CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE OF CELLULOSE

Öz

Cellulose has long–chain glucose molecules and crystalline structure. Cellulose differ from hemicellulose and lignin located in plants cell wall because of these properties. Crystalline structure of
cellulose depends on biological origin. Crystalline structure of cellulose has important role on physical, mechanical and chemical properties of cellulose fibres. Crystalline structure can be changed by chemical treatments in methods of cellulose isolation in plants. In this study, crystalline structure of cellulose was investigated. Studies on this subject so far were examined.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• -

SELÜLOZUN KRİSTAL YAPISI

Öz

Selüloz bitkisel hücre bünyesinde birlikte bulunduğu diğer bileşenlerden (hemiselüloz ve lignin) uzun zincir molekülüne ve kristal yapıya sahip olmasıyla belirgin bir şekilde ayrılmaktadır. Selülozun sahip olduğu kristal yapı özellikleri elde edildiği orijine bağlı olmakla birlikte, liflerin fiziksel, mekaniksel ve kimyasal özellikleri üzerinde belirleyici bir role  sahiptir.  Selülozun kristal yapısı sadece orijinine bağlı olarak değil izole edilmesinde kullanılan kimyasal işlemlere de  bağlı olarak değişebilmektedir. Selülozun kristal yapısı onu hammadde olarak kullanan bir çok endüstri kolu için önemli bir özelliktir. Bu çalışmada
selülozun kristal yapısı ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmış ve bu konu üzerine yapılan  çalışmalar ortaya konulmuştur. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Selüloz, kristal yapı, X-ışını, kristalit, kağıt hamuru

Kaynakça

1. Fengel, D., Wegener, G., Wood Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions, Walter De Gruyter Co., New York, 1989.
2. Bostancı, Ş., Kağıt Hamuru Üretimi ve Ağartma Teknolojisi Ders Notlatrı, K.Ü. Basımevi, Genel Yayın No: 114, Fakülte Yayın No: 13, Trabzon, 1987.
3. Ekman, K., Eklund, U., Fora, J., Huttunen , J.I., Selın, J.F., Turunen, O.T., Cellulose Carmate, In Cellulose Structure, Modification and Hydrolisis, Edited by Raymond A. Young and Roger M. Rowell, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, 1986.
4. Shenouda, S.G., The Structure of Cellulose , In Applied Fibre Science, Vol. 3 , Edited by F. Happey, Academic Press, London, 1979.
5. Hafızoğlu, H., Orman Ürünleri Kimyası Ders Notları, Cilt 1, Odun Kimyası, K.Ü Orman Fakültesi Yayın No: 52, K.Ü. Basımevi, Trabzon, 1982.
6. Sarko, A., Recent X-ray Crystallographic Studies of Cellulose, In Cellulose Structure, Modification and Hydrolisis, Edited by Raymond A. Young and Roger M. Rowell, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, 1986.
7. Sjöström, E., Wood Chemistry Foundamentals and Aplications, Academic Press,Orlando, Florida, 1981.
8. Isogai, A., Hsuda, M., Kato, T., Urgu, T., Atalla, R.H., Solid State CP/MAS, 13C NMR Study of Cellulose Polymorhs, Macromolecules, 24 (1989) 220-225.

9. Nishimura, H., Sarko, A., Mercerization of Cellulose IV. Mechanism of Mercerization and Crystallite size, Journal of Applied Polymer Science ., 33 (1987) 867-874.
10. Kim, N.H., Sugiyama, J., Okano, T., The Behaviour of Cellulose Fibers in The Early Stage of Alkali Swelling, Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 35 (5) (1989) 387-391.
11. Bengt , R., Morphology of Native Cellulose Related to The Biological Synthesis, Cellulose Chemistry and Technology 31 (1997) 3-16.
12. Wada, M., Okano, T., Sugiyama, J., Horii, F., Characrterization of Tension and Normally Lignified Wood Cellulose in Populus maximowiczii, Cellulose, 2 (1995) 223-233.
13. Hirai, A., Tsugi, M., Yamamoto, H., Horii, F., In situ Crystallization of Bacterial Cellulose III. Influences of Different Polymeric Additives on Formation of Microfibrils as Revealed by Transmission Electron Microscopy, Cellulose, 5 (1998) 201-213.
14. Koyama, M., Sugiyama, J., Idoh, T., Systematic Survey on Crystalline Features of Algal Cellulose, Cellulose, 4 (1997) 147-160.
15. Wada, M., Sugiyama, J., Okano, T., Two Crystalline Phase ( Iα/Iβ) System of Native Cellulose in Relation Plant Phylogenesis, Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 41 (2) (1995) 186-192.
16. Koyama, M., Helbert, W., Imai, T., Sugiyama, J., Henrissat, B., Parallel-up Structure Evidences The Molecular Directioanally During Biosynthesis of Bacterial Cellulose, Proc. Natl. Acad Sci., 94 (1997) 9091-9095.
17. Baker, A.A., Helbert, W., Sugiyama, J., Miles, M.J., High-Resolution Atomic Force Microscopy of Native Valonia Cellulose I Microcrystals, Journal of Structure Biology, 119 (1997) 129-138.
18. Imai, T., Sugiyama, J., Nanodomains of Iα and Iβ Cellulose in Algal Microfibrils, Macromolecules, 31 (1998) 6275-6279.
19. Okamoto, T., Sugiyama, J., Itoh, T., Structural Diversity of Ascidian Crystalline Cellulose, Wood Research, 83 (1996) 27-29.
20. Imai, T., Sugiyama,J., Itoh T., Structure Determination of Cellulose Microfibrils in Cell Wall of Cladophora, Wood Research 84 (1997) 28-30.
21. Helbert, W., Sugiyama, J., Ishihara, M., Yamanoko, S., Characterization of Native Cellulose in Cell Walls of Oomiycota , Journal of Biotechnology, 57 (1997) 29-37.
22. Focher, B., Palma, M.T., Canetti, M., Torri, G., Cosentinos, C., Gastaldi, G., Structural Differnces Between Non-wood Plant Celluloses Evidence From Solid State NMR, Vibrational Spectroscopy and X-ray Diffractometry, Industrial Crops and Products,13 (2001) 193-208
23. Adachi, H., Sugiyama, J., Kondo, Y., Okano, T., The Difference of Cellulose Crystal Between Softwoods and Hardwoods, Sen-i Gakkaishi , 47 (1991) 580-584.
24. Wada, M., Sugiyama, J., Okano, T., The Monoclinic Phase is Dominanat in Wood Cellulose, Mokuzai Gakkishi, 40 (1994) 50-56.
25. Ahtee, M., Hattula, T., Mangs, J., Paakari, T., An X-ray Diffraction Method for Determination of Crystallinity in Wood Pulp, Paperi ja Puu, 65 (1983) 475-480.
26. Wlochowicz, A., Sarna, E., Parameter Evaluation of Turkish Cotton Versus Its Maturity Degre, Fibres and Textiles, (1996) 86-89.
27. Awadel-Karim, S., Nazhad, M.M., Pazsner, L., Factors Affecting Crystalline Structure of Cellulose During Solvent Purification Treatment, Holzforschung, 53 (1999) 1-8.
28. Nishimura, H., Sarko, A., Mercerization of Cellulose. III. Changes of in Crystallite Size, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 33 (1987) 855-866.
29. Nishimura, H., Sarko, A., Mercerization of Cellulose. IV. Mechanism of Mercerization and Crystallite Sizes, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 33 (1987) 867-874.