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INVESTIGATION OF POLEN COMPONENTS IN TERMS OF QUALITY STANDARDS

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 37 - 47, 30.12.2022

Öz

Pollen collected from various plants by honey bees is considered food, and national pollen standards have been established by many European, Asian, North and South American countries. In order to establish pollen standards, first of all, it is necessary to determine the composition of the pollen and to determine which analytical methods will be used to analyze these compositions. Here, the aim of this study is to examine together the compositional character of pollen with commercial value and the analytical methods used in the analysis of high quality bee pollen. Based on the results of the analysis of the pollen contents produced in different countries and the results of the researches, determining the quality criteria of the pollen, keeping these criteria under standard conditions due to its contact with the open areas and possible pollutants where beekeeping activities are carried out primary measure in ensuring the protection of public health.

Kaynakça

  • Almeida-Muradian, L B; Pamplona, L C; Coimbra, S; Barth, O M (2005) Chemical composition and botanical evaluation of dried bee pollen pellets. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 18(1): 105–111.
  • Bastos, D H M; Barth, M O; Rocha, C I; Cunha, I B S; Carvalho, P O; Torres, E A S; Michelan, M (2004) Fatty acid composition and palynological analysis of bee (Apis) pollen loads in the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, Brazil. Journal of Apicultural Research 43(2): 35–39.
  • Bell, R R; Thornber, E J; Seet, J L L; Groves, M T; Ho, N P; Bell, D T (1983) Composition and protein quality of honey bee collected pollen of Eucalyptus marginata and Eucalyptus calophylla. Journal of Nutrition 113(12): 2479–2484.
  • Bevzo, V V; Grygor'eva, N P (1997) Effect of bee pollen extract on glutathione system activity in mouse liver under X-ray irradiation. Ukrainskii biokhimicheskii zhurnal. 69(4): 115–7.
  • Bogdanov, S; Martin, P; Lüllmann, C (1997) Harmonised methods of the European Honey Commission. Apidologie Les Ulis, suppl., 59.
  • Bogdanov, S (2004) Quality standards of bee pollen and beeswax. Apiacta 39: 334–341.
  • Bogdanov, S (2006) Contaminants of bee products. Apidologie 38: 1–18.
  • Campos, M G; Markham, K R; Mitchell, K A; Da Cunha, A P (1997) An approach to the characterization of bee pollens via their flavonoid / phenolic profiles. Phytochemical Analysis 8(3): 181–185.
  • Campos, M G; Webby, R F; Markham, K R; Mitchell, K A; Cunha, A P (2003) Age-induced diminution of free radical scavenging capacity in bee pollens and the contribution of constituent flavonoids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51: 742–745.
  • Cocan, O; Marghitas, L A; Dezmirean, D; Laslo, L (2005) Composition and biological activities of bee pollen: review. Bulletin of the University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine 61: 221–226.
  • Conti, M E, Botre, F (2001) Honey bees and their products as potential bioindicators of heavy metal contamination. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 69(3): 267–282.
  • Dudov, I A; Starodub, N F (1994) Antioxidant system of rat erythrocytes under conditions of prolonged intake honey bee flower pollen load. Ukrainskii˘ biokhimicheskii˘ zhurnal 66(6): 94–96.
  • Erdoğan, Y. & Dodoloğlu, A. (2005). Balarısı (Apis mellifera L.) Kolonilerin Yaşamında Polenin Önemi . Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi , 05 (2) , 79-84 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/uluaricilik/issue/53636/162521.
  • Erdoğan, Y. & Cengiz, M. M. (2020). The effects of medical and aromatic plant extracts on some physiological characteristics of honeybee (apis mellifera l.) colonies . Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi , 20 (1) , 89-96 . DOI: 10.31467/uluaricilik.720548.
  • Erdoğan, Y. & Dodoloğlu, A. (2011). Bal Arılarında (Apis mellifera L.) Polen Toplama Faaliyetlerinin Koloni Gelişimi Ve Bal Verimi Üzerine Etkisi . Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi , 36 (1) , 33-37 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ataunizfd/issue/2937/40648.
  • Fleche, C; Clément, M C; Zeggane, S; Faucon, J P (1997) Contamination of bee products and risks for human health: the situation in France. Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'Office International Des Epizooties 16(2): 609–619.
  • Gergen, I; Radu, F; Bordean, D; Isengard, H D (2006) Determination of water content in bee pollen samples by Karl Fischer titration. Food Control 17(3): 176–179.
  • Hamamoto, R; Ishiyama, K; Yamaguchi, M (2006) Inhibitory effects of bee pollen Cistus ladaniferus extract on bone resorption in femoral tissues and osteoclast-like cell formation in bone marrow cells in vitro. Journal of Health Science 52(3): 268–275.
  • Haro, A; López-Aliaga, I; Lisbona, F; Barrionuevo, M; Alférez, M J; Campos, M S (2000) Beneficial effect of pollen and / or propolis on the metabolism of iron, calcium, phosphorus and agnesium in rats with nutritional ferropenic anemia. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 48: 5715–5722.
  • Herbert, E W; Shimanuki, H (1978) Chemical composition and nutritive value of bee collected and bee stored pollen. Apidologie 9(1): 33–40.
  • Hodges, D (1952) The pollen loads of the honey bee. Bee Research Association; London Human, H; Nicolson, S W (2006) Nutritional content of fresh, bee-collected and stored pollen of Aloe greatheadii var. davyana (Asphodelaceae). Phytochemistry 67: 1486–1492.
  • Iannuzzi, J (1993) Pollen: food for honey bee and man? III. American Bee Journal 133(8): 557–563.
  • Krell, R. (1996) Value added products from beekeeping. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 124: 87–113.
  • Kosmider, K; Wójcicki, J; Samochowiec, L; Woyke, M; Górnik, W (1983) Effect of cerniton on platelet aggregation in vivo. Herba Polonica 29: 237.
  • Kubik, M; Nowacki, J; Pidek, A; Warakomska, Z; Michalczuk, L; Goszczynski, W (1999) Pesticide residues in bee products collected from cherry trees protected during blooming period with contact and systemic fungicides. Apidologie 30(6): 521–532.
  • Leita, L; Muhlbachova, G; Cesco, S; Barbattini, R; Mondini, C (1996) Investigation of the use of honey bees and honey bee products to assess heavy metal contamination. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 43: 1–9.
  • Liebelt, R A; Lyle, D; Walker, J (1994) Effects of a bee pollen diet on survival and growth of inbred strains of mice. American Bee Journal 34 (9): 615–620.
  • Lin, X L; Zhu, L Q; Yuan, Y Y; Li, L M (1990) Morphological changes in aged canine prostatic hyperplasia treated with bee pollen. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs 21: 164–166.
  • Linskens, H F; Jorde, W (1997) Pollen as food and medicine: a review. Economic Botany 51(1): 78–87.
  • Louveaux, J; Maurizio, A; Vorwohl, G (1978) Methods of melissopalynology. Bee World 59(4): 139–157.
  • Maria G. R. Campos, Stefan Bogdanov, Ligia Bicudo De Almeida-Muradian, Teresa Szczesna, Yanina Mancebo, Christian Frigerio & Francisco Ferreira (2008) Pollen composition and standardisation of analytical methods, Journal of Apicultural Research, 47:2, 154-161, DOI: 10.1080/00218839.2008.11101443.
  • Malone, L A; Pham-Delègue, M H (2001) Effects of transgene products on honey bees (Apis mellifera) and bumble bees (Bombus sp.) Apidologie 32: 287–304.
  • Medina, A; González, G; Sáez, J M; Mateo, R; Jiménez, M (2004) Bee pollen, a substrate that stimulates ochratoxin A production by Aspergillus ochraceus Wilh. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 27(2): 261–267.
  • Oliveira, K C L (2006) Caracterização do pólen apícola e utilização de vitaminas antioxidantes como indicadoras do processo de desidratação”. Master Dissertation. Pharmaceutical Science School, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
  • Rabie, A L; Wells, J D; Dent, L K (1983) The nitrogen content of pollen protein. Journal of Apicultural Research 22(2): 119–123.
  • Regulation (Ec) No 1829/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council. http://eur-lex.europa.eu Samochowiec, L; Wójcicki, J (1981) Effect of pollen on serum and liver lipids in rats fed on a high-lipid diet. Herba Polonica 27: 33. Serra-Bonvehi, J; Escola Jorda, R (1997) Nutrient composition and microbiological quality of honey bee collected pollen in Spain. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 45: 725–732.
  • Solberg, Y; Remedios, G (1980) Chemical composition of pure and bee collected pollen. Scientific Reports Agricultural University, Norway 59(18): 2–12.
  • Stanley, R G; Linskens, H F (1974) Pollen: biology, biochemistry, management. Springer-Verlag; Berlin, Heidelberg.
  • Szczesna, T; Rybak-Chmielewska, H; Bornus, L (1991) Effect du stockage du pollen recolte par les abeilles sur la variation du contenue en vitamines A et C. Apiacta 36(2): 33.
  • Szczesna , T; Rybak-Chmielewska, H (1998) Some properties of honey bee collected pollen. In Polnisch-Deutsches Symposium Salus Apis Mellifera, new demands for honey bee breeding in the 21st century. Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe 42(2): 79–80.
  • Szczesna, T; Rybak-Chmielewska, H; Chmielewski, W. (1999) Effect of infestation of pollen loads with acarid mites on amino acid content and organoleptic characteristics of the product. Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe 43: 235–245.
  • Szczesna, T; Rybak-Chmielewska, H; Chmielewski, W (2002) Sugar composition of pollen loads harvested at different periods of the beekeeping season. Journal of Apicultural Science 46(2): 107–115.Pollen composition and standardisation of analytical methods 161.
  • Talpay, B M (1984) Der pollen. Versuch einer standortbestimmung. Institut Für Honigfroschung Bremen: 1–84. Tomas-Barberan, F (1989) Flavonoids as biochemical markers of the plant origin of bee pollen. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 47(3): 337–340.
  • Villanueva, M T O; Marquina, A D; Serrano, R B; Abellán, G B (2002) The importance of bee-collected pollen in the diet: a study of its composition. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 53(3): 217–224.
  • Wang, M S; Fan, H F; Xu, H J (1993) Effects of bee pollen on blood and hemopoietic system in mice and rats. Chinese Traditional Herbs and Drugs 588–591, 601.
  • Wójcicki, J; Kósmider, K; Samochowiec, L; Woyke, M (1983) Clinical evaluation of cerniton as lipid lowering agent. Herba Polonica 29: 55.
  • Yamaguchi, M; Hamamoto, R; Uchiyama, S; Ishiyama, K; Hashimoto, K (2006) Anabolic effects of bee pollen Cistus ladaniferus extract on bone components in the femoral diaphyseal and metaphyseal tissues of rats in vitro and in vivo . Journal of Health Science 52(1): 43–49.
  • Yasumoto, R; Kawanishi, H; Tsujino, T; Tsujita, M; Nishisaka, N; Horii, A; Kishimoto, T (1995) Clinical evaluation of long term treatment using cernitin pollen extract in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Clinical Therapeutics 17(1): 82–87.

POLEN BİLEŞENLERİNİN KALİTE STANDARTLARI AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 37 - 47, 30.12.2022

Öz

Bal arıları tarafından çeşitli bitkilerden toplanan polenler gıda olarak kabul edilir ve birçok Avrupa, Asya, Kuzey ve Güney Amerika ülkelerince ulusal polen standartları oluşturulmuştur. Polen standartlarının oluşturulabilmesi için öncelikle polen bileşiminin ortaya konması ve bu bileşimlerin hangi analitik yöntemler ile analiz edileceğinin belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. İşte, bu çalışmanın amacı, özellikle ticari değeri olan polenlerin bileşim karakterini ve yüksek kaliteli arı poleninin analizinde kullanılan analitik yöntemleri bir arada incelemektir. Farklı ülkelerde üretilen polen içeriklerinin analiz sonuçlarına ve gerçekleştirilen araştırmaların sonuçlarına dayanarak, polenlerin kalite kriterlerinin belirlenmesi, arıcılık faaliyetlerinin yürütüldüğü açık alanlar ve olası kirleticilerle olan teması nedeniyle bu kriterlerin standart koşullar altında tutulması halk sağlığının korunmasını sağlamada birincil derecede önlem arz etmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Almeida-Muradian, L B; Pamplona, L C; Coimbra, S; Barth, O M (2005) Chemical composition and botanical evaluation of dried bee pollen pellets. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 18(1): 105–111.
  • Bastos, D H M; Barth, M O; Rocha, C I; Cunha, I B S; Carvalho, P O; Torres, E A S; Michelan, M (2004) Fatty acid composition and palynological analysis of bee (Apis) pollen loads in the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, Brazil. Journal of Apicultural Research 43(2): 35–39.
  • Bell, R R; Thornber, E J; Seet, J L L; Groves, M T; Ho, N P; Bell, D T (1983) Composition and protein quality of honey bee collected pollen of Eucalyptus marginata and Eucalyptus calophylla. Journal of Nutrition 113(12): 2479–2484.
  • Bevzo, V V; Grygor'eva, N P (1997) Effect of bee pollen extract on glutathione system activity in mouse liver under X-ray irradiation. Ukrainskii biokhimicheskii zhurnal. 69(4): 115–7.
  • Bogdanov, S; Martin, P; Lüllmann, C (1997) Harmonised methods of the European Honey Commission. Apidologie Les Ulis, suppl., 59.
  • Bogdanov, S (2004) Quality standards of bee pollen and beeswax. Apiacta 39: 334–341.
  • Bogdanov, S (2006) Contaminants of bee products. Apidologie 38: 1–18.
  • Campos, M G; Markham, K R; Mitchell, K A; Da Cunha, A P (1997) An approach to the characterization of bee pollens via their flavonoid / phenolic profiles. Phytochemical Analysis 8(3): 181–185.
  • Campos, M G; Webby, R F; Markham, K R; Mitchell, K A; Cunha, A P (2003) Age-induced diminution of free radical scavenging capacity in bee pollens and the contribution of constituent flavonoids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51: 742–745.
  • Cocan, O; Marghitas, L A; Dezmirean, D; Laslo, L (2005) Composition and biological activities of bee pollen: review. Bulletin of the University of Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine 61: 221–226.
  • Conti, M E, Botre, F (2001) Honey bees and their products as potential bioindicators of heavy metal contamination. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 69(3): 267–282.
  • Dudov, I A; Starodub, N F (1994) Antioxidant system of rat erythrocytes under conditions of prolonged intake honey bee flower pollen load. Ukrainskii˘ biokhimicheskii˘ zhurnal 66(6): 94–96.
  • Erdoğan, Y. & Dodoloğlu, A. (2005). Balarısı (Apis mellifera L.) Kolonilerin Yaşamında Polenin Önemi . Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi , 05 (2) , 79-84 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/uluaricilik/issue/53636/162521.
  • Erdoğan, Y. & Cengiz, M. M. (2020). The effects of medical and aromatic plant extracts on some physiological characteristics of honeybee (apis mellifera l.) colonies . Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi , 20 (1) , 89-96 . DOI: 10.31467/uluaricilik.720548.
  • Erdoğan, Y. & Dodoloğlu, A. (2011). Bal Arılarında (Apis mellifera L.) Polen Toplama Faaliyetlerinin Koloni Gelişimi Ve Bal Verimi Üzerine Etkisi . Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi , 36 (1) , 33-37 . Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ataunizfd/issue/2937/40648.
  • Fleche, C; Clément, M C; Zeggane, S; Faucon, J P (1997) Contamination of bee products and risks for human health: the situation in France. Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'Office International Des Epizooties 16(2): 609–619.
  • Gergen, I; Radu, F; Bordean, D; Isengard, H D (2006) Determination of water content in bee pollen samples by Karl Fischer titration. Food Control 17(3): 176–179.
  • Hamamoto, R; Ishiyama, K; Yamaguchi, M (2006) Inhibitory effects of bee pollen Cistus ladaniferus extract on bone resorption in femoral tissues and osteoclast-like cell formation in bone marrow cells in vitro. Journal of Health Science 52(3): 268–275.
  • Haro, A; López-Aliaga, I; Lisbona, F; Barrionuevo, M; Alférez, M J; Campos, M S (2000) Beneficial effect of pollen and / or propolis on the metabolism of iron, calcium, phosphorus and agnesium in rats with nutritional ferropenic anemia. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 48: 5715–5722.
  • Herbert, E W; Shimanuki, H (1978) Chemical composition and nutritive value of bee collected and bee stored pollen. Apidologie 9(1): 33–40.
  • Hodges, D (1952) The pollen loads of the honey bee. Bee Research Association; London Human, H; Nicolson, S W (2006) Nutritional content of fresh, bee-collected and stored pollen of Aloe greatheadii var. davyana (Asphodelaceae). Phytochemistry 67: 1486–1492.
  • Iannuzzi, J (1993) Pollen: food for honey bee and man? III. American Bee Journal 133(8): 557–563.
  • Krell, R. (1996) Value added products from beekeeping. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 124: 87–113.
  • Kosmider, K; Wójcicki, J; Samochowiec, L; Woyke, M; Górnik, W (1983) Effect of cerniton on platelet aggregation in vivo. Herba Polonica 29: 237.
  • Kubik, M; Nowacki, J; Pidek, A; Warakomska, Z; Michalczuk, L; Goszczynski, W (1999) Pesticide residues in bee products collected from cherry trees protected during blooming period with contact and systemic fungicides. Apidologie 30(6): 521–532.
  • Leita, L; Muhlbachova, G; Cesco, S; Barbattini, R; Mondini, C (1996) Investigation of the use of honey bees and honey bee products to assess heavy metal contamination. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 43: 1–9.
  • Liebelt, R A; Lyle, D; Walker, J (1994) Effects of a bee pollen diet on survival and growth of inbred strains of mice. American Bee Journal 34 (9): 615–620.
  • Lin, X L; Zhu, L Q; Yuan, Y Y; Li, L M (1990) Morphological changes in aged canine prostatic hyperplasia treated with bee pollen. Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs 21: 164–166.
  • Linskens, H F; Jorde, W (1997) Pollen as food and medicine: a review. Economic Botany 51(1): 78–87.
  • Louveaux, J; Maurizio, A; Vorwohl, G (1978) Methods of melissopalynology. Bee World 59(4): 139–157.
  • Maria G. R. Campos, Stefan Bogdanov, Ligia Bicudo De Almeida-Muradian, Teresa Szczesna, Yanina Mancebo, Christian Frigerio & Francisco Ferreira (2008) Pollen composition and standardisation of analytical methods, Journal of Apicultural Research, 47:2, 154-161, DOI: 10.1080/00218839.2008.11101443.
  • Malone, L A; Pham-Delègue, M H (2001) Effects of transgene products on honey bees (Apis mellifera) and bumble bees (Bombus sp.) Apidologie 32: 287–304.
  • Medina, A; González, G; Sáez, J M; Mateo, R; Jiménez, M (2004) Bee pollen, a substrate that stimulates ochratoxin A production by Aspergillus ochraceus Wilh. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 27(2): 261–267.
  • Oliveira, K C L (2006) Caracterização do pólen apícola e utilização de vitaminas antioxidantes como indicadoras do processo de desidratação”. Master Dissertation. Pharmaceutical Science School, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
  • Rabie, A L; Wells, J D; Dent, L K (1983) The nitrogen content of pollen protein. Journal of Apicultural Research 22(2): 119–123.
  • Regulation (Ec) No 1829/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council. http://eur-lex.europa.eu Samochowiec, L; Wójcicki, J (1981) Effect of pollen on serum and liver lipids in rats fed on a high-lipid diet. Herba Polonica 27: 33. Serra-Bonvehi, J; Escola Jorda, R (1997) Nutrient composition and microbiological quality of honey bee collected pollen in Spain. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 45: 725–732.
  • Solberg, Y; Remedios, G (1980) Chemical composition of pure and bee collected pollen. Scientific Reports Agricultural University, Norway 59(18): 2–12.
  • Stanley, R G; Linskens, H F (1974) Pollen: biology, biochemistry, management. Springer-Verlag; Berlin, Heidelberg.
  • Szczesna, T; Rybak-Chmielewska, H; Bornus, L (1991) Effect du stockage du pollen recolte par les abeilles sur la variation du contenue en vitamines A et C. Apiacta 36(2): 33.
  • Szczesna , T; Rybak-Chmielewska, H (1998) Some properties of honey bee collected pollen. In Polnisch-Deutsches Symposium Salus Apis Mellifera, new demands for honey bee breeding in the 21st century. Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe 42(2): 79–80.
  • Szczesna, T; Rybak-Chmielewska, H; Chmielewski, W. (1999) Effect of infestation of pollen loads with acarid mites on amino acid content and organoleptic characteristics of the product. Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe 43: 235–245.
  • Szczesna, T; Rybak-Chmielewska, H; Chmielewski, W (2002) Sugar composition of pollen loads harvested at different periods of the beekeeping season. Journal of Apicultural Science 46(2): 107–115.Pollen composition and standardisation of analytical methods 161.
  • Talpay, B M (1984) Der pollen. Versuch einer standortbestimmung. Institut Für Honigfroschung Bremen: 1–84. Tomas-Barberan, F (1989) Flavonoids as biochemical markers of the plant origin of bee pollen. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 47(3): 337–340.
  • Villanueva, M T O; Marquina, A D; Serrano, R B; Abellán, G B (2002) The importance of bee-collected pollen in the diet: a study of its composition. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 53(3): 217–224.
  • Wang, M S; Fan, H F; Xu, H J (1993) Effects of bee pollen on blood and hemopoietic system in mice and rats. Chinese Traditional Herbs and Drugs 588–591, 601.
  • Wójcicki, J; Kósmider, K; Samochowiec, L; Woyke, M (1983) Clinical evaluation of cerniton as lipid lowering agent. Herba Polonica 29: 55.
  • Yamaguchi, M; Hamamoto, R; Uchiyama, S; Ishiyama, K; Hashimoto, K (2006) Anabolic effects of bee pollen Cistus ladaniferus extract on bone components in the femoral diaphyseal and metaphyseal tissues of rats in vitro and in vivo . Journal of Health Science 52(1): 43–49.
  • Yasumoto, R; Kawanishi, H; Tsujino, T; Tsujita, M; Nishisaka, N; Horii, A; Kishimoto, T (1995) Clinical evaluation of long term treatment using cernitin pollen extract in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Clinical Therapeutics 17(1): 82–87.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Kimya Mühendisliği
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Yahya Yasin Yılmaz 0000-0002-1015-7197

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Aralık 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Yılmaz, Y. Y. (2022). POLEN BİLEŞENLERİNİN KALİTE STANDARTLARI AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ. Arı Ve Arıcılık Teknolojileri Dergisi, 1(1), 37-47.