Arm race between plant and ınsects: gall wasps and gall formation

Öz

Since the emergence of life on Earth, numerous different life forms have interacted with both each other and their environment and evolved over time. One of the most remarkable interactions is observed between plants and gall forming insects, where gall wasps (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) represent one of the most significant examples of adaptive radiation through inducing very complicated gall structures. For the formation of these extraordinary gall structures, herbivorous insects bypass the plant's defense barriers and reprogram the host genome, utilizing its resources for their own benefit. Through gall formation, a series of genes, molecules, metabolic pathways, and routes are utilized, starting from the initiation of cell proliferation to the formation of entirely new and extraordinary structures for the host. While there has been an increase in molecular studies in recent years, gall formation, molecular mechanisms, and evolutionary relationships within gall communities have not been completely understood yet. This review aims to provide a brief summary of gall formation based on oak gall wasps (Cynipidae, Cynipini), incorporating morphological and current molecular information.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Cynipidae
• effector molecule
• gall wasps
• gall communities
• omics

Bitki ve böcekler arasındaki bilek güreşi: gal oluşumu ve gal arıları

Öz

Dünyada yaşamın ilk ortaya çıkmasından bu yana pek çok farklı yaşam formu hem birbirleri ile hem de cansız çevre faktörleriyle etkileşim içinde bulunmuşlar ve evrimleşerek çeşitlenmişlerdir. Bu etkileşimler arasında en dikkat çekici olanlarından biri bitkiler ile gal oluşturan böcekler arasında görülür. Özellikle gal arıları (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) oldukça karmaşık gal yapıları ile adaptif radyasyonun en güzel örneklerinden birini sergiler. Sıra dışı bitki yapıları olan gallerin oluşabilmesi için herbivor böcek, bitkinin savunma bariyerlerini tek tek geçerek konak genomunu yeniden programlar ve onun öz kaynaklarını kendi lehine kullanır. Gal oluşum sürecinde hücre proliferasyonunun başlatılması sonrasında konak için tamamen yeni ve olağan dışı yapıların oluşumuna kadar bir dizi gen, molekül ve metabolik yol ve yolak kullanılır. Son yıllarda yapılan moleküler çalışmalarda artış olsa da gal oluşumu, moleküler mekanizmalar ve gal komünitelerindeki evrimsel ilişkiler henüz yeni yeni aydınlatılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu derleme çalışmasında gal oluşumu, meşe gal arıları (Cynipidae, Cynipini) temel alınarak morfolojik ve güncel moleküler bilgiler ışığında kısaca özetlenmeye çalışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Cynipidae
• efektör molekül
• Gal arıları
• Gal komünitesi
• Omiks

Kaynakça

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