The Elemental Composition of Green Seaweed (Ulva rigida) Collected from Çanakkale, Turkey

Abstract

Seaweeds or marine algae are rich in terms of minerals. They are used as food source due to the quality of their biological content in many countries. In this study, the elemental composition of green seaweed (Ulva rigida) was determined seasonally. Sampling was carried out seasonally from Turkey’s Canakkale strait and the collected algae were analyzed both wet and dried according to the Nordic Committee on Food Analysis (method 186). According to the results; calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium were found as macro elements and boron, barium, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, zinc as micro elements and determined within the legal limits stated by food codex. However, neither cobalt nor nickel as trace metals were detected in all groups. Moreover, lead and cadmium (which are considered hazardous) were also not detected. While Mg was found to be the highest macro element in all seasons in wet algae, the highest macro mineral varied in dried algae is Ca in spring, K in summer and Mg in both autumn and winter. Fe was found to be the highest micro mineral followed by B, Zn, Mn and Cu both by season and by dried or wet ones (P<0.05).

Keywords

• Green seaweed,Ulva rigida,trace elements,Çanakkale strait,nutrient

References

1. Achterberg, E. P., & Van Den Berg, C. M. G. (1997). Chemical speciation of chromium and nickel in the western Mediterranean. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 44(3–4): 693–720.
2. Ak, İ. (2015). Sucul ortamın ekonomik bitkileri; makro algler (in Turkish). Dünya Gıda Dergisi, 12, 88–97.
3. Atay, D. (1984). Bitkisel Su Ürünleri Üretim Tekniği (in Turkish). Ankara-Türkiye: Ankara University Agriculture Faculty Publishing.
4. Berik, N., Çankırılıgil, E. C., & Gül, G. (2017). Mineral content of smooth scallop (Flexopecten glaber) caught Canakkale, Turkey ande in terms of food safety. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 42: 97–102.
5. Bonanno, G., & Orlando-Bonaca, M. (2018). Chemical elements in Mediterranean macroalgae. A review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 148: 44–71.Chou, L., & Wollast, R. (1997). Biogeochemical behavior and mass balance of dissolved aluminum in the western Mediterranean Sea. Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 44(3–4): 741–768
6. Cirik, Ş. (2001). Gökova Körfezi Deniz Bitkileri (in Turkish). Izmir-Türkiye: D.E.U. Marine Science and Technology Institute, Piri Reis Publishing.
7. Cirik, Ş., & Cirik, S. (1999). Su Bitkileri (in turkish). Izmır-Turkey: Ege University Publisher, Fisheries Faculty.
8. Dawczynski, C., Schubert, R., & Jahreis, G. (2007). Amino acids, fatty acids, and dietary fibre in edible seaweed products. Food Chemistry, 103: 891–899.

9. Demey, H., Vincent, T., Ruiz, M., Nogueras, M., Sastre, A. M., & Guibal, E. (2014). Boron recovery from seawater with a new low-cost adsorbent material. Chemical Engineering Journal, 254: 463–471.
10. Dillehay, T. D., Ramírez, C., Pino, M., Collins, M. B., Rossen, J., & Pino-Navarro, J. D. (2008). Monte Verde: Seaweed, food, medicine, and the peopling of South America. Science, 320: 784–786.
11. Favero, N., Cattalini, F., Bertaggia, D., & Albergoni, V. (1996). Metal accumulation in a biological indicator (Ulva rigida) from lagoon of Venice (Italy). Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 31(1): 9–18.
12. Fleurence, J. (1999). Seaweed proteins: Biochemical, nutritional aspects and potential uses. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 10: 25–28.
13. Foster, G. L., Strandmann Pogge von, P. A. E., & Rae, J. W. B. (2010). Boron and magnesium isotopic composition of seawater. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 11(8): 1–10.
14. Galland-Irmouli, A. V., Fleurence, J., Lamghari, R., Lucon, M., Rouxel, C., Barbaroux, O., Bronowicki, J. P., Villaume, C., & Gueant, J. L. (1999). Nutritional value of proteins from edible seaweed Palmaria palmata (Dulse). Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 10: 353–359.
15. Guieu, C., Bozec, Y., Blain, S., Ridame, C., Sarthou, G., & Leblond, N. (2002). Impact of high Saharan dust inputs on dissolved iron concentrations in the Mediterranean Sea. Geophysical Research Letters, 29(19): 17-1-17–4.
16. Haritonidis, S., & Malea, P. (1999). Bioaccumulation of metals by the green alga Ulva rigida from Thermaikos Gulf, Greece. Environmental Pollution, 104(3): 365–372.
17. Irkin, L. C. (2009). Çanakkale Boğazında yayılış gösteren bazı makro alglerin kimyasal kompozisyonunun araştırılması (In turkish). Institute of Applied Sciences.
18. Joksimovic, D., Tomic, I., Stankovic, A. R., Jovic, M., & Stankovic, S. (2011). Trace metal concentrations in Mediterranean blue mussel and surface sediments and evaluation of the mussels quality and possible risks of high human consumption. Food Chemistry, 127(2): 632–637.
19. Kodalak, N. (2008). Sinop Kıyılarındaki “Cystoseira barbata” deniz yosunundan aljinat üretimi üzerine bir araştırma (in Turkish). Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
20. Law, R., Hanke, G., Angelidis, M., Batty, J., Bignert, A., Dachs, J., Davies, I., Denga, Y., Duffek, A., Herut, B., Hylland, K., Lepom, P., Leonards, P., Mehtonen, J., Piha, H., Roose, P., Tronczynski, J., Velikova, V., & Vethaak, D. (2010). Marine Strategy Framework Directive, Contaminants and Pollution Effects. Luxembourg.
21. Malea, P., & Haritonidis, S. (2000). Use of the green alga Ulva rigida C. Agardh as an indicator species to reassess metal pollution in the Thermaikos Gulf, Greece, after 13 years. Journal of Applied Phycology, 12(2): 169–176.
22. Mchugh, D. J. (2003). A guide to the seaweed industry. Rome-Italy.
23. Meacham, S., Karakas, S., Wallace, A., & Altun, F. (2010). Boron in human health : Evidence for dietary recommendations and public policies, 36–53.
24. Mutlu, C., Turkmen, A., Turkmen, M., Tepe, Y., & Ates, A. (2012). Comparison of the heavy metal concentrations in Atlantic horse mackerel, Trachurus trachurus, from coastal waters of Turkey. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 21(2): 304–307.
25. Nielsen, F. H. (1997). Boron in human and animal nutrition. Plant and Soil, 193(13): 199–208.
26. Nielsen, F. H., & Meacham, S. L. (2016). Growing evidence for human health benefits of boron, 16(3): 169–180.
27. NMKL. (2007). Nordic Committee on Food Analysis, Method No:186.
28. Ortiz, J., Romero, N., Robert, P., Araya, J., Lopez-Hernandez, J., Bozzo, C., Navarrete, E., Osorio, A., & Rios, A. (2006). Dietary fiber, amino acid, fatty acid and tocopherol contents of the edible seaweeds Ulva lactuca and Durvillaea antarctica. Food Chemistry, 99: 98–104.
29. Ozden, S., & Tuncer, S. (2015). Heavy metal concentrations (Pb, Cu, Zn and Fe) in Ulva rigida (Dardanelles, Çanakkale). Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 4: 34–42.
30. Rohani-Ghadikolaei, K., Abdulalian, E., & Ng, W. K. (2012). Evaluation of the proximate, fatty acid and mineral composition of representative green, brown and red seaweeds from the Persian Gulf of Iran as potential food and feed resources. Journal of Food Science and Technology-Mysore, 49: 774–780.
31. Saeed, S. M., & Moustafa, Y. T. A. (2013). The seaweed (Green Macroalgae), Ulva sp. as bioindicator of metal pollution in the Mediterranean coast, Alexandria region, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 17(3): 57–68.
32. Sánchez-Machado, D.I., López-Cervantes, J., López-Hernández, J., & Paseiro-Losada, P. (2004). Fatty acids, total lipid, protein and ash contents of processed edible seaweeds. Food Chemistry, 85: 439–444.
33. Schlitzer, R. (2019). Ocean Data View. http://odv.awi.de.
34. Sukatar, A. (2002). Alg Kültür Yöntemleri (in Turkish). Bornova-İzmir: Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi.
35. Swanner, E. D., Planavsky, N. J., Lalonde, S. V., Robbins, L. J., Bekker, A., Rouxel, O. J., Saito, M.A., Kappler, A., Mojzsis, S.J., & Konhauser, K. O. (2014). Cobalt and marine redox evolution. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 390: 253–263.
36. Swartenbroux, F., Albajedo, B., Angelidis, M., Aulne, M., Bartkevics, V., Besada, V., Bignert, A., Bitterhof, A., Hallikainen, A., Hoogenboom, R., Jorhem, L., Jud, M., Law, R., Cederberg, D.L., McGovern, E., Miniero, R., Schneider, R., Velikova, V., Verstraete, F., Vinas, L., & Vlad, S. (2010). Marine Strategy Framework Directive, Contaminants in Fish and Other Seafood. Luxembourg.
37. Türkmen, A., Türkmen, M., Tepe, Y., & Çekiç, M. (2010). Metals in tissues of fish from Yelkoma Lagoon, northeastern Mediterranean. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 168(1–4): 223–230.
38. Ustunada, M., Erduǧan, H., Yilmaz, S., Akgul, R., & Aysel, V. (2011). Seasonal concentrations of some heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu) in Ulva rigida J. Agardh (Chlorophyta) from Dardanelles (Canakkale, Turkey). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 177(1–4): 337–342.
39. Wan, A., Wilkes, R., Heesch, S., Bermejo, R., Johnson, M., Morrison, L., & Kalka, G. (2017). What can sea lettuce tell us about coastal pollution ?, Environmental Science Journal for Teens, 1–5.