Greek Terms for the Roman Emperor in Dio Chrysostom’s Orations

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 361 - 378, 25.12.2020

Ayşe Yakut

https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.812511

Öz

Dio Chrysostom’s surviving orations reflect many impressive narratives about the Roman emperors, Nero, Vespasian, Domitian, Nerva and Trajan. Dio refrained from mentioning the names of the Roman emperors. Instead, he emphasized many times his thoughts about the Roman emperors and the positive or negative evaluation of the emperors in his orations indirectly. He also used in general to express ‘the emperor’ within Greek terms of the classical Greek tradition. In this study, which terms Dio used for the Roman emperors are examined. By this way, it is understood how Dio Chrysostom performed the role of Greek pepaideumenos seeking to represent and evaluate the Roman power within the terms and framework of the Greek heritage. However, it is clear that he did not completely ignore the formal imperial titles though he did not show genuine concern for Roman susceptibilities.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dio Chrysostom, The Roman Emperor, Principate, Greek Terminology

DION KHRYSOSTOMOS’UN SÖYLEVLERİNDE «ROMA İMPARATORU»NA İLİŞKİN TERMİNOLOJİSİ

Öz

Dion Khrysostomos; İmparator Nero, Vespasianus, Domitianus, Nerva ve Traianus’la ilişkili olarak söylevlerinde pek çok önemli değerlendirmelerde ve aktarımlarda bulunmuştur. Bu değerlendirme ve aktarımlarında imparatorların isimlerini zikretmekten çoğunlukla kaçınmıştır. Bunun yerine, dolaylı ifadeler yoluyla veya onları kendi tercih ettiği terimlerle adlandırarak düşüncelerini aktarmıştır. Roma siyasal yaşamının kalbi olan imparatorların hangi terimlerle adlandırıldığı, Dion Khrysostomos’un principatus’a gösterdiği uyumun ne ölçüde gerçek olduğunu anlayabilmemizi, başka bir ifadeyle, bilinçaltını okuyabilmemizi sağlamaktadır. Bu nedenle, çalışmamızda Dion Khrysostomos’un imparatorlar hakkındaki beyanlarından ziyade, onları hangi terimlerle adlandırdığı incelenmektedir. Böylece Dion Khrysostomos’un, Roma gücünü Hellen mirası çerçevesinde ve çoğunlukla geçmişteki Hellen terminolojisiyle değerlendiren bir entelektüel olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Öte yandan, Roma hassasiyetleriyle yakından ilgilenmemiş olsa da, Roma imparatorları için kullanılan resmî terimleri tamamen görmezden gelmemiş olduğu da görülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dion Khrysostomos, Roma İmparatoru, Principatus, Hellen Terminolojisi

Kaynakça

• Anth. Gr. (Anthologia Graeca) = The Greek Anthology, Books: 10-12. Trans. W. R. Paton. Vol. IV. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1918 (The Loeb Classical Library).
• Aristeid. or. (Aristeides, Orationes; 19: Ἐπιστολὴ περὶ Σμύρνης; 20: Παλινῳδία ἐπὶ Σμύρνῃ καὶ τῷ ταύτης ἀνοικισμῷ; 25: Ῥοδιακός [σπ.]; 26: Ῥώμης ἐγκώμιον) = C. A. Behr, The Complete Works of P. Aelius Aristides: Orations XVII–LIII. Vol. II. Leiden: Brill, 1981.
• Arnim, Hans von. Leben und Werke des Dio von Prusa. Berlin: Weidmann, 1898.
• Bury, John Bagnell. The Constitution of the Later Roman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1910.
• Callender, T. “The Tarsian Orations of Dio Chrysostom”. The Journal of Hellenic Studies 24 (1904): 58–69.
• Cohoon, James Wilfred. Dio Chrysostom: Discourses 12-30. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1939.
• Desideri, Paolo. “Forme dell’impegno politico di intellettuali greci dell’impero”. Rivista Storica Italiana 110 (1998): 60–87.
• Dion Chrys. or. (Dion Khrysostomos, Orationes; 1: Περὶ βασιλείας α ́; 2: Περὶ βασιλείας β ́; 3: Περὶ βασιλείας γ ́; 4: Περὶ βασιλείας δ ́; 6: Διογενὴς ἢ περὶ τυραννίδος) = Dio Chrysostom: Discourses 1-11. Trans. J. W. Cohoon. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1932 (The Loeb Classical Library).
• ------------------- (Dion Khrysostomos, Orationes; 13: Ἐν Ἀθήναις περὶ φυγῆς; 20: Περὶ ἀναχωρήσεως; 21: Περὶ κάλλους) = Dio Chrysostom: Discourses 12-30. Trans. J. W. Cohoon. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1939 (The Loeb Classical Library).
• ------------------- (Dion Khrysostomos, Orationes; 31: Ῥοδιακός; 32: Πρὸς Ἀλεξανδρεῖς; 33: Ταρσικὸς πρῶτος; 34: Ταρσικὸς δεύτερος; 35: Ἐν Κελαιναῖς τῆς Φρυγίας) = Dio Chrysostom: Discourses 31-36. Trans. J. W. Cohoon – H. L. Crosby. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1940 (The Loeb Classical Library).
• ------------------- (Dion Khrysostomos, Orationes; 62: Περὶ βασιλείας καὶ τυραννίδος; 71: Περὶ φιλοσόφου) = Dio Chrysostom: Discourses 61-80. Trans. H. L. Crosby. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951 (The Loeb Classical Library).
• Epikt. (Epiktetos, Dissertationes) = Epictetus: The Discourses as reported by Arrian, The Manual and Fragments. Trans. W. A. Oldfather. Vols. I-II. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1925-1928 (The Loeb Classical Library).
• Fuhrmann, Christopher J. “Dio Chrysostom as a Local Politician: A Critical Reappraisal”, eds. L. L. Brice – D. Slootjes, Aspects of Ancient Institutions and Geography. Studies in Honour of Richard J. A. Talbert. 161–176. Leiden: Brill, 2015.
• Harrison, Jane E. Themis: A Study of the Social Origins of Greek Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1912.
• Ios. ant. Iud. (Iosephos, Antiquitates Iudaicae) = Josephus: Jewish Antiquities, Books 18-19. Trans. L. H. Feldman. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1965 (The Loeb Classical Library).
• Jones, Christopher P. The Roman World of Dio Chrysostom. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978.
• LSJ = Liddell, Henry George – Scott, Robert – Jones, Henry Stuart. A Greek-English Lexicon9. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1940.
• Mason, Hugh J. Greek Terms for Roman Institutions: A Lexicon and Analysis. Toronto: Hakkert, 1974.
• Moles, John L. “The Career and Conversion of Dio Chrysostom”. Journal of Hellenic Studies 98 (1978): 79–100.
• -----------------. “The Date and Purpose of the Fourth Kingship Oration of Dio Chrysostom”. Classical Antiquity 2 (1983): 251–278.
• -----------------. “The Addressee of the Third Kingship Oration of Dio Chrysostom”. Prometheus 10 (1984): 65–69.
• -----------------. “The Kingship Orations of Dio Chrysostom”. Papers of the Leeds International Latin Seminar 6 (1990): 297–375.
• Pflaum, Hans Georg. Les procurateurs équestres sous le Haut-Empire Romain. Paris: Libraire d'Amérique et d'Orient, 1950.
• Phil. leg. (Philon, De legatione ad Gaium) = Philo. On the Embassy to Gaius. Trans. F. H. Colson. Vol. X. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1962 (Loeb Classical Library).
• Philostr. Ap. (Philostratos, Vita Apollonii) = Flavii Philostrati Opera, ed. C. L. Kayser. Vol. I. Leipzig: Teubner, 1870.
• Plut. Galb. (Plutarkhos, Galba) = Plutarch’s Lives: Aratus, Artaxerxes, Galba and Otho. Trans. B. Perrin. Vol. XI. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1926 (The Loeb Classical Library).
• Plut. reg. et imp. apoph. (Plutarkhos, Regum et imperatorum apophthegmata) = Plutarch’s Moralia. Trans. F. C. Babbitt. Vol. III. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1931 (The Loeb Classical Library).
• Salmeri, Giovanni. “Dio, Rome and the Civic Life of Asia Minor”, ed. S. Swain, Dio Chrysostom: Politics, Letters and Philosophy. 53–92. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
• Sheppard, Anthony R. R. “Dio Chrysostom: The Bithynian Years”. L'Antiquité Classique 53 (1984): 157–173.
• Sherwin–White, Adrian Nicholas. The Letters of Pliny: A Historical and Social Commentary. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966.
• Sidebottom, Harry. “Dio of Prusa and the Flavian Dynasty”. Classical Quarterly 46 (1996): 447–456.
• Strab. (Strabon) = Strabo: Geography, Books 13-14. Trans. H. L. Jones. Vol. VI. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1929 (The Loeb Classical Library).
• Suet. Dom. (C. Suetonius Tranquillus, De vita Caesarum: Vita Domitiani) = Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus. On İki Caesar’ın Yaşamı. Çev. F. Telatar – G. Özaktürk. Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 2008.
• Synes. Dio (Synesios, Dion) = Synesii Cyrenaei quae extant opera omnia I: orationes et homiliarum fragmenta, ed. J. G. Krabinger. Landshut: Thomann, 1850. Whitmarsh, Tim. Greek Literature and the Roman Empire: The Politics of Imitation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.