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İŞLETMELERİN ULUSLARARASILAŞMASINDA SİVİL TOPLUM KURULUŞLARININ ROLÜ

Yıl 2022, , 55 - 81, 28.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.55119/artuklu.1063437

Öz

Sivil toplum kuruluşları, işletme yazınında çok geniş bir çerçevede ele alınmaktadır. Gerek kavramsal, gerekse ampirik çalışmalarda farklı boyutlarda incelenen sivil toplum kuruluşları, uluslararası boyutta toplumsal yaşama değer katma adına farklı faaliyetlerde bulunmaktadır.
Yerel pazardan küresel alana kadar tüm pazar alanlarında yaptıkları faaliyetlere bakıldığında, işletmelerin gelişmesine de katkı sağlamaktadır. Özellikle bu katkı, dış pazarlara hizmet verme seçeneklerinin daha az olması, sınırlı kaynaklara sahip olmaları sebebiyle küçük ve orta ölçekli işletmeler için büyük fayda sağlamaktadır. Günümüzde büyümek için ulusal sınırların dışına çıkması gerektiğinin ve pazarın küreselleştiğinin farkında olan küçük ve orta ölçekli işletmeler, başarıya giden yolun küresel endüstri şartları hakkında bilgi sahibi olmak ve kendilerini bu şartlara göre hazırlamak olduğunu bilmektedir. Bu doğrultuda işletmelere yol göstererek başarılı olmalarına katkı sağlayacak olanlar yine sivil toplum kuruluşlarıdır. Bağımsız ve topluma hizmet etmek için gönüllü faaliyetlerde bulunan sivil toplum kuruluşları sahip oldukları güçle gerekli bilgiye ulaşan, sorunları çözme noktasında aktif olan kuruluşlardır.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, işletmelerin uluslararasılaşmasında sivil toplum kuruluşların rolüne ilişkin kavramsal bir çerçeve sunmaktır. Çalışmada, küçük ve orta ölçekli işletmelerin küresel endüstri şartlarına uygun hareket edebilmeleri için ihtiyaç duydukları bilgi elde etme, eğitim ve danışmanlık, iletişim ve güven temelli ağ bağlantıları oluşturma ile yenilikçilik üzerine STK’ların rolleri geniş bir çerçevede ele alınmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Mironov-Duret, G., Cîmpeanu, A.M., Mărgărıt, A. and Pîrju S.I. (2011). The Internationalization and Globalization of Business Mechanisms and Motivations. International Conference of Scientific Paper, Afases, Brasov, 26-28 May, ss.85-90.
  • Anderson, J.C., Håkansson, H. and Johanson, J. (1994). Dyadic Business Relationships Within a Business Network Context. Journal of Marketing, 58-October, 1-15.
  • Autio, E., Sapienza, H.J. and Almeida, J.G. (2000). Effects of Age at Entry, Knowledge Intensity, and Imitability on International Growth. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 909-924.
  • Bae, Y.J. (2003). Information Technology and the Empowerment of New Actors in International Relations. Journal of International and Area Studies, 10(2), 79-92.
  • Bennett, R.J. and Robson, P.J.A. (1999). The Use of External Business Advice by SMEs in Britain. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 11, 155-180.
  • Buckley, P.J. (2002). Is The International Business Research Agenda Running out of Steam? Journal of International Business Studies, 33(2), 365-373.
  • Cheng, H. and Joseph Yu, C. (2008). Institutional Pressures and Initiation of Internationalization: Evidence from Taiwanese Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises. International Business Review, 17, 331-348.
  • Chun, R. (2006). Innovation and Reputation: An Ethical Character Perspective, Innovation and Reputation, 15(1), 63-73.
  • Coviello, N. and Munro, H. (1997). Network Relationships and the Internationalisation Process of Small Software Firms. International Business Review, 6(4), 361-386.
  • Cuervo-Cazurra, A. (2011). Selecting the Country in Which to Start Internationalization: The Non-Sequential Internationalization Model. Journal of World Business, 46, 426-437.
  • Dahan, N.M., Doh, J.P., Oetzel, J. and Yazıjı, M. (2010) Corporate-NGO Collaboration: Co-creating New Business Models for Developing Markets. Long Range Planning, 43, 326-342.
  • Datta, D.K., Herrmann, P. and Rasheed, A.A. (2002). Choice of Foreign Market Entry Modes: Critical Review and Future Directions. Advances in International Management, 14, 85-153.
  • Delios, A., Gaur, A.S. and Makino, S. (2008). The Timing of International Expansion: Information, Rivalry and Imitation Among Japanese Firms, 1980–2002. Journal of Management Studies, 45(1), 169-195.
  • Eriksson, K. and Chetty, S. (2003). The Effect of Experience and Absorptive Capacity on Foreign Market Knowledge. International Business Review, 12, 673-695.
  • Eriksson, K.E., Johanson, J., Majkgård, A. and Sharma, D.D. (1997). Experiential Knowledge and Cost in the Internationalization Process. Journal of International Business Studies, 28(2), 2nd Qtr., 337-360.
  • Fletcher, M. and Harris, S. (2012). Knowledge Acquisition for the Internationalization of the Smaller Firm: Content and Sources. International Business Review, 21, 631-647.
  • Gilmore, A. and Carson, D. (1999). Entrepreneurial Marketing by Networking. New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, Fall, 2(2), 31-38.
  • Hailey, J. and Rick, J. (2004). Trees Die From the Top: International Perspectives on NGO Leadership Development. International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 15(4), 343-353.
  • Harris, S. and Wheeler, C. (2005). Entrepreneurs’ Relationships for Internationalization: Functions, Origins and Strategies. International Business Review, 14, 187-207.
  • Havila, V. Johanson, J. and Thilenius, P. (2004). International Business-Relationship Triads. International Marketing Review, 21(2), 172-186.
  • Hohenthal, J., Johanson, J. and Johanson, M. (2014). Network Knowledge and Business-Relationship Value in the Foreign Market. International Business Review, 23, 4–19.
  • Isett, K.R., Mergel, I.A., Leroux, K., Mischen P.A. and Rethemeyer, R.K. (2011), Networks in Public Administration SCholarship: Understanding Where We Are and Where We Need to Go. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 21, i157–i173.
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  • Johanson, J. and Vahlne, J-E. (1977). The Internationalization Process of the Firm—a Model of Knowledge Development and Increasing Foreign Market Commitments. Journal of International Business Studies, 8(1), 23-32.
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THE ROLE OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF BUSINESSES

Yıl 2022, , 55 - 81, 28.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.55119/artuklu.1063437

Öz

NGOs have discussed with a broader perspective in business management literature. Non-governmental organizations, which are examined in different dimensions in both conceptual and empirical studies, carry out different activities in order to add value to social life at the international level. When considering their activities in all market areas from the local market to the global arena, it also contributes to the development of businesses. In particular, this contribution is provide a great benefit to small and medium-sized businesses which have limited resources and have less options to serve foreign markets. In todays market place, because of the globalization, small and medium size companies are aware of that they must open up to foreign markets to grow. For this reason, these companies need to have information about the global industry conditions and adapt themselves to these conditions. In this direction, those who will guide businesses and contribute to their success are also non-governmental organizations. Non-governmental organizations, which are independent and carry out voluntary activities to serve the society, are organizations that reach the necessary information with the power they have and are active in solving problems.
The aim of this study is to present a conceptual framework regarding the role of non-governmental organizations in the internationalization of businesses. In the study, the roles of non-governmental organizations on obtaining information, training and consultancy, communication and creating trust-based network connections and innovation, which small and medium-sized enterprises for to act in accordance with global industry conditions, are discussed in a broad framework.

Kaynakça

  • Mironov-Duret, G., Cîmpeanu, A.M., Mărgărıt, A. and Pîrju S.I. (2011). The Internationalization and Globalization of Business Mechanisms and Motivations. International Conference of Scientific Paper, Afases, Brasov, 26-28 May, ss.85-90.
  • Anderson, J.C., Håkansson, H. and Johanson, J. (1994). Dyadic Business Relationships Within a Business Network Context. Journal of Marketing, 58-October, 1-15.
  • Autio, E., Sapienza, H.J. and Almeida, J.G. (2000). Effects of Age at Entry, Knowledge Intensity, and Imitability on International Growth. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 909-924.
  • Bae, Y.J. (2003). Information Technology and the Empowerment of New Actors in International Relations. Journal of International and Area Studies, 10(2), 79-92.
  • Bennett, R.J. and Robson, P.J.A. (1999). The Use of External Business Advice by SMEs in Britain. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 11, 155-180.
  • Buckley, P.J. (2002). Is The International Business Research Agenda Running out of Steam? Journal of International Business Studies, 33(2), 365-373.
  • Cheng, H. and Joseph Yu, C. (2008). Institutional Pressures and Initiation of Internationalization: Evidence from Taiwanese Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises. International Business Review, 17, 331-348.
  • Chun, R. (2006). Innovation and Reputation: An Ethical Character Perspective, Innovation and Reputation, 15(1), 63-73.
  • Coviello, N. and Munro, H. (1997). Network Relationships and the Internationalisation Process of Small Software Firms. International Business Review, 6(4), 361-386.
  • Cuervo-Cazurra, A. (2011). Selecting the Country in Which to Start Internationalization: The Non-Sequential Internationalization Model. Journal of World Business, 46, 426-437.
  • Dahan, N.M., Doh, J.P., Oetzel, J. and Yazıjı, M. (2010) Corporate-NGO Collaboration: Co-creating New Business Models for Developing Markets. Long Range Planning, 43, 326-342.
  • Datta, D.K., Herrmann, P. and Rasheed, A.A. (2002). Choice of Foreign Market Entry Modes: Critical Review and Future Directions. Advances in International Management, 14, 85-153.
  • Delios, A., Gaur, A.S. and Makino, S. (2008). The Timing of International Expansion: Information, Rivalry and Imitation Among Japanese Firms, 1980–2002. Journal of Management Studies, 45(1), 169-195.
  • Eriksson, K. and Chetty, S. (2003). The Effect of Experience and Absorptive Capacity on Foreign Market Knowledge. International Business Review, 12, 673-695.
  • Eriksson, K.E., Johanson, J., Majkgård, A. and Sharma, D.D. (1997). Experiential Knowledge and Cost in the Internationalization Process. Journal of International Business Studies, 28(2), 2nd Qtr., 337-360.
  • Fletcher, M. and Harris, S. (2012). Knowledge Acquisition for the Internationalization of the Smaller Firm: Content and Sources. International Business Review, 21, 631-647.
  • Gilmore, A. and Carson, D. (1999). Entrepreneurial Marketing by Networking. New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, Fall, 2(2), 31-38.
  • Hailey, J. and Rick, J. (2004). Trees Die From the Top: International Perspectives on NGO Leadership Development. International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 15(4), 343-353.
  • Harris, S. and Wheeler, C. (2005). Entrepreneurs’ Relationships for Internationalization: Functions, Origins and Strategies. International Business Review, 14, 187-207.
  • Havila, V. Johanson, J. and Thilenius, P. (2004). International Business-Relationship Triads. International Marketing Review, 21(2), 172-186.
  • Hohenthal, J., Johanson, J. and Johanson, M. (2014). Network Knowledge and Business-Relationship Value in the Foreign Market. International Business Review, 23, 4–19.
  • Isett, K.R., Mergel, I.A., Leroux, K., Mischen P.A. and Rethemeyer, R.K. (2011), Networks in Public Administration SCholarship: Understanding Where We Are and Where We Need to Go. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 21, i157–i173.
  • Johansen, M. and Leroux K. (2012). Managerial Networking in Nonprofit Organizations: The Impact of Networking on Organizational and Advocacy Effectiveness. Public Administration Review, 73, 355-363.
  • Johanson, J. and Vahlne, J-E. (1977). The Internationalization Process of the Firm—a Model of Knowledge Development and Increasing Foreign Market Commitments. Journal of International Business Studies, 8(1), 23-32.
  • Jonsson, S. and Lindbergh, J. (2010). The impact of institutional impediments and information and knowledge exchange on SMEs’ investments in international business relationships. International Business Review, 19, 548-561.
  • Kiss, A.N. and Danis, W.M. (2008). Country Institutional Context, Social Networks, and New Venture Internationalization Speed. European Management Journal, 26, 388-399.
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  • Janjuha-Jivraj, S., Martin, L. and Danko, A. (2012). Internationalization of a ‘Born-Again Global’: How a Family-Led Crisis Enabled the Realization of Internationalization Opportunities. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurhip, 25(2), 201-215.
  • Johanson, J. and Vahlne, J-E. (1990). The Mechanism of Internationalization. International Marketing Review, 7(4), 11-24.
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  • Lambell, R., Ramia, G., Nyland, C. and Michelotti, M. (2008). NGOs and International Business Research: Progress, Prospects and Problems. International Journal of Management Reviews, 10(1), 75-92.
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  • Shiva, M. and Roy, S. (2008). A Conceptual Model of Transformational Leadership, Organizational Culture and Organizational Effectiveness for NGOs in the Indian Context. The Icfaian Journal of Management Research, VII(4), 63-73.
  • Talat Arslan, N. (2004). Kar Amaçsız Örgütler ve Stratejik Yönetim. C.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Aralık, 28(2), 155-172.
  • Teegen, H., Doh, J.P. and Vachani, S. (2004). The Importance of Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) in Global Governance and Value Creation: An International Business Research Agenda. Journal of International Business Studies, 35(6), 463-483.
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  • Yıldırım, İ. (2004). Demokrasi Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları ve Yönetişim. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Bahl, M., Lahiri, S. and Mukherjee, D. (2021). Managing Internationalization and Innovation Tradeoffs in entrepreneurial, Firms: Evidence from Transition Economies. Journal of World Business, 56, 1-12.
  • Bai, W., Johanson, M., Oliveira, L. And Ratajczak-Mrozek, M. (2021). The Role of Business and Social Networks in the Effectual Internationalization: Insights from Emerging Market SMEs. Journal of Business Research, 129, 96-109.
  • Castaño, M-S., Méndez, M-T. and Galindo, M-A. (2016). Innovation, Internationalization and Business-Growth Expectations Among Entrepreneurs in the Services Sector. Journal of Business Research, 69, 1690-1695.
  • Galdino, K.M., Rezende, S.F.L. and Lamont, B.T. (2019). Market and Internationalization Knowledge in Entrepreneurial Internationalization Processes. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 25(7), 1580-1600.
  • Jeong, S.W., Jin, B.E: and Jung S. (2019). The Temporal Effects of Social and Business Networks on International Performance of South Korean SMEs. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logictics, 31(4), 1042-1057.
  • Kafouros, M.I., Buckley, P.J., Sharp, J.A. and Wang, C. (2008). The Role of Internationalization in Explaining Innovation Performance. Technovation, 28, 63-74.
  • Kazemi, A., Rousta, A. and Na’ami, A. (2021). Analyzing the Impact of Export Orientations on Export Performance Through Innovation and Internationalization: The Mediation-Moderation Model. Iranian Journal of Management Studies (IJMS), 14(4), 761-776.
  • Vasilchenko, E. and Morrish, S. (2011). The Role of Entrepreneurial Networks in the Exploration and Exploitation of Internationalization Opportunities by Information and Communication Technology Firms. Journal of International Marketing, 19(4), 88-105.
  • Vuorio, A. Torkkeli, L. and Sainio, L-M. (2020). Service, Innovation and Internationalization in SMEs: Antecedents and Profitability Outcomes. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 18, 92-123.
  • Williams, A. M. and Shaw, G. (2011). Internationalization and Innovation in Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(1), 27-51. Zonta, T.C. and Ama. M. (2018). Internationalization and Innovation: The Case of a Born Global from Brazil. Review of International Business, 13(1), 63-76.
  • Czinkota, M.R. and Ronkainen, I.A. (1993). International Marketing, Third Edition, Orlando, Florida: The Dryden Press, Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
  • Arabacı, A. (2008). STK’ların Uluslararası İşbirlikleri. A. Coşkun (Ed.), Sivil Toplum Kuruluşlarında Yönetim (s. 125-148) içinde. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Welch, L.S. and Luostarinen, R. (1988). Internationalization: Ecolution of a Concept. P.J.Buckley and P.N.Ghauri (Ed.), The Internationalization of the Firm: A Reader (s. 155-171) içinde. London: Academic Press.
  • Çavuşgil, S.T., Knight, G. and Riesenberger, J.R. (2008). International Business: Strategy, Management, and New Realities, New Jersey: Pearson.
  • Çotuksöken, B. (2003). Bilgi-Sivil Toplum-Sivil Toplum Kuruluşu İlişkisi. A. Çakmak (Ed.), Düşünen Sivil Toplum Felsefi Yaklaşımlar-Açılımlar. İstanbul: Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı Yayınları.
  • Doh, J.P. and Teegen, H. (2002). Nongovernmental Organizations as Institutional Actors in International Business: Theory and Implications. International Business Review, 11, 665-684.
  • Doh, J.P. and Teegen, H. (2003). Transforming Business, Government and Society. London: Praeger.
  • Hallèn, L. and Wiedersheim-Paul, F. (1993). Pschic Distance and Buyer-Seller Interaction. (P.J. Bckley and P.N. Ghauri (Ed.), The Internationalization of the Firm: A Reader (s. 291-302) içinde. London: Academic Press.
  • Kasımoğlu, M. (2003). Sivil Toplum Kuruluşlarında Bilginin Üretilme, Paylaşılma ve Erişim Biçimleri. A. Çakmak (Ed.), Düşünen Sivil Toplum Felsefi Yaklaşımlar. İstanbul: Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı Yayınları.
  • Öztürk, S.A. (2006). Küresel Sınırları Zorlamak Uluslararasılaşma Süreci ve Sınırları Zorlayan İşletmeler. Bursa: Ekin Kitabevi. Güder, N. (2004). Sivil Toplumcunun El Kitabı. Sivil Toplum Geliştirme Programı, Yerel Sivil Girişimler Projesi, Ankara.
  • Akdemir, A. (2008). Vizyon Yönetimi. Bursa: Ekin Basım Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Bozkurt, Ö. ve Ergun, T. (1998). Kamu Yönetimi Sözlüğü. S. Sezen (Ed.), No. 283, Ankara: T.O.D.A.İ.E. Yayını.
  • Mutlu, E.C. (2005). Uluslararası İşletmecilik, 2. Basakı, İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım A.Ş.
  • Uğur, A. (1997). Yeni Demokrasinin Yeni Aktörleri: STK’lar. T.Ulaş (Ed.), Merhaba Sivil Toplum. Helsinki Yurttaşlar Derneği Yayın Dizisi 10, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Ulaş, D. (2009). Küreselleşme Sürecinde Dışa Açılma Stratejileri, 1. Basım, Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • TUSEV. (2013). Anayasa Kamu-STK İlişkileri Gönüllülük Örgütlenme Özgürlüğü Van Depremi. Sivil Toplum İzleme Raporu, No.58, İstanbul: TUSEV Yayınları.
  • Prunello, J. (2013). The Role of TPOs in Promoting SMEs’ Exports. 1st Meeting of the COMCEC Trade Working Group Ankara, 20th June, Erişim Adresi: http://www.comcec.org/UserFiles/Files/WG/Trade/1/Prunello.pdf.
  • Forsman, M., Hinttu, S. and Kock, S. (2002). Internationalization From a SME Perspective. Working Paper, Department of Management and Organization, Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration. Erişim Adresi: http://impgroup.org/uploads/papers/529.pdf.
  • COMCEC. (2013). Promoting The SMEs Exports in The OIC Member Countries, COMCEC Coordination Office. June. Erişim Adresi: https://sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Promoting_the_SMEs_Exportsin_the_OIC_Member_States_2013%e2%80%8b.pdf.
  • Britton, B. (1998). The Learning NGO, International NGO Training and Research Centre. Occasional Papers Series No:17, Erişim Adresi: http://www.intrac.org/data /files/resources/381/OPS-17-The-Learning-NGO.pdf.
  • Clarke, G. (1998). Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Politics in the Developing World Political Studies. Political Studies, 46, 36-52.
  • Willets, P. (2002). What is Non-Governmental Organizations? UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems, Section 1 Institutional and Infrastructure Resource Issues, Article 1.44.3.7. Erişim Adresi:
  • http://www.ihrnetwork.org/files/3.%20What%20is%20an%20NGO.PDF.
  • World Bank. (1989). Involving Nongovernmental Organizations in World BankSupported Activities, Operational Directive 14.70 dated August 28, 1989, Erişim Adresi: http://www.gdrc.org/ngo/wb-ngo-directive.html.
Toplam 93 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İşletme
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hülya Uzun 0000-0003-4122-5014

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Mart 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Ocak 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA Uzun, H. (2022). İŞLETMELERİN ULUSLARARASILAŞMASINDA SİVİL TOPLUM KURULUŞLARININ ROLÜ. Artuklu Kaime Uluslararası İktisadi Ve İdari Araştırmalar Dergisi55-81. https://doi.org/10.55119/artuklu.1063437
AMA Uzun H. İŞLETMELERİN ULUSLARARASILAŞMASINDA SİVİL TOPLUM KURULUŞLARININ ROLÜ. Artuklu Kaime. Published online 01 Mart 2022:55-81. doi:10.55119/artuklu.1063437
Chicago Uzun, Hülya. “İŞLETMELERİN ULUSLARARASILAŞMASINDA SİVİL TOPLUM KURULUŞLARININ ROLÜ”. Artuklu Kaime Uluslararası İktisadi Ve İdari Araştırmalar Dergisi, Mart (Mart 2022), 55-81. https://doi.org/10.55119/artuklu.1063437.
EndNote Uzun H (01 Mart 2022) İŞLETMELERİN ULUSLARARASILAŞMASINDA SİVİL TOPLUM KURULUŞLARININ ROLÜ. Artuklu Kaime Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Araştırmalar Dergisi 55–81.
IEEE H. Uzun, “İŞLETMELERİN ULUSLARARASILAŞMASINDA SİVİL TOPLUM KURULUŞLARININ ROLÜ”, Artuklu Kaime, ss. 55–81, Mart 2022, doi: 10.55119/artuklu.1063437.
ISNAD Uzun, Hülya. “İŞLETMELERİN ULUSLARARASILAŞMASINDA SİVİL TOPLUM KURULUŞLARININ ROLÜ”. Artuklu Kaime Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Araştırmalar Dergisi. Mart 2022. 55-81. https://doi.org/10.55119/artuklu.1063437.
JAMA Uzun H. İŞLETMELERİN ULUSLARARASILAŞMASINDA SİVİL TOPLUM KURULUŞLARININ ROLÜ. Artuklu Kaime. 2022;:55–81.
MLA Uzun, Hülya. “İŞLETMELERİN ULUSLARARASILAŞMASINDA SİVİL TOPLUM KURULUŞLARININ ROLÜ”. Artuklu Kaime Uluslararası İktisadi Ve İdari Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2022, ss. 55-81, doi:10.55119/artuklu.1063437.
Vancouver Uzun H. İŞLETMELERİN ULUSLARARASILAŞMASINDA SİVİL TOPLUM KURULUŞLARININ ROLÜ. Artuklu Kaime. 2022:55-81.

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