BAL ARILARINDA NOSEMOSİS HASTALIĞININ KOLONİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ

Öz

Mikrosporidia türüne ait zorunlu hücre içi mantar grubundan olan Nosema cerenae ve Nosema apis bal arılarını enfekte ederek nosemosis hastalığı meydana getirmektedir. Hastalık bal arısı kolonilerine büyük zararlar vermektedir. N. cerenae Dünya’da nosemosis hastalığının en tehlikeli ve yaygın etkenidir. Kolonide arıların ortalama yaşam sürelerinin kısalması, işçi arıların görevlerini yerine getirememesiyle birlikte ana arının yumurtalama düzeninin bozulması, yavru bakımlarının düzenli bir şekilde yapılamaması, arılardaki hareket kabiliyetinin zayıflaması ve buna bağlı olarak besin maddesi tedariğinin bozulması, açlık, ishal, kış kayıplarının yükselmesi, bal üretiminin ve polen toplama faaliyetlerinin zayıflaması ve buna bağlı olarak yetersiz karbonhidrat ve protein alımı, sindirim sistemi bozuklukları nosemosis hastalığı sonucunda meydana gelmektedir. Özellikle N. cerenae’nın oldukça hızlı yayılım göstermesi ve virulansının yüksek olması kolonilerin sönmesine neden olmaktadır. Hastalık aynı zamanda viral, bakteriyel ve protozoal hastalıklarla beraber de seyredebilmektedir. N. apis dizanteri ile karakterizedir ve bazı klinik belirtiler geçte olsa farkedilmektedir fakat N. cerenae’nın yayılım hızı ve klinik belirti göstermemesi tehlikenin büyüklüğünü göstermektedir. Hastalıkla ilgili tedavi yöntemlerinin kısıtlı ve yetersiz olması koruma ve kontrol yöntemlerinin oldukça önemli olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Nosema apis
• Nosema cerenae
• Nosemosis
• Apis mellifera

EFFECTS OF NOSEMOSIS DISEASE ON COLONY IN HONEY BEES

Öz

Nosema cerenae and Nosema apis, which are obligate intracellular fungi belonging to the Microsporidia species, infect honey bees and cause nosemosis disease. The disease causes excellent damage to honey bee colonies. N. cerenae is the most dangerous and common cause of nosemosis worldwide. Shortening of the average lifespan of bees in the colony, deterioration of the queen bee's egg-laying pattern due to the inability of worker bees to fulfill their duties, failure to care for the brood regularly, weakening of the mobility of the bees, and accordingly deterioration of the nutrient supply, hunger, diarrhea, increase in winter losses, decrease in honey production and Weakening of pollen collection activities and therefore insufficient carbohydrate and protein intake, digestive system disorders occur as a result of nosemosis disease. In particular, N. cerenae’s rapid spread and high virulence cause colonies to disappear. The disease can also occur together with viral, bacterial, and protozoal diseases. N. apis is characterized by dysentery and some clinical symptoms are noticed late. Still, the rate of spread of N. cerenae and the fact that it does not show clinical symptoms indicate the magnitude of the danger. The limited and insufficient treatment methods for the disease reveal that prevention and control methods are essential.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Nosema apis
• Nosema cerenae
• Nosemosis
• Apis mellifera

Kaynakça

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