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DEVELOPMENT OF THE DARK TETRAD (D4) SCALE AND EXAMINATION OF ITS BASIC PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3, 193 - 218, 23.10.2025

Öz

This study aimed to develop a Dark Tetrad Scale in the Turkish language that holistically assesses dark personality traits, broadening its scope by including subclinical sadism, and to examine its basic psychometric properties. The study was conducted in two phases: a pilot study (n = 156) and a main study (n = 570) which included item selection. The draft item pool created in the pilot study was restructured for item selection, and the final version of the scale was developed based on analyses conducted in the main study. As a result of the analyses carried out via the cyclical use of item analysis and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) methods, a scale with four factors (Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy, and sadism), each of which was composed of 10 items and totaling 40 items, was developed and named as the Dark Tetrad (D4) Scale. This four-factor structure accounted for 46.60% of the total variance. The internal consistency coefficients of the factors ranged from .77 to .93. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), conducted as part of the validity assessment, revealed that although the scale’s fit indices were not exceptionally strong, they were nevertheless close to acceptable levels. In addition, t-test analyses for independent samples, conducted by creating extreme groups within the scope of discriminant validity, demonstrated that the scale has the capacity to distinguish between low and high levels of dark tetrad personality traits. These findings suggest that D4 Scale, which fills an important gap in the Turkish literature on measuring dark personality traits, meets basic psychometric standards.

Kaynakça

  • Aytaç, M. B. (2022). Karanlık Dörtlü (The Short Dark Tetrad-Sd4) Ölçeği’nin Türkçeye Uyarlanması ve Karanlık Dörtlünün Pazarlama Araştırmalarındaki Yerinin Tartışılması. İşletme Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 129-149.
  • Bekiroğlu, B. (2020). Karanlık Üçlü Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi ve psikometrik özelliklerinin klinik bağlamda incelenmesi [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf Üniversitesi.
  • Bekiroğlu, B., & Tatar, A. (2022a). Karanlık Üçlü (K3) Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi ve ilk geçerlik çalışmaları-I. International Social Mentality and Researcher Thinkers Journal, 8(63), 1552-1564.
  • Bekiroğlu, B., & Tatar, A. (2022b). Karanlık Üçlü (K3) Ölçeği Geçerlik Çalışmaları-II. International Social Mentality and Researcher Thinkers Journal, 8(65), 2242-2257.
  • Berg, J. M., Smith, S. F., Watts, A. L., Ammirati, R., Green, S. E., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2013). Misconceptions regarding psychopathic personality: Implications for clinical practice and research. Neuropsychiatry, 3(1), 63-74.
  • Blötner, C., & Beisemann, M. (2022). The Dark Triad is dead, long live the Dark Triad: An item-response theoretical examination of the Short Dark Tetrad.
  • Blötner, C., Ziegler, M., Wehner, C., Back, M. D., & Grosz, M. P. (2022). The nomological network of the Short Dark Tetrad scale (SD4). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 38(3), 187-197.
  • Bonfá-Araujo, B., Lima-Costa, A. R., Hauck-Filho, N., & Jonason, P. K. (2022). Considering sadism in the shadow of the Dark Triad traits: A meta-analytic review of the Dark Tetrad. Personality and Individual Differences, 197, 111767.
  • Bonfá-Araujo, B., Machado, G. M., Lima-Costa, A. R., Otoni, F., Nadeem, M., & Jonason, P. K. (2025). Testing the distinction between sadism and psychopathy: A metanalysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 235, 112973.
  • Buckels, E. E., Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). Behavioral confirmation of everyday sadism. Psychological Science, 24(11), 2201-2209.
  • Buckels, E. E., Trapnell, P. D., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Trolls just want to have fun. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 97-102.
  • Chabrol, H., Van Leeuwen, N., Rodgers, R., & Séjourné, N. (2009). Contributions of psychopathic, narcissistic, Machiavellian, and sadistic personality traits to juvenile delinquency. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(7), 734-739.
  • Christie, R., & Geis, F. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. New York: Academic Press.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (Vol. 2). Ankara: Pegem akademi.
  • De Brito, S. A., Forth, A. E., Baskin-Sommers, A. R., Brazil, I. A., Kimonis, E. R., Pardini, D., Frick, P. J. Blair, R. J. R., & Viding, E. (2021). Psychopathy. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 7(49), 1-21.
  • Egan, V., Chan, S., & Shorter, G. W. (2014). The Dark Triad, happiness and subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 17-22.
  • Eraslan-Çapan, B., Satıcı, S. A., Yılmaz, M. F., & Kayiş, A. R. (2015). Karanlık Üçlü Ölçeği: Türkçeye uyarlama çalışması. 13. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresinde sunulmuştur, 7-10 Ekim, Mersin, Türkiye.
  • Erickson, J. M., & Sagarin, B. J. (2021). The prosocial sadist? A comparison of BDSM sadism and everyday sadism. Personality and Individual Personality and Individual Differences, 199, 111858. Differences, 176, 110723.
  • Fehr, B., Samson, D., & Paulhus, D. L. (1992). The construct of Machiavellianism: Twenty years later. In C. Spielberger, & J. Butcher (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment, Vol. 9. (pp. 77−116). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Foulkes, L. (2019). Sadism: Review of an elusive construct. Personality and Individual Differences, 151, 109500.
  • Foulkes, L. (2019). Sadism: Review of an elusive construct. Personality and Individual Differences, 151, 109500.
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2016). IBM SPSS Statistics 23 Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference (14th ed.). Routledge.
  • Jain, N., Kowalski, C. M., Johnson, L. K., & Saklofske, D. H. (2023). Dark thoughts, dark deeds: An exploration of the relationship between the Dark Tetrad and aggression. Current Psychology, 42(21), 18017-18032.
  • Jonason, P. K., & Webster, G. D. (2010). The dirty dozen: a concise measure of the dark triad. Psychological Assessment, 22(2), 420-432.
  • Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2009). Machiavellianism. In M. R. Leary, & R. H. Hoyle (Eds.), Handbook of individual differences in social behavior (pp.93-108). New York: the Guilford Press.
  • Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Introducing the short dark triad (SD3) a brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21(1), 28-41.
  • Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2023). Short Dark Triad and Short Dark Tetrad. In P. K. Jonason (Ed.), Shining light on the dark side of personality: Measurement properties and theoretical advances (pp. 215-230). Hogrefe.
  • Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D.L. (2011). Differentiating the Dark Triad within the interpersonal circumplex. In L. M. Horowitz, & S. Strack (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal psychology: theory, research, assessment, and therapeutic interventions (pp.249-269). New York: Wiley and Sons.
  • LeBreton, J. M., Binning, J. F., & Adorno, A. J. (2006). Subclinical psychopaths. In J. C. Thomas, & D. L. Segal (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of personality and psychopathology: volume 1 (pp. 388-411). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
  • Lee, K., Ashton, M. C., Wiltshire, J., Bourdage, J. S., Visser, B. A., & Gallucci, A. (2013). Sex, power, and money: prediction from the Dark Triad and Honesty-Humility. European Journal of Personality, 27(2), 169-184.
  • Lyons, M. (2019). Introduction to the Dark Triad. In M. Lyons (Ed.), The dark triad of personality: narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy in everyday life (pp. 1-37). Academic Press.
  • Maples, J. L., Lamkin, J., & Miller, J. D. (2014). A test of two brief measures of the dark triad: The Dirty Dozen and Short Dark Triad. Psychological Assessment, 26(1), 326-331.
  • Međedović, J., & Petrović, B. (2015). The Dark Tetrad: Structural properties and location in the personality space. Journal of Individual Differences, 36(4), 228-236.
  • Meere, M., & Egan, V. (2017). Everyday sadism, the Dark Triad, personality, and disgust sensitivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 112, 157-161.
  • Meng, X., Li, C., Liu, D., & Xu, Y. (2022). The super-short Dark Tetrad: Development and validation within the Chinese context. Personality and Individual Differences, 188, 111459.
  • Moreira, D., Almeida, F., Pinto, M., & Fávero, M. (2014). Psychopathy: A comprehensive review of its assessment and intervention. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19(3), 191-195.
  • Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Otgaar, H., & Meijer, E. (2017). The malevolent side of human nature: A meta-analysis and critical review of the literature on the dark triad (narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(2), 183-204.
  • Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Özsoy, E., & Ardıç, K. (2017). Karanlık Üçlü’nün (Narsisizm, Makyavelizm Ve Psikopati) iş tatminine etkisinin incelenmesi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(2), 391- 406.
  • Özsoy, E., Rauthmann, J. F., Jonason, P. K., & Ardıç, K. (2017). Reliability and validity of the Turkish versions of Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (DTDDT), Short Dark Triad (SD3-T), and Single Item Narcissism Scale (SINS-T). Personality and Individual Differences, 117, 11-14.
  • Paulhus, D. L., & Dutton, D. G. (2016). Everyday sadism. In V. Zeigler-Hill, & D. K. Marcus (Eds.), The dark side of personality: Science and practice in social, personality, and clinical psychology (pp. 109-120). American Psychological Association.
  • Paulhus, D. L., & Jones, D. N. (2015). Measures of dark personalities. In G. J. Boyle, D. H. Saklofske, & G. Matthews (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp. 562-594). Academic Press.
  • Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of research in personality, 36(6), 556-563.
  • Paulhus, D. L., Buckels, E. E., Trapnell, P. D., & Jones, D. N. (2021a). Screening for dark personalities: The Short Dark Tetrad (SD4). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 37(3), 208-222.
  • Paulhus, D. L., Gupta, R., & Jones, D. N. (2021b). Dark or disturbed?: Predicting aggression from the Dark Tetrad and schizotypy. Aggressive Behavior, 47(6), 635-645.
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  • Welsh, C. A., Ferguson, L. M., Mckeown, L., Gerlach, T. M., Doumas, M., Truhan, T. E., & Papageorgiou, K. A. (2024). Assessing Dark Tetrad traits: A COSMIN systematic review of measurement instruments available. Personality and Individual Differences, 217, 112431.
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KARANLIK DÖRTLÜ (K4) ÖLÇEĞİ’NİN GELİŞTİRİLMESİ VE TEMEL PSİKOMETRİK ÖZELLİKLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3, 193 - 218, 23.10.2025

Öz

Bu çalışmada, subklinik sadizmin de dahil edilmesiyle kapsamı genişleyen karanlık kişilik özelliklerini, bütüncül biçimde değerlendirebilecek, Türkçe bir karanlık dörtlü ölçeği geliştirmek ve bu ölçeğin temel psikometrik özelliklerini incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma, ön uygulama (n = 156) ve madde seçme aşamasını içeren ana uygulama (n = 570) olmak üzere iki aşamada yürütülmüştür. Ön uygulamada oluşturulan taslak madde havuzu, madde seçimi için yapılandırılmış ve ana uygulamada yapılan analizler doğrultusunda ölçeğin nihai formu oluşturulmuştur. Madde analizi ve Açıklayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) yöntemlerinin döngüsel bir şekilde kullanılmasıyla yürütülen analizler sonucunda her biri 10 maddeden oluşan dört faktörlü (makyavelyanizm, narsisizm, psikopati ve sadizm), toplam 40 maddelik bir ölçek geliştirilmiş ve Karanlık Dörtlü (K4) Ölçeği olarak isimlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen dört faktörlü yapı, toplam varyansın %46,60’ını açıklamıştır. Faktörlerin iç tutarlılık güvenirlik katsayıları ise 0,77 ile 0,93 arasında değişiklik göstermiştir. Geçerlik çalışması kapsamında gerçekleştirilen Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA), ölçeğin çok güçlü olmasa da kabul edilebilir sınırlara yakın uyum indekslerine sahip olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca ayırt edici geçerlik kapsamında uç gruplar oluşturularak yapılan bağımsız örneklemler için t-testi analizleri, ölçeğin düşük ve yüksek düzeydeki karanlık dörtlü kişilik özelliklerini ayırt etme gücüne sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Tüm bu bulgular çerçevesinde, karanlık kişilik özelliklerinin ölçülmesine yönelik Türkçe literatürde önemli bir boşluğu dolduran K4 Ölçeği’nin psikometrik açıdan temel gereklilikleri karşıladığı görülmektedir.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf Üniversitesi Etik Kurulu tarafından 06.02.2025 tarihinde 2025-44/32 sayılı kararla onaylanmıştır. Katılımcılara araştırmanın amacı hakkında bilgilendirme yapılmış ve gönüllü katılım esasına göre veriler toplanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Aytaç, M. B. (2022). Karanlık Dörtlü (The Short Dark Tetrad-Sd4) Ölçeği’nin Türkçeye Uyarlanması ve Karanlık Dörtlünün Pazarlama Araştırmalarındaki Yerinin Tartışılması. İşletme Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(1), 129-149.
  • Bekiroğlu, B. (2020). Karanlık Üçlü Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi ve psikometrik özelliklerinin klinik bağlamda incelenmesi [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf Üniversitesi.
  • Bekiroğlu, B., & Tatar, A. (2022a). Karanlık Üçlü (K3) Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi ve ilk geçerlik çalışmaları-I. International Social Mentality and Researcher Thinkers Journal, 8(63), 1552-1564.
  • Bekiroğlu, B., & Tatar, A. (2022b). Karanlık Üçlü (K3) Ölçeği Geçerlik Çalışmaları-II. International Social Mentality and Researcher Thinkers Journal, 8(65), 2242-2257.
  • Berg, J. M., Smith, S. F., Watts, A. L., Ammirati, R., Green, S. E., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2013). Misconceptions regarding psychopathic personality: Implications for clinical practice and research. Neuropsychiatry, 3(1), 63-74.
  • Blötner, C., & Beisemann, M. (2022). The Dark Triad is dead, long live the Dark Triad: An item-response theoretical examination of the Short Dark Tetrad.
  • Blötner, C., Ziegler, M., Wehner, C., Back, M. D., & Grosz, M. P. (2022). The nomological network of the Short Dark Tetrad scale (SD4). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 38(3), 187-197.
  • Bonfá-Araujo, B., Lima-Costa, A. R., Hauck-Filho, N., & Jonason, P. K. (2022). Considering sadism in the shadow of the Dark Triad traits: A meta-analytic review of the Dark Tetrad. Personality and Individual Differences, 197, 111767.
  • Bonfá-Araujo, B., Machado, G. M., Lima-Costa, A. R., Otoni, F., Nadeem, M., & Jonason, P. K. (2025). Testing the distinction between sadism and psychopathy: A metanalysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 235, 112973.
  • Buckels, E. E., Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). Behavioral confirmation of everyday sadism. Psychological Science, 24(11), 2201-2209.
  • Buckels, E. E., Trapnell, P. D., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Trolls just want to have fun. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 97-102.
  • Chabrol, H., Van Leeuwen, N., Rodgers, R., & Séjourné, N. (2009). Contributions of psychopathic, narcissistic, Machiavellian, and sadistic personality traits to juvenile delinquency. Personality and Individual Differences, 47(7), 734-739.
  • Christie, R., & Geis, F. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. New York: Academic Press.
  • Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları (Vol. 2). Ankara: Pegem akademi.
  • De Brito, S. A., Forth, A. E., Baskin-Sommers, A. R., Brazil, I. A., Kimonis, E. R., Pardini, D., Frick, P. J. Blair, R. J. R., & Viding, E. (2021). Psychopathy. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 7(49), 1-21.
  • Egan, V., Chan, S., & Shorter, G. W. (2014). The Dark Triad, happiness and subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 67, 17-22.
  • Eraslan-Çapan, B., Satıcı, S. A., Yılmaz, M. F., & Kayiş, A. R. (2015). Karanlık Üçlü Ölçeği: Türkçeye uyarlama çalışması. 13. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresinde sunulmuştur, 7-10 Ekim, Mersin, Türkiye.
  • Erickson, J. M., & Sagarin, B. J. (2021). The prosocial sadist? A comparison of BDSM sadism and everyday sadism. Personality and Individual Personality and Individual Differences, 199, 111858. Differences, 176, 110723.
  • Fehr, B., Samson, D., & Paulhus, D. L. (1992). The construct of Machiavellianism: Twenty years later. In C. Spielberger, & J. Butcher (Eds.), Advances in personality assessment, Vol. 9. (pp. 77−116). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Foulkes, L. (2019). Sadism: Review of an elusive construct. Personality and Individual Differences, 151, 109500.
  • Foulkes, L. (2019). Sadism: Review of an elusive construct. Personality and Individual Differences, 151, 109500.
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2016). IBM SPSS Statistics 23 Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference (14th ed.). Routledge.
  • Jain, N., Kowalski, C. M., Johnson, L. K., & Saklofske, D. H. (2023). Dark thoughts, dark deeds: An exploration of the relationship between the Dark Tetrad and aggression. Current Psychology, 42(21), 18017-18032.
  • Jonason, P. K., & Webster, G. D. (2010). The dirty dozen: a concise measure of the dark triad. Psychological Assessment, 22(2), 420-432.
  • Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2009). Machiavellianism. In M. R. Leary, & R. H. Hoyle (Eds.), Handbook of individual differences in social behavior (pp.93-108). New York: the Guilford Press.
  • Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2014). Introducing the short dark triad (SD3) a brief measure of dark personality traits. Assessment, 21(1), 28-41.
  • Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L. (2023). Short Dark Triad and Short Dark Tetrad. In P. K. Jonason (Ed.), Shining light on the dark side of personality: Measurement properties and theoretical advances (pp. 215-230). Hogrefe.
  • Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D.L. (2011). Differentiating the Dark Triad within the interpersonal circumplex. In L. M. Horowitz, & S. Strack (Eds.), Handbook of interpersonal psychology: theory, research, assessment, and therapeutic interventions (pp.249-269). New York: Wiley and Sons.
  • LeBreton, J. M., Binning, J. F., & Adorno, A. J. (2006). Subclinical psychopaths. In J. C. Thomas, & D. L. Segal (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of personality and psychopathology: volume 1 (pp. 388-411). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
  • Lee, K., Ashton, M. C., Wiltshire, J., Bourdage, J. S., Visser, B. A., & Gallucci, A. (2013). Sex, power, and money: prediction from the Dark Triad and Honesty-Humility. European Journal of Personality, 27(2), 169-184.
  • Lyons, M. (2019). Introduction to the Dark Triad. In M. Lyons (Ed.), The dark triad of personality: narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy in everyday life (pp. 1-37). Academic Press.
  • Maples, J. L., Lamkin, J., & Miller, J. D. (2014). A test of two brief measures of the dark triad: The Dirty Dozen and Short Dark Triad. Psychological Assessment, 26(1), 326-331.
  • Međedović, J., & Petrović, B. (2015). The Dark Tetrad: Structural properties and location in the personality space. Journal of Individual Differences, 36(4), 228-236.
  • Meere, M., & Egan, V. (2017). Everyday sadism, the Dark Triad, personality, and disgust sensitivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 112, 157-161.
  • Meng, X., Li, C., Liu, D., & Xu, Y. (2022). The super-short Dark Tetrad: Development and validation within the Chinese context. Personality and Individual Differences, 188, 111459.
  • Moreira, D., Almeida, F., Pinto, M., & Fávero, M. (2014). Psychopathy: A comprehensive review of its assessment and intervention. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19(3), 191-195.
  • Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Otgaar, H., & Meijer, E. (2017). The malevolent side of human nature: A meta-analysis and critical review of the literature on the dark triad (narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(2), 183-204.
  • Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Özsoy, E., & Ardıç, K. (2017). Karanlık Üçlü’nün (Narsisizm, Makyavelizm Ve Psikopati) iş tatminine etkisinin incelenmesi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(2), 391- 406.
  • Özsoy, E., Rauthmann, J. F., Jonason, P. K., & Ardıç, K. (2017). Reliability and validity of the Turkish versions of Dark Triad Dirty Dozen (DTDDT), Short Dark Triad (SD3-T), and Single Item Narcissism Scale (SINS-T). Personality and Individual Differences, 117, 11-14.
  • Paulhus, D. L., & Dutton, D. G. (2016). Everyday sadism. In V. Zeigler-Hill, & D. K. Marcus (Eds.), The dark side of personality: Science and practice in social, personality, and clinical psychology (pp. 109-120). American Psychological Association.
  • Paulhus, D. L., & Jones, D. N. (2015). Measures of dark personalities. In G. J. Boyle, D. H. Saklofske, & G. Matthews (Eds.), Measures of personality and social psychological constructs (pp. 562-594). Academic Press.
  • Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of research in personality, 36(6), 556-563.
  • Paulhus, D. L., Buckels, E. E., Trapnell, P. D., & Jones, D. N. (2021a). Screening for dark personalities: The Short Dark Tetrad (SD4). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 37(3), 208-222.
  • Paulhus, D. L., Gupta, R., & Jones, D. N. (2021b). Dark or disturbed?: Predicting aggression from the Dark Tetrad and schizotypy. Aggressive Behavior, 47(6), 635-645.
  • Peterson, R. A. (2000). A meta-analysis of variance accounted for and factor loadings in exploratory factor analysis. Marketing Letters, 11(3), 261-275.
  • Salekin, R. T., Trobst, K. K., & Krioukova, M. (2001). Construct validity of psychopathy in a community sample: A nomological net approach. Journal of Personality Disorders, 15(5), 425-441.
  • Shkeer, A. S., & Awang, Z. (2019). Exploring the items for measuring the marketing information system construct: An exploratory factor analysis. International Review of Management and Marketing, 9(6), 87-97.
  • Southard, A. C., & Zeigler-Hill, V. (2016). Measuring the dark side of personality. In U. Kumar (Ed.), The wiley handbook of personality assessment (1st ed.), (pp. 119-133). John Wiley and Sons.
  • Visser, B. A., & Campbell, S. (2018). Measuring the dark side of personality. In V. Zeigler-Hill, & T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of personality and individual differences (pp. 573-591). SAGE Publications Ltd.
  • Vize, C. E., Lynam, D. R., Collison, K. L., & Miller, J. D. (2018). Differences among dark triad components: A meta-analytic investigation. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 9 (2), 101-111.
  • Wall, T. D., Wygant, D. B., & Sellbom, M. (2015). Boldness explains a key difference between psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 22(1), 94-105.
  • Welsh, C. A., Ferguson, L. M., Mckeown, L., Gerlach, T. M., Doumas, M., Truhan, T. E., & Papageorgiou, K. A. (2024). Assessing Dark Tetrad traits: A COSMIN systematic review of measurement instruments available. Personality and Individual Differences, 217, 112431.
  • Wilson, D. S., Near, D., & Miller, R. R. (1996). Machiavellianism: a synthesis of the evolutionary and psychological literatures. Psychological Bulletin, 119(2), 285-299.
  • Yaşlıoğlu, D. T., & Atılgan, Ö. (2018). Karanlık Üçlü Ölçeği: Türkçe’ye uyarlama, güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik çalışması. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(3), 725-739.
  • Zeigler-Hill, V., & Marcus, D. K. (Eds.). (2016). Introduction: A bright future for dark personality features? In V. Zeigler-Hill & D. K. Marcus (Eds.), The dark side of personality: Science and practice in social, personality, and clinical psychology (pp. 3-22). American Psychological Association.
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ruh Sağlığı Hizmetleri
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Berra Bekiroğlu 0000-0002-4376-5973

Arkun Tatar 0000-0002-2369-9040

Gaye Saltukoglu 0000-0002-6249-6246

Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Ekim 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Temmuz 2025
Kabul Tarihi 23 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Bekiroğlu, B., Tatar, A., & Saltukoglu, G. (2025). KARANLIK DÖRTLÜ (K4) ÖLÇEĞİ’NİN GELİŞTİRİLMESİ VE TEMEL PSİKOMETRİK ÖZELLİKLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ. Aydın Sağlık Dergisi, 11(3), 193-218.

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