BEEKEEPING ACTIVITIES IN TURKEY AND THE IMPORTANCE OF FEEDING

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 28 - 38, 27.06.2024

Mazhar Burak Can İbrahim Köksal

Öz

Beekeeping is a complex practice that requires a thorough understanding of the relationship between honey bees and their environment. Nutrition plays a crucial role in the welfare of bee colonies, as bees need a balanced diet to meet their energy and nutrient requirements. Proper nutrition is essential for bee physiology, biochemistry, immunity and larval development. Nutritional stress due to habitat loss has been associated with the collapse of honey bee colonies. Effective nutritional management is therefore crucial to ensure the survival and productivity of bee colonies. The beekeeping sector in Turkey faces several challenges that affect its growth and sustainability. These include low honey yields, problems in disease and pest management, limited production diversity, price instability and export restrictions. These persistent problems hinder achieving the best results for beekeepers in Turkey. Potential solutions to address the challenges faced by beekeepers in Turkey include promoting sustainable beekeeping, improving disease management, protecting genetic diversity and supporting research and education. Market development, use of GIS and collaboration are also important. With these solutions, a more sustainable beekeeping sector can be created in Turkey. The aim of this study is to examine beekeeping activities in Turkey and to suggest solutions to the current structure and problems.

Anahtar Kelimeler

bee, problems, feeding, hiv

TÜRKİYE’DEKİ ARICILIK FAALİYETLERİ VE BESLEMENİN ÖNEMİ

Öz

Arıcılık, bal arıları ve çevreleri arasındaki ilişkinin kapsamlı bir şekilde anlaşılmasını gerektiren karmaşık bir uygulamadır. Arılardan istenilen verimi alabilmek için besin gereksinimlerini karşılayacak dengeli diyete ihtiyaçları vardır. Diğer taraftan beslenme arı kolonilerinin refahında çok önemli bir rol oynar. Doğru beslenme arı fizyolojisi, biyokimyası, bağışıklığı ve larva gelişimi için gereklidir. Habitat kaybından kaynaklanan beslenme stresi, bal arısı kolonilerinin çöküşüyle ilişkilendirilmektedir. Bu nedenle etkili beslenme yönetimi, arı kolonilerinin hayatta kalmasını ve üretkenliğini sağlamak için çok önemlidir. Türkiye'de arıcılık sektörü, büyümesini ve sürdürülebilirliğini etkileyen çeşitli zorluklar ile karşı karşıyadır. Bunlar arasında düşük bal verimi, hastalık ve zararlıların yönetimindeki problemler, sınırlı üretim çeşitliliği, fiyat istikrarsızlığı ve ihracat kısıtlamaları gibi sorunlar yer almaktadır. Bu kalıcı sorunlar, Türkiye'deki arıcılar için en iyi sonuçların alınmasını engellemektedir. Türkiye'deki arıcıların karşılaştığı zorlukları ele almak için potansiyel çözümler arasında sürdürülebilir arıcılığın teşvik edilmesi, hastalık yönetiminin geliştirilmesi, genetik çeşitliliğin korunması ve araştırma-eğitim desteklenmesi yer alır. Pazar geliştirme, CBS kullanımı ve iş birliği de önemlidir. Bu çözümlerle Türkiye'de daha sürdürülebilir bir arıcılık sektörü oluşturulabilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’deki arıcılık faaliyetlerini inceleyerek mevcut yapı ve sorunlara ilişkin çözüm önerileri ortaya koymaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

arı, sorunlar, besleme, kovan

Kaynakça

• Abi‐Akar, F., Schmolke, A., Roy, C., Galić, N., & Hinarejos, S. (2020). Simulating honey bee large‐scale colony feeding studies using the beehave model—part ii: analysis of overwintering outcomes. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 39(11), 2286-2297.
• Abou-Shaara, H. F. (2013). Using geographical information system (GIS) and satellite remote sensing for understanding the impacts of land cover on apiculture over time. International Journal of Remote Sensing Applications, 3(4), 171-174.
• Abou-Shaara, H. F. (2019). Geographical information system for beekeeping development. Journal of Apicultural Science, 63(1), 5-16.
• Adalet, B. (2022). Agricultural infrastructures: Land, race, and statecraft in Turkey. SAGE Publishing, 40(6), 975-993.
• Adanacioğlu, H., Kösoğlu, M., Pocol, C., Bay, V., & Topal, E. (2022). Economic analysis of honey bee colonies fed with different pollen diets before wintering. Anadolu Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 32(2), 217-227.
• Arien, Y., Dag, A., & Shafir, S. (2018). Omega-6:3 ratio more than absolute lipid level in diet affects associative learning in honey bees. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. Bammer, M., Benge, M., & Warner, L. (2022). Identifying and assessing needs of florida commercial beekeepers using nominal group technique. Journal of Agricultural Education, 63(1), 80-97.
• Cagirgan, A., Yildirim, Y., & Usta, A. (2020). Phylogenetic analysis of deformed wing virus, black queen cell virus and acute bee paralysis viruses in turkish honeybee colonies. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 76(08), 6437-2020.
• Cairns, S., Wratten, S., Filipiak, M., Veronesi, E., Saville, D., & Shields, M. (2021). Ratios rather than concentrations of nutritionally important elements may shape honey bee preferences for ‘dirty water’. Ecological Entomology, 46(5), 1236-1240.
• Cengiz, M. M., & Arslan, S. (2023). Türkiye'de Yetiştirilen Ana Arıların Fiziksel Kalite Kriterleri ve Türkiye Arıcılığı İçin Önemi. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 23(2), 296-306. Cengiz, M., Yazici, K., & Arslan, S. (2019). Yetiştirme kolonilerinde ek besleme yapmanın yumurta ve farklı yaştaki larvalardan yetiştirilen ana arıların (apis mellifera l.) üreme özellikleri üzerine etkisi. Kafkas Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi.
• Ceyhan, V., & Canan, S. (2017). Türkiye arıcılarının koloni yönetim sistemleri itibariyle ekonomik performansı. Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(4), 516-522. Chakrabarti, P., Lucas, H., & Sagili, R. (2020). Novel insights into dietary phytosterol utilization and its fate in honey bees (apis mellifera l.). Molecules, 25(3), 571. Crane, E. (1999). The world history of beekeeping and honey hunting (p. 682). London: Duckworth. ISBN: 978-0715628270.
• Çukur, T., & Çukur, F. (2019). A Research on the Determination of the Factors Affecting the Implementations of Agricultural Innovations by Beekeepers in Mugla Province, Turkey. Danihlík, J., Škrabišová, M., Lenobel, R., Šebela, M., Omar, E., Petřivalský, M., … & Brodschneider, R. (2018). Does the pollen diet influence the production and expression of antimicrobial peptides in individual honey bees?. Insects, 9(3), 79.
• Danner, N., Keller, A., Härtel, S., & Steffan‐Dewenter, I. (2017). Honey bee foraging ecology: season but not landscape diversity shapes the amount and diversity of collected pollen. Plos One, 12(8), e0183716.
• Dequenne, I., Foy, J., & Cani, P. (2022). Developing strategies to help bee colony resilience in changing environments. Animals, 12(23), 3396.
• Dias, J., Morais, M., Francoy, T., Pereira, R., Turcatto, A., & Jong, D. (2018). Fermentation of a pollen substitute diet with beebread microorganisms increases diet consumption and hemolymph protein levels of honey bees (hymenoptera, apidae). Sociobiology, 65(4), 760.
• Dufour, C., Fournier, V., & Giovenazzo, P. (2020). Diversity and nutritional value of pollen harvested by honey bee (hymenoptera: apidae) colonies during lowbush blueberry and cranberry (ericaceae) pollination. The Canadian Entomologist, 152(5), 622-645.
• Dumrul, Y., & Kılıçarslan, Z. (2020). Türkiye’nin uluslararası ticareti ve ekolojik ayak izi. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(3), 1589-1597. Grillo, O. (Ed.). (2011). Ecosystems Biodiversity. InTech. doi: 10.5772/913
• Gürbüz, S., Çakıcı, N., Mehmetoğlu, S., Atmaca, H., Demir, T., Apan, M., … & Güney, F. (2020). Physicochemical quality characteristics of southeastern anatolia honey, turkey. International Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 2020, 1-6.
• FAO, 2024. Crops and livestock products. Erişim Adresi: https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL Erişim Tarihi: 05.05.2024
• Hinton, J., Schouten, C., Stimpson, K., & Lloyd, D. (2021). Financial support services for beekeepers: a case study of development interventions in fiji's northern division. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies, 12(2), 304-319.
• Hu, Y. (2024). Effects of artificial sugar supplementation on the composition and nutritional potency of honey from apis cerana. Insects, 15(5), 344.
• İnanç, B. B. (2020). The Quality Specialities in Turkiye’s Honies for Apitherapy. Journal of Pharmacopuncture, 23(4), 194.
• Jones, J. and Rader, R. (2022). Pollinator nutrition and its role in merging the dual objectives of pollinator health and optimal crop production. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences, 377(1853).
• Kekeçoğlu, M. (2018). Morphometric divergence of anatolian honeybees through loss of original traits: a dangerous outcome of turkish apiculture. Sociobiology, 65(2), 232.
• Kolics, É., Sajtos, Z., Mátyás, K., Szepesi, K., Solti, I., Németh, G., … & Kolics, B. (2021). Changes in lithium levels in bees and their products following anti-varroa treatment. Insects, 12(7), 579.
• Kritsky, G. (2017). Beekeeping from antiquity through the middle ages. Annual Review of Entomology, 62, 249-264.
• Kükrer, M., Kence, M., & Kence, A. (2021). Honey bee diversity is swayed by migratory beekeeping and trade despite conservation practices: Genetic evidence for the impact of anthropogenic factors on population structure. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 9, 556816.
• Mayack, C., & Hakanoğlu, H. (2022). Honey bee pathogen prevalence and interactions within the Marmara region of Turkey. Veterinary Sciences, 9(10), 573.
• Mesbah, H., El-Sayed, N., Mourad, A., & Abdel-Razik, B. (2021). Controlling varroa destructor infesting honey bee apis mellifera using essential oils as diet supplements and as impregnated paper. Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology, 12(5), 381-387.
• Moreira, I., Barros, D., Lunardi, J., & Orsi, R. (2021). Effect of protein supplementation in the bee apis mellifera l. exposed to the agrochemical fipronil. Sociobiology, 68(3), e5830.
• Ogunjimi, S. I., Ajala, A. O., & Egbunonu, C. (2016). Assessing the Knowledge Level of Beekeepers on Improved Beekeeping Management Practices in Peri-Urban Areas of Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural & Food Information, 17(2-3), 162-173.
• Patenković, A., Tanasković, M., Erić, P., Erić, K., Mihajlović, M., Stanisavljević, L., … & Davidović, S. (2022). Urban ecosystem drives genetic diversity in feral honey bee. Scientific Reports, 12(1).
• Pocol, C. B., Šedík, P., Brumă, I. S., Amuza, A., & Chirsanova, A. (2021). Organic beekeeping practices in Romania: Status and perspectives towards a sustainable development. Agriculture, 11(4), 281.
• Qiao, J., Kong, L., Dong, J., Zhou, Z., & Zhang, H. (2020). Characteristic components and authenticity evaluation of rape, acacia, and linden honey. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 68(36), 9776-9788.
• Ricigliano, V. (2020). Microalgae as a promising and sustainable nutrition source for managed honey bees. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 104(1).
• Ricigliano, V., Williams, S., & Oliver, R. (2022). Effects of different artificial diets on commercial honey bee colony performance, health biomarkers, and gut microbiota. BMC Veterinary Research, 18(1).
• Sagona, S., Fronte, B., Coppola, F., Tafi, E., Giusti, M., Palego, L., … & Felicioli, A. (2021). Effect of honey and syrup diets enriched with 1,3-1,6 β-glucans on honeybee survival rate and phenoloxidase activity (apis mellifera l. 1758). Veterinary Sciences, 8(7), 130.
• Seven, İ., & Tatlı Seven, P. (2018). Teknik Arıcılıkta Kritik Bakım ve Besleme Uygulamaları. Firat Universitesi Saglik Bilimleri Veteriner Dergisi, 32(2).
• Sıralı, R., & Cınbırtoğlu, Ş. (2011). Bal arılarının tozlaşmadaki ve bitkisel üretimdeki önemi. Arıcılık Araştırma Dergisi, 10(1), 28-33.
• Şahin, A., Akdeniz, G., Sahin, P., & Alparslan, S. (2021). An online survey to determine breeding activities and main issues in turkey s beekeeping enterprises. Bee Studies- Apiculture Research Institute, 13(2), 63-72.
• Tafi, E. (2024). Effect of amino acid enriched diets on hemolymph amino acid composition in honey bees. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 115(1).
• Tosun, O., Bekircan, Ç., & Baki, H. (2020). The presence and distribution of nosemosis disease in turkey. Journal of Apitherapy and Nature, 2(2), 71-84.
• TÜİK, 2024. Arıcılık. Erişim Adresi: http:// https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=tarim-111&dil=1 Erişim Tarihi: 01.05.2024
• Underwood, R., Traver, B., & López‐Uribe, M. (2019). Beekeeping management practices are associated with operation size and beekeepers’ philosophy towards in-hive chemicals. Insects, 10(1), 10.
• Utkan, N. (2023). Molecular identification of microbial pathogens in honey bees from amasya. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 23(1), 93-104.
• Yaman, M., & Sağlam, T. (2023). Prevalence of Nosemosis and Varroosis in Honeybees (Apis mellifera L., 1758) in Bolu Region. Uluslararası Tarım ve Yaban Hayatı Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), 50-56.
• Vercelli, M., Novelli, S., Ferrazzi, P., Lentini, G., & Ferracini, C. (2021). A qualitative analysis of beekeepers’ perceptions and farm management adaptations to the impact of climate change on honey bees. Insects, 12(3), 228.
• Wynants, E., Wäckers, F., & Oystaeyen, A. (2022). Re‐evaluation of a method used to study nutritional effects on bumble bees. Ecological Entomology, 47(6), 959-966.
• Zerek, A., Yaman, M., & Dik, B. (2022). Prevalence of nosemosis in honey bees (Apis mellifera L., 1758) of the Hatay province in Turkey. Journal of Apicultural Research, 61(3), 368-374.