VENOMOUS JELLYFISHES IN THE TURKISH SEAS AND THEIR TOXIC EFFECTS

Abstract

The Mediterranean Sea is home to numerous species of both native and invasive jellyfish. Research on the biology, ecology, and toxicology of jellyfish has been increasing in recent years in the Mediterranean re-gion, largely because of the extreme increases in coastal areas. Recent research focus has been on the adverse effects of the venoms of foreign jellyfish species that enter the Mediterranean Sea due to global warm-ing and maritime transport. Although most venoms are harmless, the venoms of some species may cause local effects, including immediate and delayed inflammatory–allergic responses (pain, swelling, itching, and localized erythema due to skin contact with nematocysts). Some venoms may cause systemic reactions involving acute and delayed type hypersensitivity reactions, respiratory distress, angioedema, and anaphylactic shock, especially in atopic individuals and depending on the amount of venom that is being exposed. This review presents brief information about the morphology and ecology of the jellyfish species found in the coastal areas of Turkey. In addition, the clinical, therapeu-tic, and preventive aspects of the injuries caused by jellyfish, focusing on first aid measures and treatments, are summarized.

Keywords

• Envenomation,Jellyfish,Nematocyst,Treatment,Turkey

TÜRKİYE DENİZLERİNDE ZEHİRLİ DENİZANALARI VE TOKSİK ETKİLERİ

Öz

Akdeniz, hem yerli hem de yabancı çeşitli denizanası türlerine ev sa-hipliği yapmaktadır. Son yıllarda, çoğunlukla kıyı bölgelerimizde mey-dana gelen aşırı artışlara bağlı olarak, Akdeniz Bölgesi’nde denizanası biyolojisi, ekolojisi ve toksikolojisi üzerine yapılan araştırmalar da art-mıştır. Yakın zamanda, küresel ısınma ve deniz taşımacılığı gibi sebe-plerle Akdeniz’e giren yabancı denizanası türlerinin içerdiği zehirlerin, insanlar üzerindeki istenmeyen etkileri son dönemdeki çalışmaların ilgi odağı olmuştur. Çoğu zararsız olmakla birlikte, bazı türler lokal olarak akut ve bazen de gecikmiş tipte enflamatuvar-allerjik yanıta (ağrı, şişme, kaşıntı ve nematosistlerle temas eden bölgede lokalize eritem) yol açabilmektedirler. Bazı durumlarda, özellikle atopik bireylerde veya maruz kalınan zehirin miktarına bağlı olarak, akut ve gecikmiş tipte aşırı duyarlılık reaksiyonları, solunum güçlüğü, anjiyoödem ve anafilaktik şok gibi sistemik reaksiyonlar oluşabilmektedir. Bu derlem-ede, Türkiye’nin kıyı sularında bulunan denizanası türleri ele alınarak, bu türlerin morfolojileri ve ekolojileri hakkında kısa bilgiler verilmiştir. Ek olarak, bu organizmaların insanda neden olduğu lokal ve sistemik toksik etkiler ile bu organizmalara maruziyet durumunda yapılacak acil müdahaleler, klinik, terapötik ve önleyici tedbirler açısından gözden geçirilerek sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Zehirlenme,Denizanası,Nematosist,Tedavi,Türkiye

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