A Preliminary Study on the Allelopathic Impact of Vigna radiata on Wheat Growth

Öz

Allelopathy is a natural mechanism that offers an environmentally friendly alternative to agrochemicals. While the allelopathic potential of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) on wheat production is recognized, its effect under field conditions has not been fully investigated. The primary objective of this preliminary study was to observe the allelopathic impact of Vigna radiata in different treatment forms on wheat growth and weed dynamics. The study was conducted in a small-scale, non-replicated experimental field over two years, utilizing two separate allelopathic sources. In the first year, fermented extract from Vigna radiata seeds was applied, and in the second year, fermented extract from pod husk was used. Wheat growth, yield, and weed emergence parameters were subsequently observed until the harvest period. Observations revealed that Vigna radiata treatments notably suppressed weed emergence. Regarding wheat yield, both treatments did not cause a negative effect compared to the control groups; in fact, the results for the 1000 grain weight parameter were superior to the control group. These findings indicate that allelochemicals from Vigna radiata possess potential for effective weed control. Despite the limitations of being a small scale, non-replicated study, the findings provide a crucial hypothetical foundation, demonstrating that Vigna radiata has a beneficial allelopathic potential for both weed management and yield quality. These preliminary observations provide a strong justification for future comprehensive, replicated, and controlled field trials necessary for low-input agricultural systems.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Allelopathy
• bio-herbicide
• mung bean
• rotation
• weed

Vigna radiata’nın Allelopatik Etkisinin Buğday Gelişimi Üzerine Ön Çalışma

Öz

Allelopati, tarım kimyasallarına çevre dostu bir alternatif sunan doğal bir mekanizmadır. Maş fasulyesinin (Vigna radiata L.) buğday üretimi üzerindeki allelopatik potansiyeli bilinmesine rağmen, tarla koşulları altındaki etkisi tam olarak araştırılmamıştır. Bu ön araştırma çalışmasının temel amacı, farklı uygulama formlarındaki Vigna radiata’nın buğday büyümesi ve yabancı ot dinamikleri üzerindeki allelopatik etkisini gözlemlemektir. Çalışma, iki yıl boyunca küçük ölçekli, tekrarlanmamış bir deneme alanında, iki ayrı allelopatik kaynak kullanılarak yürütülmüştür. Denemenin birinci yılında Vigna radiata tohumlarından, ikinci yılında ise bakla kabuğundan elde edilen fermente ekstraktlar uygulanmıştır. Buğday büyüme, verim ve yabancı ot çıkış parametreleri hasat dönemine kadar gözlemlenmiştir. Gözlemler, Vigna radiata uygulamalarının yabancı ot çıkışını önemli ölçüde baskıladığını ortaya koymuştur. Buğday verimi açısından Vigna radiata uygulamaları, kontrol gruplarına kıyasla olumsuz bir etki oluşturmamış; aksine, 1000 tane ağırlığı parametresinde kontrol grubundan daha üstün sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Bu bulgular, Vigna radiata’dan elde edilen allelokimyasalların yabancı ot kontrolünde etkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Küçük ölçekli ve tekrarlanmamış bir çalışma olmasının getirdiği sınırlamalara rağmen, bulgular Vigna radiata’nın hem yabancı ot yönetimi hem de verim kalitesi açısından faydalı bir allelopatik potansiyele sahip olduğunu gösteren önemli bir hipotez temeli sunmaktadır. Bu ön araştırma gözlemleri, düşük girdili tarım sistemleri için gerekli olan kapsamlı, tekrarlanmış ve kontrollü tarla denemeleri için güçlü bir gerekçe oluşturmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Allelopati
• Bio herbisit
• Maş Fasulyesi
• Rotasyon
• Yabancı ot

Kaynakça

1. Arulnathan, N., Murugan, M., & Balakrishnan, V. (2013). Proximate principles, Fibre fraction and Mineral content of Black gram husk (Vigna mungo). International Journal of Livestock Research, 3(3), 24-30. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/N-Arulnathan-2/publication/346521108
2. Aslam, F., Khaliq, A., Matloob, A., Tanveer, A., Hussain, S., & Zahir, Z.A. (2017). Allelopathy in agro-ecosystems: a critical review of wheat allelopathy-concepts and implications. Chemoecology, 27(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00049-016-0225-x
3. Azirak, S., & Karaman, S. (2008). Allelopathic effect of some essential oils and components on germination of weed species. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B-Soil and Plant Science, 58(1), 88-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/09064710701228353
4. Basha, S.A., & Rao, U.P. (2017). Bioactivities of fractions obtained from green gram (Vigna radiata) milled by-products. Food Bioscience, 19, 134-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2017.07.004
5. Birkett, M.A., Chamberlain, K., Hooper, A.M., & Pickett, J.A. (2001). Does allelopathy offer real promise for practical weed management and for explaining rhizosphere interactions involving higher plants?. Plant and Soil, 232(1), 31-39. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010325801256
6. Cheema, Z.A., Farooq, M., Khaliq, A., & Haider, G. (2012). Allelopathy for weed management in wheat. Pakistan Journal of Weed Science Research, 2012, 18(Special Issue), 741-747.
7. Cheng, F., & Cheng, Z. (2015). Research progress on the use of plant allelopathy in agriculture and the physiological and ecological mechanisms of allelopathy. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6, 1020. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.01020
8. Dayan, F.E. (2006). Factors modulating the levels of the allelochemical sorgoleone in Sorghum bicolor. Planta, 224(2), 339-346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-005-0217-5

9. Farooq, M., Jabran, K., Cheema, Z.A., Wahid, A., & Siddique, K.H.M. (2011). The role of allelopathy in agricultural pest management. Pest Management Science, 67(5), 493-506. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.2091
10. Gerami, F., Aynehband, A., & Fateh, E. (2012). Weed suppression in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by legume and non-legume green manures along with different N fertilizer levels. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 4(9), 556-560.
11. Jabran, K., Mahajan, G., Sardana, V., & Chauhan, B.S. (2015). Allelopathy for weed control in agricultural systems. Crop Protection, 72, 57-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2015.03.004
12. Krishnappa, N.P., Basha, S.A., Negi, P.S., & Prasada Rao, U.J. (2017). Phenolic acid composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of green gram (Vigna radiata) exudate, husk, and germinated seed of different stages. Journal of Food Processing And Preservation, 41(6), e13273. https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpp.13273
13. Latif, S., Chiapusio, G., & Weston, L.A. (2017). Allelopathy and the role of allelochemicals in plant defence. In Advances in Botanical Research, 82, 19-54. Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.abr.2016.12.001
14. Lertmongkol, S., Sarobol, E., & Premasthira, C.U. (2011). Allelopathic effects of mungbean (Vigna radiata) on subsequent crops. Agriculture and Natural Resources, 45(5), 773-779.
15. Li, J., Chen, L., Chen, Q., Miao, Y., Peng, Z., Huang, B., & Du, H. (2021). Allelopathic effect of Artemisia argyi on the germination and growth of various weeds. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 4303. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83752-6
16. Macías, F.A., Molinillo, J.M., Varela, R.M., & Galindo, J.C. (2007). Allelopathy-a natural alternative for weed control. Pest Management Science: Formerly Pesticide Science, 63(4), 327-348. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.1342
17. Mehandi, S., Quatadah, S.M., Mishra, S.P., Singh, I.P., Praveen, N., & Dwivedi, N. (2019). Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. wilczek): retrospect and prospects. In Legume crops-characterization and breeding for improved food security. IntechOpen.https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85657
18. Motalebnejad, M., Karimmojeni, H., Majidi, M.M., & Mastinu, A. (2023). Allelopathic effect of aqueous extracts of grass genotypes on Eruca sativa L. Plants, 12(19), 3358. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12193358
19. Möhler, H., Diekötter, T., Herrmann, J.D., & Donath, T.W. (2018). Allelopathic vs. autotoxic potential of a grassland weed-evidence from a seed germination experiment. Plant Ecology & Diversity, 11(4), 539-549. https://doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2018.1541487
20. Mushtaq, W., Siddiqui, M.B., & Hakeem, K.R. (2020). Allelopathy. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40807-7
21. Naeem, M., Cheema, Z.A., Ihsan, M.Z., Hussain, Y., Mazari, A., & Abbas, H.T. (2018). Allelopathic effects of different plant water extracts on yield and weeds of wheat. Planta Daninha, 36, e018177840.https://doi.org/10.1590/S010083582018360100094
22. Nakka, S., Jugulam, M., Peterson, D., & Asif, M. (2019). Herbicide resistance: Development of wheat production systems and current status of resistant weeds in wheat cropping systems. The Crop Journal, 7(6), 750-760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2019.09.004
23. Narwal, S.S. (2006). Allelopathy in ecological sustainable agriculture. In: Reigosa, M., Pedrol, N., González, L. (eds). In Allelopathy: a physiological process with ecological implications Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. 537-564. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4280-9_24
24. Ofosu, R., Agyemang, E.D., Márton, A., Pásztor, G., Taller, J., & Kazinczi, G. (2023). Herbicide resistance: managing weeds in a changing world. Agronomy, 13(6), 1595. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13061595
25. Pätzold, S., Hbirkou, C., Dicke, D., Gerhards, R., & Welp, G. (2020). Linking weed patterns with soil properties: a long-term case study. Precision Agriculture, 21(3), 569-588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-019-09682-6
26. Putnam, A.R., & DeFrank, J. (1983). Use of phytotoxic plant residues for selective weed control. Crop Protection, 2 (2), 173-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(83)90042-X
27. Rice, E.L. (1984). Allelopathy. Academic Press, Inc. (London) Ltd. ISBN: 0-12-587055-8.
28. Scavo, A., & Mauromicale, G. (2021). Crop allelopathy for sustainable weed management in agroecosystems: knowing the present with a view to the future. Agronomy, 11 (11), 2104. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11112104
29. Sharma, K., & Sharma, P.K. (2025). Wheat as a nutritional powerhouse: Shaping global food security. In Triticum-the pillar of global food security. IntechOpen, 215. https://doi.org /10.5772/intechopen.1009499
30. Savić, A., Popović, A., Đurović, S., Pisinov, B., Ugrinović, M., & Todorović, M.J. (2025). A framework for understanding crop–weed competition in agroecosystems. Agronomy, 15 (10), 2366. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15102366
31. Subramanyam, D., Srinivasulu, D., Sumathi, V., & Sajitha, K. (2013). Plant origin herbicides: chemistry, mode of action and weed management. International Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 9(1), 413-422.
32. Ulukan, H. (2024). Wheat production trends and research priorities: A global perspective. In advances in wheat breeding: towards climate resilience and nutrient security. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9478-6_1
33. Waller, G.R., Cheng, C.S., Chou, C.H., Kim, D., Yang, C.F., Huang, S.C., & Lin, Y.F. (1995). Allelopathic activity of naturally occurring compounds from mung beans (Vigna radiata) and their surrounding soil. Allelopathy. American Chemical Society. 242-257. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1995-0582.ch018
34. Yildirim, M., Barutcular, C., Koc, M., Dizlek, H., Hossain, A., Islam, M.S., & Sabagh, A.E. (2018). Assessment of the grain quality of wheat genotypes grown under multiple environments using GGE biplot analysis. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27(7), 4830-4837.