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EVRENSEL YARGININ SAVAŞ SUÇLARINA UYGULANMASININ BAZI HUKUKİ YÖNLERİ

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 356 - 383, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.47136/asbuhfd.877916

Öz

Savaş suçları üzerinde evrensel yargı yetkisinin uygulanması bir dizi soruya yanıt gerektirir: Uluslararası hukuka göre hangi suçlar savaş suçu olarak kabul edilir? Savaş suçları üzerinde evrensel yargı yetkisinin uygulanması konusunda fikir birliği var mı? Savaş suçlarının evrensel yargı yetkisi altında kovuşturulması bir devletin hakkı mı yoksa görevi midir? Savaş suçları üzerindeki evrensel yargı yetkisinin uygulanması forum devletiyle herhangi bir bağlantı gerektiriyor mu? Devlet yetkilileri savaş suçları nedeniyle yabancı devletler tarafından evrensel yargı yetkisi altında yargılanmaktan muaf tutuluyor mu? Evrensel yargı yetkisinin uygulanmasının makul olup olmadığına karar verirken hangi değer daha ağır basmalıdır - savaş suçu faillerinin cezasızlığını önlemek veya yabancı devletlerle istikrarlı ve güvenli uluslararası ilişkiler sağlamak? Uluslararası suçlarla mücadelede evrensellik ilkesinin daha fazla etkinliğini sağlamak için ne tür önlemler alınmalıdır?
Bu sorular başlıca sorulardır, ancak kapsamlı değildir ve cevaplar hem teorik hem de pratik öneme sahiptir. Bu makalede uluslararası hukukun ilgili normlarını, uluslararası mahkemelerin kararlarını, devletlerin mevzuatı ve içtihatlarını, ve ayrıca yasal doktrini analiz ederek bu sorulara cevap bulmaya çalışacağız. Makalede önemli bir yer evrensel yargı yetkisinin uygulanmasına ilişkin sınırlamalara ve bu sınırlamaların mevcut ilkenin gelecekteki perspektifini nasıl etkileyebileceği ile ilişkin sorulara ayrılmıştır.
Makalede evrensellik ilkesinin uygulanmasındaki daha fazla sınırlamanın onun hukuki bir kavram olarak anlamını yitirmesine yol açabileceği ve bu alanda tek bir sözleşmenin kabul edilmesinin bu ilkenin uluslararası suçlarla mücadeledeki önemli rolünü korumanın olası bir yolu olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Bantekas, Ilias and Nash, Susan. International Criminal Law. Second Edition. London: Cavendish Publishing Limited, 2003.
  • Barker, J. Craig. “The Future of Former Head of State Immunity after ex parte Pinochet.” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 48, (1999): 937-948.
  • Brown, Bartram. “The Evolving Concept of Universal Jurisdiction (Symposium).” 35 New England Law Review 383, (2001): 383-397.
  • Bassiouni, M. Cherif. “Universal Jurisdiction for International Crimes: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Practice.” Virginia Journal of International Law 42, (2001): 81-162.
  • Bianchi, Andrea. “Immunity versus Human Rights: The Pinochet Case.” European Journal of International Law 10, (1999): 237-277.
  • Blishchenko, Igor P. International Humanitarian Law. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1989.
  • Brody, Reed and Ratner, Michael. The Pinochet Papers: The Case of Augusto Pinochet in Spain and Britain. The Hague, London, Boston: Kluwer Law International, 2000.
  • Cassese, Antonio. International Criminal Law. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  • Colangelo, J. Anthony. “The Legal Limits of Universal Jurisdiction.” Virginia Journal of International Law 47, (2006): 149-198.
  • Joyner, Christopher C. “Arresting Impunity: The Case for Universal Jurisdiction in Bringing War Criminals to Accountability.” Law and Contemporary Problems 59, (1996): 153-172.
  • Blakesley, Christopher L. “United States Jurisdiction over Extraterritorial Crime.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 73, no. 3 (1982): 1109-1163.
  • Grover, C. Sonja. The European Court of Human Rights as a Pathway to Impunity for International Crimes. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2010.
  • Hovel, D. “The Authority of Universal Jurisdiction.” The European Journal of International Law 29, no: 2 (2018): 427-456.
  • International Criminal Law, Volume 3: International Enforcement. Third Edition. Editied by M. Cherif Bassiouni. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff (2008).
  • Garrod, Matthew. “The Protective Principle of Jurisdiction over War Crimes and the Hollow Concept of Universality.” International Criminal Law Review 12, (2012): 763-826.
  • Rabinovitch, Ryan. “Universal Jurisdiction in Absentia.” Fordham International Law Journal, 28, no: 2 (2004): 500-530.
  • Reydams, Luc. Universal Jurisdiction: International and Municipal Legal Perspectives. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  • Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes under International Law. Edited by Stephen Mecedo. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.
  • Cowles, Willard, B. “Universality of Jurisdiction Over War Crimes.” California Law Review 33, (1945): 177-218.
  • “Act to introduce the Code of Crimes Against International Law of 26 June 2002.” Last modified January 11, 2021. https://www.refworld.org/docid/4374af404.html.
  • “Case Concerning the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of Congo v. Belgium), International Court of Justice.” Last modified January 14, 2020. https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/121/121-20020214-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf.
  • “Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field.” Geneva, 12 August 1949. Commentary of 1952. Last modified January 11, 2020. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Comment.xsp?action=openDocument& documentId=F2D40BED87D146D1C12563CD0042232B.
  • “Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field.” Geneva, 12 August 1949. Commentary of 2016. Article 49: Penal Sanctions. Last modified April 30, 2021. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Comment.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=3ED0B7D33BF425F3C1257F7D00589C84.
  • “Cour d’appel de Bruxelles, Chambre des mises en accusation.” Sharon & Yaron. 26 Juin 2002. Last modified January 17, 2021. https://competenceuniverselle.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/arret-26-juin-2002-apercu.pdf.
  • “Cour de Cassation, Chambre criminelle, Arrêt 26 Mars 1996 (Javor). Bulletin criminel, 1996, No: 132.” Last modified January 17, 2021. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/juri/id/JURITEXT000007068336.
  • “Criminal Code of Austria.” Last modified December 28, 2020. https://policehumanrightsresources.org/content/uploads/2016/08/Criminal-Code-Austria-1998.pdf?x96812.
  • “Criminal Code of Germany.” Last modified January 11, 2020. https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stgb/englisch_stgb.html.
  • “Draft Code of Crimes Against the Peace And Security of Mankind.” Last modified January 21, 2020. https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/7_4_1996.pdf.
  • “Case of Naït-Liman v. Switzerland.” European Court of Human Rights. Grand Chamber. Application no. 51357/07. Judgement, 15 March 2018. Last modified April 14, 2021. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22fulltext%22:[%22\%22CASE%20OF%20JORGIC%20v.%20GERMANY\%22%22],%22sort%22:[%22kpdate%20Descending%22],%22languageisocode%22:[%22ENG%22],%22documentcollectionid2%22:[%22JUDGMENTS%22],%22itemid%22:[%22001-81608%22]}.
  • “Gaddafi case.” General Prosecutor at the Court of Appeal of Paris. Appeal judgment. Appeal No 00-87215, Decision No 64, (2001) 125 ILR 490, (2001) RGDIP 474, ILDC 774 (FR 2001). 13th March 2001. France; Court of Cassation [Cass]; Criminal Division. Last modified January 22, 2021. https://www.lumsa.it/sites/default/files/UTENTI/u831/OPL_%20Gaddafi%20case%2C%20General%20Prosecutor%20at%20the%20Court%20of%20Appeal%20of%20Paris%2C%20Appeal%20judgment%2C%20Appeal%20No%2000.pdf.
  • “Human Rights in Palestine and Other Occupied Arab Territories.” Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict. 15 September 2009. Last modified January 17, 2021. https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/12session/A-HRC-12-48.pdf.
  • “Human Rights Watch, Belgium: Questions and Answers on the “Anti-Atrocity” Law.” Last modified January 21, 2021. https://www.hrw.org/legacy/campaigns/icc/belgium-qna.
  • “Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals.” Selected and Prepared by the United Nations War Crimes Commission. English Edition. Volume I, 1947. Last modified April 26, 2021. http://www.unwcc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Law-Reports-Volume-1.pdf.
  • “Loi n° 95-1 du 2 janvier 1995 portant adaptation de la législation française aux dispositions de la résolution 827 du Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies instituant un tribunal international en vue de juger les personnes présumées responsables de violations graves du droit international humanitaire commises sur le territoire de l'ex-Yougoslavie depuis 1991.” Last modified January 21, 2021. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000532676/.
  • Princeton University Program in Law and Public Affairs. “The Princeton Principles on Universal Jurisdiction 28 (2001).” Last modified January 28, 2021. http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/princeton.html.
  • “Novislav Djajic case, Bavarian Higher Regional Court, 23 May 1997.” Last modified January 21, 2020, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/caseLaw.xsp?documentId=3EA892A1FB670B46412565FC00394EA5&action=openDocument&xp_countrySelected=DE&xp_topicSelected=GVAL-992BU6&from=state.
  • “Permanent Mission of Spain to the United Nations.” dated 29 April 2003. Last modified January 14, 2020. https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/68/UnivJur/Spain_E.pdf.
  • “Tadic case, Federal Court of Justice, 13 February 1994.” Last modified January 28, 2021. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/caseLaw.xsp?documentId=5171ADA8D4AD66AE412566080038787C&action=openDocument&xp_countrySelected=DE&xp_topicSelected=GVAL-992BU6&from=state.
  • “Universal Jurisdiction and Absence of Immunity for Crimes against Humanity.” Amnesty International. 1 January 1999. Last modified January 22, 2020. https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/148000/eur450011999en.pdf.
  • “Universal Jurisdiction. A Preliminary Survey of Legislation Around the World - 2012 Update.” London: Amnesty International Publications, October 2012. Last modified January 17, 2021. https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/24000/ior530192012en.pdf.

SOME LEGAL ASPECTS OF APPLICATION OF UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION OVER WAR CRIMES

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 356 - 383, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.47136/asbuhfd.877916

Öz

The application of universal jurisdiction over war crimes requires responses to a number of questions: Which crimes under international law are considered war crimes? Is there consensus regarding the application of universal jurisdiction over war crimes? Is the prosecution of war crimes under universal jurisdiction the right or the duty of a state? Does the application of universal jurisdiction over war crimes require any connection to the forum state? Do the state officials enjoy immunities from being prosecuted by foreign states under universal jurisdiction for war crimes? Which value should outweigh in deciding of reasonableness of application of universal jurisdiction – to prevent the impunity of the perpetrators of war crimes or to ensure stable and secure international relations with the foreign states? What measures should be taken to ensure further efficiency of universality principle in combatting international crimes?
These questions are the major ones, but not exhaustive and the answers to them have both theoretical and practical importance. In this article we will try to find answers to those questions analyzing the relevant norms of international law, the decisions of the international courts, the legislation and case-law of the states, as well as the legal doctrine. Significant place in the article is allocated to the questions related to the limitations on application of universal jurisdiction and how these limitations could affect the future perspective of this principle.
Findings reached in the article are that further limitations on application of universality principle can lead to loss of its meaning as a legal concept and adoption of a single convention in this field is the possible way out to preserve the important role of this principle in fighting international crimes.

Kaynakça

  • Bantekas, Ilias and Nash, Susan. International Criminal Law. Second Edition. London: Cavendish Publishing Limited, 2003.
  • Barker, J. Craig. “The Future of Former Head of State Immunity after ex parte Pinochet.” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 48, (1999): 937-948.
  • Brown, Bartram. “The Evolving Concept of Universal Jurisdiction (Symposium).” 35 New England Law Review 383, (2001): 383-397.
  • Bassiouni, M. Cherif. “Universal Jurisdiction for International Crimes: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Practice.” Virginia Journal of International Law 42, (2001): 81-162.
  • Bianchi, Andrea. “Immunity versus Human Rights: The Pinochet Case.” European Journal of International Law 10, (1999): 237-277.
  • Blishchenko, Igor P. International Humanitarian Law. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1989.
  • Brody, Reed and Ratner, Michael. The Pinochet Papers: The Case of Augusto Pinochet in Spain and Britain. The Hague, London, Boston: Kluwer Law International, 2000.
  • Cassese, Antonio. International Criminal Law. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  • Colangelo, J. Anthony. “The Legal Limits of Universal Jurisdiction.” Virginia Journal of International Law 47, (2006): 149-198.
  • Joyner, Christopher C. “Arresting Impunity: The Case for Universal Jurisdiction in Bringing War Criminals to Accountability.” Law and Contemporary Problems 59, (1996): 153-172.
  • Blakesley, Christopher L. “United States Jurisdiction over Extraterritorial Crime.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 73, no. 3 (1982): 1109-1163.
  • Grover, C. Sonja. The European Court of Human Rights as a Pathway to Impunity for International Crimes. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2010.
  • Hovel, D. “The Authority of Universal Jurisdiction.” The European Journal of International Law 29, no: 2 (2018): 427-456.
  • International Criminal Law, Volume 3: International Enforcement. Third Edition. Editied by M. Cherif Bassiouni. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff (2008).
  • Garrod, Matthew. “The Protective Principle of Jurisdiction over War Crimes and the Hollow Concept of Universality.” International Criminal Law Review 12, (2012): 763-826.
  • Rabinovitch, Ryan. “Universal Jurisdiction in Absentia.” Fordham International Law Journal, 28, no: 2 (2004): 500-530.
  • Reydams, Luc. Universal Jurisdiction: International and Municipal Legal Perspectives. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  • Universal Jurisdiction: National Courts and the Prosecution of Serious Crimes under International Law. Edited by Stephen Mecedo. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.
  • Cowles, Willard, B. “Universality of Jurisdiction Over War Crimes.” California Law Review 33, (1945): 177-218.
  • “Act to introduce the Code of Crimes Against International Law of 26 June 2002.” Last modified January 11, 2021. https://www.refworld.org/docid/4374af404.html.
  • “Case Concerning the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of Congo v. Belgium), International Court of Justice.” Last modified January 14, 2020. https://www.icj-cij.org/public/files/case-related/121/121-20020214-JUD-01-00-EN.pdf.
  • “Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field.” Geneva, 12 August 1949. Commentary of 1952. Last modified January 11, 2020. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Comment.xsp?action=openDocument& documentId=F2D40BED87D146D1C12563CD0042232B.
  • “Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field.” Geneva, 12 August 1949. Commentary of 2016. Article 49: Penal Sanctions. Last modified April 30, 2021. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl.nsf/Comment.xsp?action=openDocument&documentId=3ED0B7D33BF425F3C1257F7D00589C84.
  • “Cour d’appel de Bruxelles, Chambre des mises en accusation.” Sharon & Yaron. 26 Juin 2002. Last modified January 17, 2021. https://competenceuniverselle.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/arret-26-juin-2002-apercu.pdf.
  • “Cour de Cassation, Chambre criminelle, Arrêt 26 Mars 1996 (Javor). Bulletin criminel, 1996, No: 132.” Last modified January 17, 2021. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/juri/id/JURITEXT000007068336.
  • “Criminal Code of Austria.” Last modified December 28, 2020. https://policehumanrightsresources.org/content/uploads/2016/08/Criminal-Code-Austria-1998.pdf?x96812.
  • “Criminal Code of Germany.” Last modified January 11, 2020. https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stgb/englisch_stgb.html.
  • “Draft Code of Crimes Against the Peace And Security of Mankind.” Last modified January 21, 2020. https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/7_4_1996.pdf.
  • “Case of Naït-Liman v. Switzerland.” European Court of Human Rights. Grand Chamber. Application no. 51357/07. Judgement, 15 March 2018. Last modified April 14, 2021. https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{%22fulltext%22:[%22\%22CASE%20OF%20JORGIC%20v.%20GERMANY\%22%22],%22sort%22:[%22kpdate%20Descending%22],%22languageisocode%22:[%22ENG%22],%22documentcollectionid2%22:[%22JUDGMENTS%22],%22itemid%22:[%22001-81608%22]}.
  • “Gaddafi case.” General Prosecutor at the Court of Appeal of Paris. Appeal judgment. Appeal No 00-87215, Decision No 64, (2001) 125 ILR 490, (2001) RGDIP 474, ILDC 774 (FR 2001). 13th March 2001. France; Court of Cassation [Cass]; Criminal Division. Last modified January 22, 2021. https://www.lumsa.it/sites/default/files/UTENTI/u831/OPL_%20Gaddafi%20case%2C%20General%20Prosecutor%20at%20the%20Court%20of%20Appeal%20of%20Paris%2C%20Appeal%20judgment%2C%20Appeal%20No%2000.pdf.
  • “Human Rights in Palestine and Other Occupied Arab Territories.” Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict. 15 September 2009. Last modified January 17, 2021. https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/12session/A-HRC-12-48.pdf.
  • “Human Rights Watch, Belgium: Questions and Answers on the “Anti-Atrocity” Law.” Last modified January 21, 2021. https://www.hrw.org/legacy/campaigns/icc/belgium-qna.
  • “Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals.” Selected and Prepared by the United Nations War Crimes Commission. English Edition. Volume I, 1947. Last modified April 26, 2021. http://www.unwcc.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Law-Reports-Volume-1.pdf.
  • “Loi n° 95-1 du 2 janvier 1995 portant adaptation de la législation française aux dispositions de la résolution 827 du Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies instituant un tribunal international en vue de juger les personnes présumées responsables de violations graves du droit international humanitaire commises sur le territoire de l'ex-Yougoslavie depuis 1991.” Last modified January 21, 2021. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000000532676/.
  • Princeton University Program in Law and Public Affairs. “The Princeton Principles on Universal Jurisdiction 28 (2001).” Last modified January 28, 2021. http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/instree/princeton.html.
  • “Novislav Djajic case, Bavarian Higher Regional Court, 23 May 1997.” Last modified January 21, 2020, https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/caseLaw.xsp?documentId=3EA892A1FB670B46412565FC00394EA5&action=openDocument&xp_countrySelected=DE&xp_topicSelected=GVAL-992BU6&from=state.
  • “Permanent Mission of Spain to the United Nations.” dated 29 April 2003. Last modified January 14, 2020. https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/68/UnivJur/Spain_E.pdf.
  • “Tadic case, Federal Court of Justice, 13 February 1994.” Last modified January 28, 2021. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/applic/ihl/ihl-nat.nsf/caseLaw.xsp?documentId=5171ADA8D4AD66AE412566080038787C&action=openDocument&xp_countrySelected=DE&xp_topicSelected=GVAL-992BU6&from=state.
  • “Universal Jurisdiction and Absence of Immunity for Crimes against Humanity.” Amnesty International. 1 January 1999. Last modified January 22, 2020. https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/148000/eur450011999en.pdf.
  • “Universal Jurisdiction. A Preliminary Survey of Legislation Around the World - 2012 Update.” London: Amnesty International Publications, October 2012. Last modified January 17, 2021. https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/24000/ior530192012en.pdf.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Hukuk
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

İlyas Guliyev 0000-0003-3297-323X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Şubat 2021
Kabul Tarihi 4 Temmuz 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Guliyev, İlyas. “SOME LEGAL ASPECTS OF APPLICATION OF UNIVERSAL JURISDICTION OVER WAR CRIMES”. Ankara Sosyal Bilimler Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 3, sy. 2 (Aralık 2021): 356-83. https://doi.org/10.47136/asbuhfd.877916.

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