Diseases and Pests Observed in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: A Review on Causal Agents, Impacts and Integrated Management Approaches

Öz

Medicinal and aromatic plants constitute an important source of raw materials for the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries due to their rich secondary metabolite content. However, diseases and pests encountered during the cultivation of these plants may lead not only to yield losses but also to reductions in essential oil yield and the quantity and quality of active compounds, thereby directly affecting product value. The aim of this review is to evaluate the major fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases, as well as sucking insect pests and invasive species commonly observed in medicinal and aromatic plants, and to examine their effects on plant growth and product quality. In addition, cultural, biological, botanical, and chemical control methods are discussed within the framework of integrated pest management (IPM). The reviewed literature indicates that fungal pathogens and sucking pests represent the most prevalent biotic stress factors affecting medicinal and aromatic plants. Furthermore, biological and plant-based control strategies are highlighted as promising approaches for reducing pesticide residue risks and supporting sustainable production systems.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biological control
• Integrated management
• Diseases
• Pests
• Medicinal and aromatic plants

Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkilerde Hastalık Etmenleri ve Zararlılar: Etkileri ve Sürdürülebilir Mücadele Yaklaşımları

Öz

Tıbbi ve aromatik bitkiler, içerdiği sekonder metabolitler nedeniyle farmasötik, gıda ve kozmetik endüstrileri için önemli bir hammadde kaynağıdır. Bu bitkilerin üretiminde karşılaşılan hastalıklar ve zararlılar, yalnızca verim kaybına değil, aynı zamanda uçucu yağ verimi ile etkin madde miktarı ve kalitesinde azalmaya yol açarak ürün değerini doğrudan etkileyebilmektedir. Bu derleme çalışmasının amacı, tıbbi ve aromatik bitkilerde yaygın olarak görülen fungal, bakteriyel ve viral hastalıklar ile emici–sokucu böcekler ve invaziv zararlıları değerlendirmek ve bu etmenlerin bitki gelişimi ile ürün kalitesi üzerindeki etkilerini ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmada ayrıca kültürel, biyolojik, bitkisel kökenli ve kimyasal mücadele yöntemleri entegre zararlı yönetimi (IPM) yaklaşımı kapsamında ele alınmıştır. Literatür bulguları, özellikle fungal patojenler ile emici–sokucu zararlıların tıbbi ve aromatik bitkilerde en yaygın biyotik stres etmenleri olduğunu göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte, biyolojik ve bitkisel temelli mücadele yöntemlerinin kalıntı riskini azaltması ve sürdürülebilir üretimi desteklemesi açısından önemli bir potansiyel sunduğu vurgulanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biyolojik mücadele
• Entegre yönetim
• Hastalıklar
• Zararlılar
• Tıbbi ve aromatik bitkiler

Kaynakça

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