Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

İDARİ KOLLUK-ADLİ KOLLUK AYRIMINDA NORVEÇ POLİSİ VE SİVİL DENETİMİ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2 Prof. Dr. Mustafa Avcı'ya Armağan, 1625 - 1671, 03.01.2025
https://doi.org/10.47136/asbuhfd.1465757

Öz

İdari kolluk-adli kolluk ayrımı, idare hukukumuz bakımından güncelliğini koruyan bir meseledir. Zira konuya ilişkin çeşitli görüşler ileri sürülmesine ve kolluğa ilişkin temel kanunlarımızda bu ayrıma yer verilmesine rağmen, teşkilat bakımından söz konusu ayrımın uygulanmadığı görülmektedir. Ülkemizdeki kolluk hizmetleri bakımından aktüel olan bir başka konu ise kolluğun sivil denetimidir. Söz konusu kavram, ülkemiz hukuk sistemi açısından oldukça yeni olduğundan; henüz doktrin tarafından yeterince değerlendirilmemiştir. Konuya ilişkin araştırmalar, Norveç kolluk sistemi ile sivil denetiminin etkinliğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu nedenle, ülkemizdeki tartışmalara katkı sağlanması amacıyla, daha önce hukukumuzda incelenmemiş olan Norveç Polis Teşkilatı ve bu teşkilatın sivil denetimi ele alınmıştır. Ülkemizle benzer şekilde, Norveç polisinde de teşkilat bakımından adli-kolluk idari kolluk ayrımı yapılmamaktadır. Hem adli hem de idari kolluk üzerinde savcılara geniş yetkiler tanınması ve Polis savcılığı kurumuna yer verilmesi ise, Norveç örneğini ülkemizden ayırmaktadır. Ayrıca Norveç Polis Teşkilatı kendine has bazı yönleri bulunan bir sivil denetim mekanizmasına sahiptir. Fonksiyonel olarak Norveç Başsavcısına bağlı olması ve hakkında karar verdiği dosyaları mahkeme önünde kovuşturabilmesi bu farklılıklardandır. Bununla birlikte, Norveç’teki idari kolluk-adli kolluk ayrımı ve sivil denetim sisteminin hangi nedenlerle teşkil edildiği hakkında fikir sahibi olunabilmesi amacıyla; Norveç Polis Teşkilatının tarihi geçmişine ve mevcut yapısına da çalışmada yer verilmiştir. Norveç adli kolluk sisteminin ülkemizdeki uygulanabilirliği değerlendirilmiş, Norveç’teki sivil denetim sistemi ülkemiz örneği ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu değerlendirmeler sonucunda da çeşitli önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Adalet Bakanlığı. İnsan Hakları Eylem Planı-Özgür Birey, Güçlü Toplum; Daha Demokratik Bir Türkiye. Ankara: Adalet Bakanlığı, 2021.
  • Advokatforeningen. “Features of the Norwegian Criminal Justice System.” advokatforeningen.no, Erişim Tarihi Mayıs 4, 2022. https://www.advokatforeningen.no/en/features-of-the-norwegian-legal-system/features-of-the-norwegian-criminal-justice-system/.
  • Akkoyunlu, Sencer Abdullah. “Kamu Düzeninin Sağlanmasında Kolluğun Yetkileri.” Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Erzincan: Erzincan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2017.
  • Akyılmaz, Bahtiyar, Murat Sezginer ve Cemil Kaya. Türk İdare Hukuku. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınevi, 2023.
  • Albert, Daniel. “Police in Norway: The Norwegian Policing System Explained.” lifeinnorway.net, Erişim Tarihi Mayıs 4, 2022. https://www.lifeinnorway.net/police-in-norway/.
  • Altuntop, Serkan. “Hesapverebilirlik Bağlamında Kolluğun Sivil Denetimi: Sivil Gözetim Kurulları.” İnsan Hakları Yıllığı 33 (2015): 35-65.
  • Avrupa Konseyi. 2018 Türkiye Raporu. Strazburg: Avrupa Konseyi, 2018. https://www.ab.gov.tr/siteimages/pub/komisyon_ulke_raporlari/2018_turkiye_raporu_tr.pdf.
  • Avrupa Konseyi. 2019 Türkiye Raporu. Strazburg: Avrupa Konseyi, 2019. https://www.ab.gov.tr/siteimages/birimler/kpb/2019_trkiye_raporu-_tr.pdf.
  • Avrupa Konseyi. 2023 Türkiye Raporu. Strazburg: Avrupa Konseyi, 2023. https://www.ab.gov.tr/siteimages/resimler/2023%20Türkiye%20Raporu.pdf.
  • Aydın, Mustafa, Mithat Çelikpala, Ebru Canan Sokullu, Murat Güvenç, Ayça Ergun, Banu Baybars Hawks, Kerem Yıldırım ve Sezen Kaya Sönmez. Kantitatif Araştırma Raporu: Türkiye Siyasal Sosyal Eğilimler Araştırması 2022. İstanbul: Global Akademi ve Akademetre, 2023. https://www.globacademy.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/TREgilimleri2022tr.pdf.
  • Aydın, Nizamettin ve Tahir Demir. “Emniyet Hizmetlerinin Sunumunda Düalist Yapı Sorunsalı: Adli ve İdari Kolluk.” Kütahya Dumlupınar Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, no. 9 (2022): 19-46.
  • Berger, Ryan. “Kriminalomsorgen: A Look at the World’s Most Humane Prison System in Norway.” SSRN. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2883512.
  • Bjørkelo, Brita, Hege H. Bye, Mariann S. Leirvik, Marit Egge ve Jaishankar Ganapathy. “Diversity in Education and Organization: From Political Aims to Practice in the Norwegian Police Service.” Police Quarterly 24, no. 1 (2021): 74-103.
  • Bouvier, John. A Law Dictionary (HTML Version). C. 1. Philadelphia: Childs & Peterson, 1856. http://www.republicsg.info/dictionaries/1856_bouvier_6.pdf.
  • Braastad Kristiansen, Therese. “Organizational Change in the Norwegian Police: A Qualitative Investigation of How the Police Investigators Perceive Change.” Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Oslo: University of Oslo, 2014.
  • Brereton, David. “Evaluating the Performance of External Oversight Bodies.” İçinde Civilian Oversight of Policing. Ed. Andrew J. Goldsmith ve Colleen Lewis, 105-24. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2000.
  • Břrstad, Erling ve Paal Christian Balchen. “Norwegian Police Directorate: Implementing Problem Oriented Policing.” International Observer, no. 40 (2005).
  • Busch, Tor-Aksel ve Reidar Bruusgaard. “Enquiries Addressed to the Norwegian Director of Public Prosecutions Concerning a Decision.” Director of Public Prosecutions, 2019. https://www.riksadvokaten.no/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Enquiries-addressed-to-the-Norwegian-Director-of-Public-Prosecutions-concerning-a-decision.pdf.
  • Bygrave, Lee. World Factbook Of Criminal Justice Systems: Norway. Washington: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1993.
  • Christensen, Tom, Per Lægreid ve Lise H. Rykkja. Reforming the Norwegian Police Between Structure and Culture: Community Police or Emergency Police. Bergen: Stein Rokkan Center For Social Studies, 2016.
  • Christensen, Tom, Per Lægreid ve Lise H. Rykkja. “Reforming the Norwegian Police Between Structure and Culture: Community Police or Emergency Police.” Public Policy and Administration 33, no. 3 (2018): 241-59.
  • Commissioner for Human Rights. Expert Workshop ‘Police Complaints Mechanisms: Ensuring Independence And Effectiveness. Strasbourg: COE, 2008. https://rm.coe.int/16806da72d.
  • Commissioner of Human Rights. Opinion of The Commissioner For Human Rights Concerning Independent and Effective Determination of Complaints Against The Police.” Strasbourg: COE, 2009. https://rm.coe.int/opinion-of-the-commissioner-for-human-rights-thomas-hammarberg-concern/16806daa54.
  • Çırakoğlu, Melikşah. Türkiye’de Kolluğun Sivil Denetimi ve Karşılaştırmalı Ülke Örnekleri. Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi, 2022.
  • Das, Dilip K. ve Amanda L. Robinson. “The Police in Norway: A Profile.” Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 24, no. 3 (2001): 330-46.
  • Defender of Rights. “Upholding Respect for the Ethics of Security.” 2021. https://www.defenseurdesdroits.fr/sites/default/files/2023-08/ddd_depliant-DDD_deontologie-securite_EN_202205.pdf.
  • Derdiman, R. Cengiz. “Etkin Ceza Adaleti Açısından Alternatif Bir Öneri Olarak Cumhuriyet Savcısından Ayrı Adli Polis Modeli.” İçinde Ceza Adalet Sistemi Sempozyumu, 221-42. Ankara: Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü Basımevi, 1998.
  • Doig, James W. “Polis Sorunları, Öneriler ve Yeniden Düzenleme İçin Stratejiler.” Çev. Selçuk Yalçındağ. Amme İdaresi Dergisi 3, no. 4 (1970): 61-98.
  • Emniyet Teşkilatı Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları Birliği. Emniyet Teşkilatındaki İntiharlar ve Sorunlara Yönelik Anket Araştırması. Ankara: Emniyet Teşkilatı Sendikası, 2024. https://emniyet.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Emniyet-Teskilatindaki-Intiharlar-ve-Sorunlara-Yonelik-Anket-Calismasi.pdf.
  • European Court of Human Rights. Annual Report 2021 of the European Court of Human Rights. Strasbourg: COE, 2022. https://prd-echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/annual_report_2021_eng.
  • European Court of Human Rights. Annual Report 2022 of the European Court of Human Rights. Strasbourg: COE, 2023. https://prd-echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/annual_report_2022_eng-2?download=true.
  • European Court of Human Rights. Annual Report 2023 of the European Court of Human Rights. Strasbourg: COE, 2024. https://prd-echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/annual-report-2023-eng?download=true.
  • European Judicial Network. “Norway.” ejn-crimjust.europa.eu, Erişim Tarihi Mayıs 4, 2022. https://www.ejn-crimjust.europa.eu/ejn2021/ContentDetail/EN/5/22.
  • Evren, Çınar Can. “Kolluk Gözetim Komisyonu.” Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 20, no. 4 (2016).
  • Fendoğlu, Hasan Tahsin. “Adli Kolluk Üzerine.” Yargıtay Dergisi 23, no. 3 (1997): 229-42.
  • Filstad, Cathrine ve Petter Gottschalk. “Performance Evaluation of Police Oversight Agencies.” Policing & Society 21, no. 1 (2011): 96-109.
  • Garda Síochána Inspectorate. “Changing Police in Ireland.” Garda Síochána, 2015.
  • Gottschalk, Petter. Policing the Police : Knowledge Management in Law Enforcement. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.
  • Göktaş, Musa. “Kolluğun Sivil Denetimi: Kolluk Gözetim Komisyonu Bağlamında Bir İnceleme.” Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2022.
  • Gözler, Kemal. İdare Hukuku. C. 2. Bursa: Ekin Yayınevi, 2019.
  • Gözübüyük, A. Şeref. Yönetim Hukuku. Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi, 2016.
  • GRECO. Norway Evaluation Report. Strasbourg: COE, 2020. https://rm.coe.int/fifth-evaluation-round-preventing-corruption-and-promoting-integrity-i/1680a1167c.
  • Gül, Zakir ve Murat Delice. “Police Job Stress and Stress Reduction/Coping Programs: The Effects On The Relationship With Spouses.” Polis Bilimleri Dergisi 13, no. 3 (2011): 19-38.
  • Günday, Metin. İdare Hukuku. Ankara: İmaj Kitabevi, 2011.
  • Güngör, Mustafa. “Kolluk Şikâyet ve Gözetim Sistemi ve Türkiye İçin Kolluk Gözetim Kurumu (Kolluk Ombudsmanlığı) Önerisi.” Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Malatya: İnönü Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2020.
  • Henriksen, Steinar Vee ve Bjørn Ivar Kruke. “Norwegian Police Use of Firearms: Critical Decision-Making in Dynamic and Stressful Situations.” Nordic Journal of Studies in Policing 7, no. 2 (2020): 99-120.
  • Holmberg, Lars. “Continuity and Change in Scandinavian Police Reforms.” International Journal of Police Science & Management 21, no. 4 (2019): 206-17.
  • Holmberg, Lars. “Scandinavian Police Reforms: Can You Have Your Cake and Eat it, too?” Police Practice and Research 15, no. 6 (2013): 447-60.
  • Home Office. Statutory Guidance on Professional Standards, Performance and Integrity in Policing. London: Home Office, 2020.
  • Home of United Kingdom Legislation. “Police (Northern Ireland) Act 1998.” https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/32/data.pdf.
  • Hove, Kjersti ve Lola Vallès. “Police Education in Seven European Countries in the Framework of Their Police Systems.” İçinde The Making of a Police Officer: Comparative Perspectives on Police Education and Recruitment, editör Tore Bjørgo ve Marie-Louise Damen. Oxon: Routledge, 2020.
  • IPCAN. “External Police Oversight Agencies: Emergence And Consolidation-A Comparative Study of 25 Agencies in 20 Countries.” Defenseur des Droits, 2023. https://juridique.defenseurdesdroits.fr/doc_num.php?explnum_id=21542.
  • Johannessen, Stig O. “Reforming the Norwegian Police.” Nordisk Politiforskning 2, no. 2 (2015): 167-82.
  • Katz, Walter. “Enhancing Accountability and Trust with Independent Investigations of Police Lethal Force.” Harvard Law Review Forum 128, no. 6 (2015): 235-245.
  • Kavsıracı, Ozan. “Polis Faaliyetlerinde Gri Alanlar ve Etik.” Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi 9, no. 16 (2018): 1851-1882.
  • Kjelby, Gert Johan. “Research on Police and Prosecution Law in Bergen.” Bergen Journal of Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 10, no. 2 (2022): 51-59.
  • Kolluk Gözetim Komisyonu. 2022 Yılı Faaliyet Raporu. Ankara: İçişleri Bakanlığı, 2023. http://kollukgozetim.gov.tr/kurumlar/kollukgozetim.gov.tr/Mevzuat/KGK-2022-YILI-FAALIYET-RAPORU-_BASKI_20-ADET_.pdf.
  • Kozma, Tibor. “From Adjusting to Rebuilding Police Institutions.” Connections 13, no. 3 (2014): 117-23.
  • Larsson, Paul. “From Integration to Contact A Community Policing Reform?” Nordisk Politiforskning 4, no. 2 (2017): 170-86.
  • NBIPA. Annual Report 2021. Norway: 07 Media, 2022. https://www.spesialenheten.no/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/the-norwegian-bureau-for-the-investigation-of-police-affairs-annual-report-2021.pdf.
  • Nilsen, John Reidar. “Norwegian Police Law, Crime Prevention and its (Need for More) Democratic Legitimacy.” Bergen Journal of Criminal Law & Criminal Justice 10, no. 2 (2022): 3-28.
  • Norwegian Ministry of Justice and Police, Legislation Department. “The Criminal Procedure Act.” Ministry of Justice and the Police, 2014. https://app.uio.no/ub/ujur/oversatte-lover/data/lov-19810522-025-eng.pdf.
  • OECD. Drivers of Trust in Public Institutions in Norway. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1787/81b01318-en.
  • OECD. “Government at a Glance 2023 Country Notes-Türkiye.” oecd.org. Erişim Tarihi Mayıs 30, 2024. https://www.oecd.org/publication/government-at-a-glance/2023/country-notes/turkiye-1aab42fa/.
  • Onar, Sıddık Sami. İdare Hukuku I.Cilt. İstanbul: İsmail Akgün Matbaası, 1944.
  • Onar, Sıddık Sami. İdare Hukuku, İdari Teşkilat-Amme İdarelerinin Vazife, Salahiyetleri-Amme Hizmetlerinin Temşiyet Tarzları. İstanbul: Bozkurt Matbaası, 1934.
  • OPONI. Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland Annual Report and Accounts for the Year Ended 31 March 2019. Belfast: Corporate Document Services, 2019.
  • Osse, Anneke ve Graham Dossett. Handbook on Police Accountability, Oversight and Integrity. Vienna: United Nations Publications, 2011.
  • Önal, Recep. “İslamofobi Bağlamında İslam Karşıtı Söylemlerin Batı Dünyasındaki Yansımaları: Norveç Örneği -Karikatür Krizi ve Berwick Terör Saldırısı.” KADER 16, no. 2 (2018): 373-403.
  • Önen, S. Mustafa ve Mustafa Güngör. “Kolluk Kuvvetlerinin Sivil Gözetimi: Kuzey İrlanda Polis Ombudsmanlığı Örneği.” İnönü Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 7, no. 1 (2018).
  • Özay, İl Han. “İdari Kolluk-Adli Kolluk.” İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası 71, no. 1 (2013): 947-61.
  • Ploeg, Gerhard. “Norway.” İçinde Probation in Europe. Ed. Anton M. Van Kalmthout ve Ioan Durnescu, 765-803. Nijmegen: AOLF Legal Publishers, 2008.
  • Polater, Yusuf Ziya. “Adli Kolluk - Savcı İlişkisi ve Soruşturmalara Etkisi.” TBB Dergisi, no. 120 (2015): 289-325.
  • Politiet. “Annual Work in the Police per Month and Year.” https://www.politiet.no/globalassets/tall-og-fakta/bemanning-ressurser-og-dekningsgrad/bemanning-og-dekningsgrad/arsverk-i-politiet-per-ar-og-maned.xlsx.
  • Pollack, Ester ve Sigurd Allern. “Criticism of the Police in the News Discourses and Frames in the News Media’s Coverage of the Norwegian Bureau for the Investigation of Police Affairs.” Nordicom Review 35, no. 1 (2014): 33-50.
  • Prenzler, Tim. “Scandal, Inquiry, and Reform: The Evolving Locus of Responsibility for Police Integrity.” İçinde Civilian Oversight of Police Advancing Accountability in Law Enforcement, editör Tim Prenzler ve Garth den Heyer. Florida: CRC Press, 2016.
  • Presthus, Jan Egil. “Foreword.” İçinde Policing the Police : Knowledge Management in Law Enforcement. Ed. Petter Gottschalk. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.
  • Priestley, William. Police Oversight Mechanisms in the Council of Europa Member States. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing, 2017.
  • Regjeringen. “The Prosecution Authority in Norway.” 2017. https://files.nettsteder.regjeringen.no/wpuploads01/blogs.dir/223/files/2017/07/574150_en_jogeir_prosecut.pdf.
  • Riksadvokaten. “The Director of Public Prosecutions and the Regional Public Prosecution Offices.” riksadvokaten.no, Erişim Tarihi Mayıs 4, 2022. https://www.riksadvokaten.no/english/.
  • Sen, Sankar. Enforcing Police Accountability Through Civilian Oversight. New Delhi: Sage Publications India, 2010.
  • Sheriffs Office. “History of the Sheriff.” Camden County, 2017. https://www.camdencounty.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/History-Sheriff.pdf.
  • Skre, Alf Butenschøn. “Investigation Plans as a Tool for Managing Investigations in Norway.” İçinde Quality Control in Criminal Investigation. Ed. Xabier Agirre, Morten Bergsmo, Simon De Smet ve Carsten Stahn, 887-902. Brussels: Torkel Opsahl Academic, 2020.
  • Smith, Graham. “Every Complaint Matters: Human Rights Commissioner’s Opinion Concerning Independent and Effective Determination of Complaints Against the Police.” International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, no. 38 (2010): 59-71.
  • Smith, Graham. “International Police Complaints Reform.” Council of Europe, 2015. https://rm.coe.int/09000016806dbbbd.
  • Soner, B. Ali. Demokratik Polis Gözetim ve Denetim Mekanizmaları: İngiltere ve Kuzey İrlanda Çalışma Ziyareti. İstanbul: Kamusal Politika ve Demokrasi Çalışmaları Merkezi, 2015.
  • TBMM. 277 Sıra Sayılı Kolluk Gözetim Komisyonu Kurulması ve Bazı Kanunlarda Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun Tasarısı ile Avrupa Birliği Uyum Komisyonu ve İçişleri Komisyonu Raporları. Ankara: TBMM Basımevi, 2016.
  • Thea Wathne, Cristin. “Welfare Professionals in Transformation The Case of Police Officers in Norway.” İçinde Work and Wellbeing in the Nordic Countries. Ed. Helge Hvid ve Eivind Falkum, 260-82. Oxon: Routledge, 2019.
  • Tonry, Michael. “Prosecutors and Politics in Comparative Perspective.” Crime and Justice 41, no. 1 (2012): 1-33.
  • Tosun, Öztekin. “Suç Kolluğu.” İstanbul Üniversitesi Mukayeseli Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi 6, no. 9 (1972): 3-18.
  • Tosun, Öztekin. “Suç Kolluğu ve Savcılık.” Yargı Aylık Dergisi, no. 45 (1980). Akt. Haluk Çolak, “Kolluk Teşkilatı ve Adli Kolluk,” Sayıştay Dergisi, no. 28 (1998): 85-91.
  • Türkiye Barolar Birliği. Adli Zabıtanın İdari Zabıtadan Ayrılması Hakkında TBB Yönetim Kurulu Raporu. Ankara: TBB Yayınları, 1974.
  • Ulusoy, Ali D. Yeni Türk İdare Hukuku. Ankara: Yetkin Yayınları, 2020.
  • United States Department of State. Norway 2022 Human Rights Report. Washington: United States Department of State, 2023.
  • West, Paul. “Investigation of Complaints Against the Police: Summary Report of a National Survey.” American Journal of Police 7, no. 2 (1988).
  • Winnæss, Pål, Marie-Louise Damen ve Gunnar Thomassen. “Understanding Learning Preferences and Career Aspirations of Norwegian Police Students From a Comparative Perspective.” İçinde The Making of a Police Officer: Comparative Perspectives on Police Education and Recruitment. Ed. Bjørgo, Tore ve Marie-Louise Damen. Oxon: Routledge, 2020.
  • Wisler, Dominique. Police Governance: European Union Best Practices. DCAF, 2011.
  • Yenisey, Feridun. Kolluk Hukuku. Ankara: Beta Basım Yayın, 2015.
  • Zabunoğlu, H. Gökçe. “Kolluğun Sivil Gözetimi.” İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 7, no. 2 (2016): 457-82.

The Norwegian Police on The Distinction Between Preventive and Judicial Police and Its Civilian Oversight

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2 Prof. Dr. Mustafa Avcı'ya Armağan, 1625 - 1671, 03.01.2025
https://doi.org/10.47136/asbuhfd.1465757

Öz

The distinction between administrative and judicial police is a current issue in our administrative law. Although various views have been put forward on the subject and this distinction is included in our fundamental laws regarding police, it is seen that the distinction in question is not applied in terms of organization. Another current issue in terms of police is the civilian oversight in our country. Since the concept is quite new in terms of our country's legal system, it has not yet been sufficiently evaluated by the doctrine. The researchs reveals the effectiveness of the Norwegian police system and its civilian oversight. Therefore, in order to contribute to the discussions in our country, the Norwegian Police Organization, which has not been examined in our law before, and the civilian oversight of this organization have been discussed. Similar to our country, there is no distinction between judicial and administrative police in terms of organization. The fact that prosecutors are granted extensive powers over both judicial and administrative police and that the institution of the Police Prosecutor's Office is included distinguishes the Norwegian example from our country. In addition, the Norwegian Police Organization has a civilian oversight mechanism with some unique aspects. Functionally, it is subordinate to the Norwegian Chief Public Prosecutor and can prosecute the files it has decided on the court. In addition, in order to have an idea about the distinction between administrative and judicial police in Norway and the reasons for which the civilian oversight system was established; the historical background and current structure of the Norwegian Police Organization are also included in this study. The applicability of the Norwegian police system in our country has been evaluated, and the civilian oversight system in Norway has been compared with the example of our country. Finally, various suggestions have been made as a result of these evaluations.

Kaynakça

  • Adalet Bakanlığı. İnsan Hakları Eylem Planı-Özgür Birey, Güçlü Toplum; Daha Demokratik Bir Türkiye. Ankara: Adalet Bakanlığı, 2021.
  • Advokatforeningen. “Features of the Norwegian Criminal Justice System.” advokatforeningen.no, Erişim Tarihi Mayıs 4, 2022. https://www.advokatforeningen.no/en/features-of-the-norwegian-legal-system/features-of-the-norwegian-criminal-justice-system/.
  • Akkoyunlu, Sencer Abdullah. “Kamu Düzeninin Sağlanmasında Kolluğun Yetkileri.” Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Erzincan: Erzincan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2017.
  • Akyılmaz, Bahtiyar, Murat Sezginer ve Cemil Kaya. Türk İdare Hukuku. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınevi, 2023.
  • Albert, Daniel. “Police in Norway: The Norwegian Policing System Explained.” lifeinnorway.net, Erişim Tarihi Mayıs 4, 2022. https://www.lifeinnorway.net/police-in-norway/.
  • Altuntop, Serkan. “Hesapverebilirlik Bağlamında Kolluğun Sivil Denetimi: Sivil Gözetim Kurulları.” İnsan Hakları Yıllığı 33 (2015): 35-65.
  • Avrupa Konseyi. 2018 Türkiye Raporu. Strazburg: Avrupa Konseyi, 2018. https://www.ab.gov.tr/siteimages/pub/komisyon_ulke_raporlari/2018_turkiye_raporu_tr.pdf.
  • Avrupa Konseyi. 2019 Türkiye Raporu. Strazburg: Avrupa Konseyi, 2019. https://www.ab.gov.tr/siteimages/birimler/kpb/2019_trkiye_raporu-_tr.pdf.
  • Avrupa Konseyi. 2023 Türkiye Raporu. Strazburg: Avrupa Konseyi, 2023. https://www.ab.gov.tr/siteimages/resimler/2023%20Türkiye%20Raporu.pdf.
  • Aydın, Mustafa, Mithat Çelikpala, Ebru Canan Sokullu, Murat Güvenç, Ayça Ergun, Banu Baybars Hawks, Kerem Yıldırım ve Sezen Kaya Sönmez. Kantitatif Araştırma Raporu: Türkiye Siyasal Sosyal Eğilimler Araştırması 2022. İstanbul: Global Akademi ve Akademetre, 2023. https://www.globacademy.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/TREgilimleri2022tr.pdf.
  • Aydın, Nizamettin ve Tahir Demir. “Emniyet Hizmetlerinin Sunumunda Düalist Yapı Sorunsalı: Adli ve İdari Kolluk.” Kütahya Dumlupınar Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, no. 9 (2022): 19-46.
  • Berger, Ryan. “Kriminalomsorgen: A Look at the World’s Most Humane Prison System in Norway.” SSRN. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2883512.
  • Bjørkelo, Brita, Hege H. Bye, Mariann S. Leirvik, Marit Egge ve Jaishankar Ganapathy. “Diversity in Education and Organization: From Political Aims to Practice in the Norwegian Police Service.” Police Quarterly 24, no. 1 (2021): 74-103.
  • Bouvier, John. A Law Dictionary (HTML Version). C. 1. Philadelphia: Childs & Peterson, 1856. http://www.republicsg.info/dictionaries/1856_bouvier_6.pdf.
  • Braastad Kristiansen, Therese. “Organizational Change in the Norwegian Police: A Qualitative Investigation of How the Police Investigators Perceive Change.” Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Oslo: University of Oslo, 2014.
  • Brereton, David. “Evaluating the Performance of External Oversight Bodies.” İçinde Civilian Oversight of Policing. Ed. Andrew J. Goldsmith ve Colleen Lewis, 105-24. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2000.
  • Břrstad, Erling ve Paal Christian Balchen. “Norwegian Police Directorate: Implementing Problem Oriented Policing.” International Observer, no. 40 (2005).
  • Busch, Tor-Aksel ve Reidar Bruusgaard. “Enquiries Addressed to the Norwegian Director of Public Prosecutions Concerning a Decision.” Director of Public Prosecutions, 2019. https://www.riksadvokaten.no/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Enquiries-addressed-to-the-Norwegian-Director-of-Public-Prosecutions-concerning-a-decision.pdf.
  • Bygrave, Lee. World Factbook Of Criminal Justice Systems: Norway. Washington: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1993.
  • Christensen, Tom, Per Lægreid ve Lise H. Rykkja. Reforming the Norwegian Police Between Structure and Culture: Community Police or Emergency Police. Bergen: Stein Rokkan Center For Social Studies, 2016.
  • Christensen, Tom, Per Lægreid ve Lise H. Rykkja. “Reforming the Norwegian Police Between Structure and Culture: Community Police or Emergency Police.” Public Policy and Administration 33, no. 3 (2018): 241-59.
  • Commissioner for Human Rights. Expert Workshop ‘Police Complaints Mechanisms: Ensuring Independence And Effectiveness. Strasbourg: COE, 2008. https://rm.coe.int/16806da72d.
  • Commissioner of Human Rights. Opinion of The Commissioner For Human Rights Concerning Independent and Effective Determination of Complaints Against The Police.” Strasbourg: COE, 2009. https://rm.coe.int/opinion-of-the-commissioner-for-human-rights-thomas-hammarberg-concern/16806daa54.
  • Çırakoğlu, Melikşah. Türkiye’de Kolluğun Sivil Denetimi ve Karşılaştırmalı Ülke Örnekleri. Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi, 2022.
  • Das, Dilip K. ve Amanda L. Robinson. “The Police in Norway: A Profile.” Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 24, no. 3 (2001): 330-46.
  • Defender of Rights. “Upholding Respect for the Ethics of Security.” 2021. https://www.defenseurdesdroits.fr/sites/default/files/2023-08/ddd_depliant-DDD_deontologie-securite_EN_202205.pdf.
  • Derdiman, R. Cengiz. “Etkin Ceza Adaleti Açısından Alternatif Bir Öneri Olarak Cumhuriyet Savcısından Ayrı Adli Polis Modeli.” İçinde Ceza Adalet Sistemi Sempozyumu, 221-42. Ankara: Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü Basımevi, 1998.
  • Doig, James W. “Polis Sorunları, Öneriler ve Yeniden Düzenleme İçin Stratejiler.” Çev. Selçuk Yalçındağ. Amme İdaresi Dergisi 3, no. 4 (1970): 61-98.
  • Emniyet Teşkilatı Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları Birliği. Emniyet Teşkilatındaki İntiharlar ve Sorunlara Yönelik Anket Araştırması. Ankara: Emniyet Teşkilatı Sendikası, 2024. https://emniyet.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Emniyet-Teskilatindaki-Intiharlar-ve-Sorunlara-Yonelik-Anket-Calismasi.pdf.
  • European Court of Human Rights. Annual Report 2021 of the European Court of Human Rights. Strasbourg: COE, 2022. https://prd-echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/annual_report_2021_eng.
  • European Court of Human Rights. Annual Report 2022 of the European Court of Human Rights. Strasbourg: COE, 2023. https://prd-echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/annual_report_2022_eng-2?download=true.
  • European Court of Human Rights. Annual Report 2023 of the European Court of Human Rights. Strasbourg: COE, 2024. https://prd-echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/annual-report-2023-eng?download=true.
  • European Judicial Network. “Norway.” ejn-crimjust.europa.eu, Erişim Tarihi Mayıs 4, 2022. https://www.ejn-crimjust.europa.eu/ejn2021/ContentDetail/EN/5/22.
  • Evren, Çınar Can. “Kolluk Gözetim Komisyonu.” Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 20, no. 4 (2016).
  • Fendoğlu, Hasan Tahsin. “Adli Kolluk Üzerine.” Yargıtay Dergisi 23, no. 3 (1997): 229-42.
  • Filstad, Cathrine ve Petter Gottschalk. “Performance Evaluation of Police Oversight Agencies.” Policing & Society 21, no. 1 (2011): 96-109.
  • Garda Síochána Inspectorate. “Changing Police in Ireland.” Garda Síochána, 2015.
  • Gottschalk, Petter. Policing the Police : Knowledge Management in Law Enforcement. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.
  • Göktaş, Musa. “Kolluğun Sivil Denetimi: Kolluk Gözetim Komisyonu Bağlamında Bir İnceleme.” Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2022.
  • Gözler, Kemal. İdare Hukuku. C. 2. Bursa: Ekin Yayınevi, 2019.
  • Gözübüyük, A. Şeref. Yönetim Hukuku. Ankara: Turhan Kitabevi, 2016.
  • GRECO. Norway Evaluation Report. Strasbourg: COE, 2020. https://rm.coe.int/fifth-evaluation-round-preventing-corruption-and-promoting-integrity-i/1680a1167c.
  • Gül, Zakir ve Murat Delice. “Police Job Stress and Stress Reduction/Coping Programs: The Effects On The Relationship With Spouses.” Polis Bilimleri Dergisi 13, no. 3 (2011): 19-38.
  • Günday, Metin. İdare Hukuku. Ankara: İmaj Kitabevi, 2011.
  • Güngör, Mustafa. “Kolluk Şikâyet ve Gözetim Sistemi ve Türkiye İçin Kolluk Gözetim Kurumu (Kolluk Ombudsmanlığı) Önerisi.” Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi. Malatya: İnönü Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2020.
  • Henriksen, Steinar Vee ve Bjørn Ivar Kruke. “Norwegian Police Use of Firearms: Critical Decision-Making in Dynamic and Stressful Situations.” Nordic Journal of Studies in Policing 7, no. 2 (2020): 99-120.
  • Holmberg, Lars. “Continuity and Change in Scandinavian Police Reforms.” International Journal of Police Science & Management 21, no. 4 (2019): 206-17.
  • Holmberg, Lars. “Scandinavian Police Reforms: Can You Have Your Cake and Eat it, too?” Police Practice and Research 15, no. 6 (2013): 447-60.
  • Home Office. Statutory Guidance on Professional Standards, Performance and Integrity in Policing. London: Home Office, 2020.
  • Home of United Kingdom Legislation. “Police (Northern Ireland) Act 1998.” https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/32/data.pdf.
  • Hove, Kjersti ve Lola Vallès. “Police Education in Seven European Countries in the Framework of Their Police Systems.” İçinde The Making of a Police Officer: Comparative Perspectives on Police Education and Recruitment, editör Tore Bjørgo ve Marie-Louise Damen. Oxon: Routledge, 2020.
  • IPCAN. “External Police Oversight Agencies: Emergence And Consolidation-A Comparative Study of 25 Agencies in 20 Countries.” Defenseur des Droits, 2023. https://juridique.defenseurdesdroits.fr/doc_num.php?explnum_id=21542.
  • Johannessen, Stig O. “Reforming the Norwegian Police.” Nordisk Politiforskning 2, no. 2 (2015): 167-82.
  • Katz, Walter. “Enhancing Accountability and Trust with Independent Investigations of Police Lethal Force.” Harvard Law Review Forum 128, no. 6 (2015): 235-245.
  • Kavsıracı, Ozan. “Polis Faaliyetlerinde Gri Alanlar ve Etik.” Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi 9, no. 16 (2018): 1851-1882.
  • Kjelby, Gert Johan. “Research on Police and Prosecution Law in Bergen.” Bergen Journal of Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 10, no. 2 (2022): 51-59.
  • Kolluk Gözetim Komisyonu. 2022 Yılı Faaliyet Raporu. Ankara: İçişleri Bakanlığı, 2023. http://kollukgozetim.gov.tr/kurumlar/kollukgozetim.gov.tr/Mevzuat/KGK-2022-YILI-FAALIYET-RAPORU-_BASKI_20-ADET_.pdf.
  • Kozma, Tibor. “From Adjusting to Rebuilding Police Institutions.” Connections 13, no. 3 (2014): 117-23.
  • Larsson, Paul. “From Integration to Contact A Community Policing Reform?” Nordisk Politiforskning 4, no. 2 (2017): 170-86.
  • NBIPA. Annual Report 2021. Norway: 07 Media, 2022. https://www.spesialenheten.no/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/the-norwegian-bureau-for-the-investigation-of-police-affairs-annual-report-2021.pdf.
  • Nilsen, John Reidar. “Norwegian Police Law, Crime Prevention and its (Need for More) Democratic Legitimacy.” Bergen Journal of Criminal Law & Criminal Justice 10, no. 2 (2022): 3-28.
  • Norwegian Ministry of Justice and Police, Legislation Department. “The Criminal Procedure Act.” Ministry of Justice and the Police, 2014. https://app.uio.no/ub/ujur/oversatte-lover/data/lov-19810522-025-eng.pdf.
  • OECD. Drivers of Trust in Public Institutions in Norway. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1787/81b01318-en.
  • OECD. “Government at a Glance 2023 Country Notes-Türkiye.” oecd.org. Erişim Tarihi Mayıs 30, 2024. https://www.oecd.org/publication/government-at-a-glance/2023/country-notes/turkiye-1aab42fa/.
  • Onar, Sıddık Sami. İdare Hukuku I.Cilt. İstanbul: İsmail Akgün Matbaası, 1944.
  • Onar, Sıddık Sami. İdare Hukuku, İdari Teşkilat-Amme İdarelerinin Vazife, Salahiyetleri-Amme Hizmetlerinin Temşiyet Tarzları. İstanbul: Bozkurt Matbaası, 1934.
  • OPONI. Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland Annual Report and Accounts for the Year Ended 31 March 2019. Belfast: Corporate Document Services, 2019.
  • Osse, Anneke ve Graham Dossett. Handbook on Police Accountability, Oversight and Integrity. Vienna: United Nations Publications, 2011.
  • Önal, Recep. “İslamofobi Bağlamında İslam Karşıtı Söylemlerin Batı Dünyasındaki Yansımaları: Norveç Örneği -Karikatür Krizi ve Berwick Terör Saldırısı.” KADER 16, no. 2 (2018): 373-403.
  • Önen, S. Mustafa ve Mustafa Güngör. “Kolluk Kuvvetlerinin Sivil Gözetimi: Kuzey İrlanda Polis Ombudsmanlığı Örneği.” İnönü Üniversitesi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 7, no. 1 (2018).
  • Özay, İl Han. “İdari Kolluk-Adli Kolluk.” İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Mecmuası 71, no. 1 (2013): 947-61.
  • Ploeg, Gerhard. “Norway.” İçinde Probation in Europe. Ed. Anton M. Van Kalmthout ve Ioan Durnescu, 765-803. Nijmegen: AOLF Legal Publishers, 2008.
  • Polater, Yusuf Ziya. “Adli Kolluk - Savcı İlişkisi ve Soruşturmalara Etkisi.” TBB Dergisi, no. 120 (2015): 289-325.
  • Politiet. “Annual Work in the Police per Month and Year.” https://www.politiet.no/globalassets/tall-og-fakta/bemanning-ressurser-og-dekningsgrad/bemanning-og-dekningsgrad/arsverk-i-politiet-per-ar-og-maned.xlsx.
  • Pollack, Ester ve Sigurd Allern. “Criticism of the Police in the News Discourses and Frames in the News Media’s Coverage of the Norwegian Bureau for the Investigation of Police Affairs.” Nordicom Review 35, no. 1 (2014): 33-50.
  • Prenzler, Tim. “Scandal, Inquiry, and Reform: The Evolving Locus of Responsibility for Police Integrity.” İçinde Civilian Oversight of Police Advancing Accountability in Law Enforcement, editör Tim Prenzler ve Garth den Heyer. Florida: CRC Press, 2016.
  • Presthus, Jan Egil. “Foreword.” İçinde Policing the Police : Knowledge Management in Law Enforcement. Ed. Petter Gottschalk. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.
  • Priestley, William. Police Oversight Mechanisms in the Council of Europa Member States. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing, 2017.
  • Regjeringen. “The Prosecution Authority in Norway.” 2017. https://files.nettsteder.regjeringen.no/wpuploads01/blogs.dir/223/files/2017/07/574150_en_jogeir_prosecut.pdf.
  • Riksadvokaten. “The Director of Public Prosecutions and the Regional Public Prosecution Offices.” riksadvokaten.no, Erişim Tarihi Mayıs 4, 2022. https://www.riksadvokaten.no/english/.
  • Sen, Sankar. Enforcing Police Accountability Through Civilian Oversight. New Delhi: Sage Publications India, 2010.
  • Sheriffs Office. “History of the Sheriff.” Camden County, 2017. https://www.camdencounty.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/History-Sheriff.pdf.
  • Skre, Alf Butenschøn. “Investigation Plans as a Tool for Managing Investigations in Norway.” İçinde Quality Control in Criminal Investigation. Ed. Xabier Agirre, Morten Bergsmo, Simon De Smet ve Carsten Stahn, 887-902. Brussels: Torkel Opsahl Academic, 2020.
  • Smith, Graham. “Every Complaint Matters: Human Rights Commissioner’s Opinion Concerning Independent and Effective Determination of Complaints Against the Police.” International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, no. 38 (2010): 59-71.
  • Smith, Graham. “International Police Complaints Reform.” Council of Europe, 2015. https://rm.coe.int/09000016806dbbbd.
  • Soner, B. Ali. Demokratik Polis Gözetim ve Denetim Mekanizmaları: İngiltere ve Kuzey İrlanda Çalışma Ziyareti. İstanbul: Kamusal Politika ve Demokrasi Çalışmaları Merkezi, 2015.
  • TBMM. 277 Sıra Sayılı Kolluk Gözetim Komisyonu Kurulması ve Bazı Kanunlarda Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun Tasarısı ile Avrupa Birliği Uyum Komisyonu ve İçişleri Komisyonu Raporları. Ankara: TBMM Basımevi, 2016.
  • Thea Wathne, Cristin. “Welfare Professionals in Transformation The Case of Police Officers in Norway.” İçinde Work and Wellbeing in the Nordic Countries. Ed. Helge Hvid ve Eivind Falkum, 260-82. Oxon: Routledge, 2019.
  • Tonry, Michael. “Prosecutors and Politics in Comparative Perspective.” Crime and Justice 41, no. 1 (2012): 1-33.
  • Tosun, Öztekin. “Suç Kolluğu.” İstanbul Üniversitesi Mukayeseli Hukuk Araştırmaları Dergisi 6, no. 9 (1972): 3-18.
  • Tosun, Öztekin. “Suç Kolluğu ve Savcılık.” Yargı Aylık Dergisi, no. 45 (1980). Akt. Haluk Çolak, “Kolluk Teşkilatı ve Adli Kolluk,” Sayıştay Dergisi, no. 28 (1998): 85-91.
  • Türkiye Barolar Birliği. Adli Zabıtanın İdari Zabıtadan Ayrılması Hakkında TBB Yönetim Kurulu Raporu. Ankara: TBB Yayınları, 1974.
  • Ulusoy, Ali D. Yeni Türk İdare Hukuku. Ankara: Yetkin Yayınları, 2020.
  • United States Department of State. Norway 2022 Human Rights Report. Washington: United States Department of State, 2023.
  • West, Paul. “Investigation of Complaints Against the Police: Summary Report of a National Survey.” American Journal of Police 7, no. 2 (1988).
  • Winnæss, Pål, Marie-Louise Damen ve Gunnar Thomassen. “Understanding Learning Preferences and Career Aspirations of Norwegian Police Students From a Comparative Perspective.” İçinde The Making of a Police Officer: Comparative Perspectives on Police Education and Recruitment. Ed. Bjørgo, Tore ve Marie-Louise Damen. Oxon: Routledge, 2020.
  • Wisler, Dominique. Police Governance: European Union Best Practices. DCAF, 2011.
  • Yenisey, Feridun. Kolluk Hukuku. Ankara: Beta Basım Yayın, 2015.
  • Zabunoğlu, H. Gökçe. “Kolluğun Sivil Gözetimi.” İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 7, no. 2 (2016): 457-82.
Toplam 99 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular İdare Hukuku
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Melikşah Çırakoğlu 0000-0002-6248-3330

Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Ocak 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Nisan 2024
Kabul Tarihi 2 Haziran 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2 Prof. Dr. Mustafa Avcı'ya Armağan

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Çırakoğlu, Melikşah. “İDARİ KOLLUK-ADLİ KOLLUK AYRIMINDA NORVEÇ POLİSİ VE SİVİL DENETİMİ”. Ankara Sosyal Bilimler Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 6, sy. 2 Prof. Dr. Mustafa Avcı’ya Armağan (Ocak 2025): 1625-71. https://doi.org/10.47136/asbuhfd.1465757.

Creative Commons Lisansñ

ASBÜ Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.