anlatılacaktır.




Kaynakça

  • Amm.Marc. (Ammianus Marcellinus) = Ammianus Maecellinus, History, Books 14-19, (Çev. R.J. Rolfe), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1950.
  • Arist., Mir. Ausc.: (Aristoteles, De mirabilibus auscultationibus) = Aristotle Minor Works, (Çev. W. S. Hett), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1936.
  • Ath.: (Athenaeus) = The Learned Banqueters, Volume V: Books 10.420e-11, (Çev. S. Douglas Olson), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.
  • Beckmann 1817: J. Beckmann, A History of Inventions, Discoveries, and Origins, London, 1817.
  • Beneke-Lagaly 2002: K.Beneke- G.Lagaly, “From Fuller’s Earth to Bleaching Earth: A Historical Note”, European Clay Group Association, 5, 2002: 57-78.
  • Bevis 2014: E.Bevis, “Looking Between Loom and Laundry: Vision and Communication in Ostian Fulling Workshops”, (ed.Harlow Mary, Marie-Louise Nosch), Greek and Roman Textiles And Dress: An Interdiciplinary Anthology, Oxbow Books, 2014: 306-322.
  • Brain 2016: K.H.Brian, Daily Life in Ancient Rome: A Sourcebook, A Focus Book, United States of America, 2016.
  • Bradley 2002: Mark Bradley, “It All Comes Out In The Wash: Looking Harder at the Roman Fullonica”, Journal Of Roman Archeology, 2002: 20-44.
  • Breniquet-Cecile 2014: C.Breniquet-M.Cecile (ed.), Wool Economy In the Ancıent Near East and the Aegean From the Beginnings of Sheep Husbandry to Institutional Textile Industry, Oxbow Books, 2014.
  • Cary-Haarhoff 1961: M.Cary,- T.J. Haarhoff, Life and Thought in the Greek and Roman World, University Paperbacks, 1961.
  • Cato, Agr.: (Cato, De agricultura) = Cato and Varro On Agriculture, (çev. W. D. Hooper), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1934.
  • CIL: Corpus Inscriptorum Latinarum
  • Cic. Fam.: (Cicero, Epistulae ad familiares) = Cicero Letters to Friends Letters 1-113, (çev. D. R. Shackleton Bailey), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001. Cic. Leg.: (Cicero, De Legibus) = Cicero, On the Republic. On the Laws. (çev. Clinton W. Keyes), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1928.
  • Croom 2000: A.T. Croom, Roman Clothing And Fashion, Tempus, 2000.
  • Ertem 1987: H. Ertem, Boğazköy Metinlerine Göre Hititler Devri Anadolu’sunun Florası, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınevi, Ankara, 1987.
  • Flohr 2003: M.Flohr, “Fullones and Roman Society: a reconsideration”, Journal of Roman Archeology, 16, 2003: 447-450.
  • Flohr 2005: M. Flohr, “Ars Fullonica”, Symposium On Mediterrenean Archeology, BAR International Series 1391, England, 2005: 59-63.
  • Flohr 2006: M.Flohr, “Organizing The Workshop: Water Management In Roman Fullunicae”, Cura Aquarum In Ephesus. Proceedings of the 12th International Congress on the History of Water Management and Hydraulic Engineering in the Mediterrenean Region, Ephesus\Selçuk, 2006: 193-199.
  • Flohr 2009: M.Flohr, “The Social World Of Roman Fullonicae”, Proceedings Of The Eighteenth Annual Theoretical Roman Archeology Conference, (ed. Mark Driessen, Stijn Heeren, Joep Hendriks, Fleur Kemmers ve Ronald Visser,) Oxbow Books, 2009: 173-185.
  • Frontin. Aq.: (Frontinus, De Aquae ductu urbis Romae) = Frontinus: Stratagems. Aqueducts of Rome. (Çev. C. E. Bennett, Mary B. McElwain), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1925.
  • Harvey 2016: Harvey B., Daily Life in Ancient Rome: A Sourcebook, A Focus Book, United States of America, 2016, 209. Hofenk- De Graaff 1968: Hofenk H.Judith - De Graaff, “The Constitution of Detergents in Connection with the Cleaning of Ancient Textiles”, Studies In Conservation, 13\3, 1968: 122-141.
  • Holleran 2012: C.Holleran, Shopping In Ancient Rome The Retail Trade in the Late Republic and the Principate, Oxford University Press, 2012.
  • Liv. AUC: (Livius, Ab Urbe Condita) = Livy, History of Rome, Volume III: Books 5-7, (çev. B. O. Foster), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1924.
  • Macrob., Sat.: (Macrobius, Saturnalia) = Macrobius, Saturnalia, Books 3-5, (çev. Robert A. Kaster), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.
  • Mart.: (Martialis) = Martial Epigrams, Books 6-10 (çev. D. R. Shackleton Bailey), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.
  • Merlene 2011: J. Merlene, The Complete Guide to Creating Oils, Soaps, Creams, and Herbal Gels for Your Mind and Body, Atalanta Publishing Goup, 2011.
  • Moeller 1976: O. W. Moeller, The wool Trade of Ancient Pompeii, Leiden E.J.Brill, 1976.
  • Ovid, Fast.: (Ovidius, Fasti) = Ovid, Fasti, (çev. James G. Frazer), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1931.
  • Plin. HN: (Plinius, Historia Naturalis) = Pliny The Elder, Natural History, Books 12-16, (çev.H. Rackham), IV, Loeb Classical Library Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1945.
  • (Plinius, Historia Naturalis) = Pliny The Elder, Natural History, Books 17-19, (çev.H. Rackham) V, Loeb Classical Library Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1950.
  • (Plinius, Historia Naturalis) = Pliny The Elder, Natural History, Books 20-23, (çev. W. H. S. Jones), VI, Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951.
  • (Plinius, Historia Naturalis) = Pliny The Elder, Natural History, Books 24-27, (çev.W. H. S. JONES, A. C. Andrews), VII, Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956.
  • (Plinius, Historia Naturalis) = Pliny The Elder, Natural History, Books 28-32, (çev. W. H. S. Jones), VIII, Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963.
  • (Plinius, Historia Naturalis) = Pliny The Elder, Natural History, Books 33-35, (çev.H. Rackham), IX, Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1952.
  • Sen., Ep.: (Seneca, Epistulae) = Seneca, Epistles 1-65, (çev.Richard M. Gummere), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1917.
  • Sen., Q Nat.: (Seneca, Quaestiones Naturales) = Seneca, Natural Questions, Books 1-3, (çev. Thomas H. Corcoran), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971.
  • Smith 1875: A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities John Murray, London, 1875.
  • Strabon: Strabo Geography, Books 10-12, (çev. Horace Leonard Jones), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1928.
  • Suet. Vesp,: (Suetonius, Vespesianus) = Suetinus Lives of Caesars, vol. II, (çev. Rolfe, J. C.), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1914.
  • Thompson 2014: L.K.Thompson,“Plant Oil Based Soap”, Furman University, Biology Publications, 2014.
  • Tib.: (Tibullus) = Catullus. Tibullus. Pervigilium Veneris, (çev. F. W. Cornish, J. P. Postgate, J. W. Mackail), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1913.
  • Ünal 2007: A. Ünal, Multilinguales Handwörterbuch des Hethitischen, Hamburg, 2007.
  • Varro, Rust., (Varro, De Re Rustica) = Varro, On Agriculture, Books 1-4, (çev. Harrison Boyd Ash), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1941.
  • Verg.G.: (Vergilius, Georgica) = Virgil, Eclogues. Georgics. Aeneid: Books 1-6, (çev.Fairclough, H. Rushton), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.
  • Wallinga 1996: H.T. Wallinga, “Offical Roman Washing and Finishing Directions Lex Metilia Fullonibus Dicta”, Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis \Revue d’Historie du Droit\ The Legal History Review, 64\2, 1996: 183-190.
  • Willcox 1993: M.Willcox, Poucher's Perfumes, Cosmetics and Soaps, Butler, H. (ed.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Great Britain,1993.

Roman Fulling

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2, 1 - 22, 29.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.1501/Archv_0000000135

Öz

Like today in ancient
age people took care to look clean. And Romans built special buildings
(fullonicae) and used some intensive processes to clean dirty garments. They
also discovered the power of natural substances like soda, fulling earth,
sulphur, nitrum and plants like soapwort or easily accessible materials like
urine and ash. They used these substances for washing clothes like today’s soap
or detergents. In that article, at first I will tell the processes of fulling
and later fullones who Works in the fullonicae and at last the materials which the
fullers used in fulling processes especially the dirt-dissolving substances.

Kaynakça

  • Amm.Marc. (Ammianus Marcellinus) = Ammianus Maecellinus, History, Books 14-19, (Çev. R.J. Rolfe), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1950.
  • Arist., Mir. Ausc.: (Aristoteles, De mirabilibus auscultationibus) = Aristotle Minor Works, (Çev. W. S. Hett), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1936.
  • Ath.: (Athenaeus) = The Learned Banqueters, Volume V: Books 10.420e-11, (Çev. S. Douglas Olson), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.
  • Beckmann 1817: J. Beckmann, A History of Inventions, Discoveries, and Origins, London, 1817.
  • Beneke-Lagaly 2002: K.Beneke- G.Lagaly, “From Fuller’s Earth to Bleaching Earth: A Historical Note”, European Clay Group Association, 5, 2002: 57-78.
  • Bevis 2014: E.Bevis, “Looking Between Loom and Laundry: Vision and Communication in Ostian Fulling Workshops”, (ed.Harlow Mary, Marie-Louise Nosch), Greek and Roman Textiles And Dress: An Interdiciplinary Anthology, Oxbow Books, 2014: 306-322.
  • Brain 2016: K.H.Brian, Daily Life in Ancient Rome: A Sourcebook, A Focus Book, United States of America, 2016.
  • Bradley 2002: Mark Bradley, “It All Comes Out In The Wash: Looking Harder at the Roman Fullonica”, Journal Of Roman Archeology, 2002: 20-44.
  • Breniquet-Cecile 2014: C.Breniquet-M.Cecile (ed.), Wool Economy In the Ancıent Near East and the Aegean From the Beginnings of Sheep Husbandry to Institutional Textile Industry, Oxbow Books, 2014.
  • Cary-Haarhoff 1961: M.Cary,- T.J. Haarhoff, Life and Thought in the Greek and Roman World, University Paperbacks, 1961.
  • Cato, Agr.: (Cato, De agricultura) = Cato and Varro On Agriculture, (çev. W. D. Hooper), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1934.
  • CIL: Corpus Inscriptorum Latinarum
  • Cic. Fam.: (Cicero, Epistulae ad familiares) = Cicero Letters to Friends Letters 1-113, (çev. D. R. Shackleton Bailey), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001. Cic. Leg.: (Cicero, De Legibus) = Cicero, On the Republic. On the Laws. (çev. Clinton W. Keyes), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1928.
  • Croom 2000: A.T. Croom, Roman Clothing And Fashion, Tempus, 2000.
  • Ertem 1987: H. Ertem, Boğazköy Metinlerine Göre Hititler Devri Anadolu’sunun Florası, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınevi, Ankara, 1987.
  • Flohr 2003: M.Flohr, “Fullones and Roman Society: a reconsideration”, Journal of Roman Archeology, 16, 2003: 447-450.
  • Flohr 2005: M. Flohr, “Ars Fullonica”, Symposium On Mediterrenean Archeology, BAR International Series 1391, England, 2005: 59-63.
  • Flohr 2006: M.Flohr, “Organizing The Workshop: Water Management In Roman Fullunicae”, Cura Aquarum In Ephesus. Proceedings of the 12th International Congress on the History of Water Management and Hydraulic Engineering in the Mediterrenean Region, Ephesus\Selçuk, 2006: 193-199.
  • Flohr 2009: M.Flohr, “The Social World Of Roman Fullonicae”, Proceedings Of The Eighteenth Annual Theoretical Roman Archeology Conference, (ed. Mark Driessen, Stijn Heeren, Joep Hendriks, Fleur Kemmers ve Ronald Visser,) Oxbow Books, 2009: 173-185.
  • Frontin. Aq.: (Frontinus, De Aquae ductu urbis Romae) = Frontinus: Stratagems. Aqueducts of Rome. (Çev. C. E. Bennett, Mary B. McElwain), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1925.
  • Harvey 2016: Harvey B., Daily Life in Ancient Rome: A Sourcebook, A Focus Book, United States of America, 2016, 209. Hofenk- De Graaff 1968: Hofenk H.Judith - De Graaff, “The Constitution of Detergents in Connection with the Cleaning of Ancient Textiles”, Studies In Conservation, 13\3, 1968: 122-141.
  • Holleran 2012: C.Holleran, Shopping In Ancient Rome The Retail Trade in the Late Republic and the Principate, Oxford University Press, 2012.
  • Liv. AUC: (Livius, Ab Urbe Condita) = Livy, History of Rome, Volume III: Books 5-7, (çev. B. O. Foster), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1924.
  • Macrob., Sat.: (Macrobius, Saturnalia) = Macrobius, Saturnalia, Books 3-5, (çev. Robert A. Kaster), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.
  • Mart.: (Martialis) = Martial Epigrams, Books 6-10 (çev. D. R. Shackleton Bailey), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.
  • Merlene 2011: J. Merlene, The Complete Guide to Creating Oils, Soaps, Creams, and Herbal Gels for Your Mind and Body, Atalanta Publishing Goup, 2011.
  • Moeller 1976: O. W. Moeller, The wool Trade of Ancient Pompeii, Leiden E.J.Brill, 1976.
  • Ovid, Fast.: (Ovidius, Fasti) = Ovid, Fasti, (çev. James G. Frazer), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1931.
  • Plin. HN: (Plinius, Historia Naturalis) = Pliny The Elder, Natural History, Books 12-16, (çev.H. Rackham), IV, Loeb Classical Library Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1945.
  • (Plinius, Historia Naturalis) = Pliny The Elder, Natural History, Books 17-19, (çev.H. Rackham) V, Loeb Classical Library Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1950.
  • (Plinius, Historia Naturalis) = Pliny The Elder, Natural History, Books 20-23, (çev. W. H. S. Jones), VI, Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951.
  • (Plinius, Historia Naturalis) = Pliny The Elder, Natural History, Books 24-27, (çev.W. H. S. JONES, A. C. Andrews), VII, Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1956.
  • (Plinius, Historia Naturalis) = Pliny The Elder, Natural History, Books 28-32, (çev. W. H. S. Jones), VIII, Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1963.
  • (Plinius, Historia Naturalis) = Pliny The Elder, Natural History, Books 33-35, (çev.H. Rackham), IX, Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1952.
  • Sen., Ep.: (Seneca, Epistulae) = Seneca, Epistles 1-65, (çev.Richard M. Gummere), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1917.
  • Sen., Q Nat.: (Seneca, Quaestiones Naturales) = Seneca, Natural Questions, Books 1-3, (çev. Thomas H. Corcoran), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971.
  • Smith 1875: A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities John Murray, London, 1875.
  • Strabon: Strabo Geography, Books 10-12, (çev. Horace Leonard Jones), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1928.
  • Suet. Vesp,: (Suetonius, Vespesianus) = Suetinus Lives of Caesars, vol. II, (çev. Rolfe, J. C.), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1914.
  • Thompson 2014: L.K.Thompson,“Plant Oil Based Soap”, Furman University, Biology Publications, 2014.
  • Tib.: (Tibullus) = Catullus. Tibullus. Pervigilium Veneris, (çev. F. W. Cornish, J. P. Postgate, J. W. Mackail), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1913.
  • Ünal 2007: A. Ünal, Multilinguales Handwörterbuch des Hethitischen, Hamburg, 2007.
  • Varro, Rust., (Varro, De Re Rustica) = Varro, On Agriculture, Books 1-4, (çev. Harrison Boyd Ash), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1941.
  • Verg.G.: (Vergilius, Georgica) = Virgil, Eclogues. Georgics. Aeneid: Books 1-6, (çev.Fairclough, H. Rushton), Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.
  • Wallinga 1996: H.T. Wallinga, “Offical Roman Washing and Finishing Directions Lex Metilia Fullonibus Dicta”, Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis \Revue d’Historie du Droit\ The Legal History Review, 64\2, 1996: 183-190.
  • Willcox 1993: M.Willcox, Poucher's Perfumes, Cosmetics and Soaps, Butler, H. (ed.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Great Britain,1993.
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Dilbilim
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Rukiye Arık Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Arık, Rukiye. “Roma’da Giysi Temizliği”. Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri 11, sy. 2 (Aralık 2017): 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1501/Archv_0000000135.