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NEFES TEKNİKLERİNİN PROFESYONEL ŞARKICILAR VE SOLUNUM YOLU HASTALARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 12, 67 - 75, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.746207

Öz

Solunum sistemi ses üretimi ve şan tekniğinin temel sistemidir. İstemsiz bir kas hareketi olarak solunum hayatın en önemli unsurudur. Mekanizması, akciğerler ve atmosfer arasındaki basınç farkından dolayı havanın akciğerlere girişi ve çıkışına bağlıdır. Alveollerdeki hava basıncı atmosfer basıncının altına düşerse, akciğerlere hava girişiyle nefes alınır. Eğer alveollerdeki hava basıncı atmosferik basınçtan fazla olursa, akciğerlerden hava çıkışıyla birlikte nefes verilir. Normal/istirahat solunumu sırasında, nefes alma işlemi diyafram kasının aşağı doğru kasılmasıyla ve göğüs boşluğunu arttırmasıyla gerçekleşir. Dış interkostal kaslar da kasılarak göğüs kafesini genişletir. Normal solunumda nefes verme işlemi pasif olarak gerçekleşir, bu sırada diyafram ve interkostal kaslar gevşer. Konuşma ve şarkı solunumu spor yaparken ya da solunumun aktif olarak gerçekleştirilmesini gerektiren durumlarda oluşur. Bu solunum sırasında hem nefes alma hem de nefes verme işlemi solunum kasların kasılmasıyla gerçekleşir. Genel olarak solunum düzeni fiziksel aktiviteye, duygusal duruma ya da sağlık durumuna göre değişebilir. Bu makalede, solunum sistemi ve nefesin mekanizması açıklanıp, solunum ve şarkı söylemenin ilişkisini araştıran makaleler incelenmiş ve analiz edilmiştir. Bulgulara göre, etkili bir larenks fonskiyonu ve fonasyon doğru bir vücut duruşunu ve iyi bir solunumu gerektirir. Bu faktörler, aynı zamanda ses yolundaki gerilimi azaltır ve iyi bir rezonans sağlar. Şarkıcı ürettiği sesleri kontrol ederken etkili bir nefes desteğine ihtiyaç duyar. Şarkı söyleme kaslarının birbiriyle uyumunu sağlayabilmek için iyi bir şan eğitmeni ya da nefes teknikleri uzmanıyla çalışılmalıdır. Şarkı söyleme terapisi sayesinde solunum rahatsızlıkları olan hastalarda başarılı sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Şan egzersizleri ile hastalarda daha iyi solunum kontrol mekanizmaları ve fiziksel iyileşme gözlenmiştir. Uzmanlar şarkıcının/hastanın yaşına ve durumuna göre çeşitli imgelemler geliştirebilirler. Solunum mekanizması öğretimi sırasında, kaslar üzerindeki gerginliği ve stresi azaltmak amacıyla destekleme konsepti yerine sürekli akış halindeki hava konsepti tavsiye edilebilir. Daha iyi değerlendirmeler yapabilmek adına, daha uzun süreli nefes ve şan dersleri ile gerçekleştirilen bire bir çalışmalar önerilir. 

Kaynakça

  • American Lung Association. (2020). “How Serious Is COBD?”, Accessed on 31.05.2020 from https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/copd
  • Boston College Open Textbooks (2020). “Anatomy and Physiology, Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System”, BC Campus, Accessed on 31.05.2020 from https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/22-1-organs-and-structures-of-the-respiratory-system/
  • Burri, P.H. (2006). Structural Aspects of Postnatal Lung Development-Alveolar Formation and Growth. Biology of the Neonate, 89, 313-322.
  • Clift, S. and Gilbert, R. (2016). Can Singing Have A Beneficial Effect on Lung Function and Breathing for People with Respiratory Illness. (Ed. Welch, G., Howard, D., and Nix, J.). in The Oxford Handbook of Singing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Çakan, M. ve Gülnihal, G. Ü. L. (2018). Ses Eğitiminde Kullanılan Nefes ve Ses Egzersizlerinin Konuşma Bozukluklarının Giderilmesinde Kullanılabilirliği. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Akademik Müzik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4 (8): 50-63.
  • Davidova, J.; Zavadska, G.; Rauduvaitė, A. and Chuang, M. J. (2017). Strategies for the Development of 6-8-Year-Old Children’s Breathing for Singing. Pedagogika, 125 (3): 111-121.
  • Desjardins, M. and Bonilha, H. S. (2019). The Impact of Respiratory Exercises on Voice Outcomes: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Journal of Voice, 34 (4): 648.e1-648.e39.
  • Encyclopedia Britannica (2006). “Diaphragm; Breathing”, Accessed on 31.05.2020 from https://www.britannica.com/science/human-respiratory-system/The-respiratory-pump-and-its-performance#/media/1/499530/99770
  • Encyclopedia Britannica (2020). “Human Respiratory System, The Mechanics of Breathing”, Accessed on 31.05.2020 from https://www.britannica.com/science/human-respiratory-system/The-mechanics-of-breathing
  • EPA. (2015). “Particulate Matter”, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Accessed on 31.05.2020 from https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution
  • ER Services. (2020). “The Process of Breathing, Anatomy and Physiology II”, Accessed on 31.05.2020 from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ap2/chapter/the-process-of-breathing-no-content/
  • Evren, G. F. (2006). Ses Eğitimi Yöntemlerinin Ses Hastalıklarının Tedavisinde Kullanımı, (Ph.D. Dissertation), Konya: Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • GOLD. (2015). “Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease”, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, Accessed on 31.05.2020 from https://goldcopd.org/Guidelines/guidelines-resources.html
  • Goldenberg, R. B. (2018). Singing Lessons for Respiratory Health: A Literature Review. Journal of Voice, 32 (1): 85-94.
  • Gordon, K. E. and Reed, O. (2020). The Role of the Pelvic Floor in Respiration: A Multidisciplinary Literature Review. Journal of Voice, 34 (2): 243-249.
  • Han, P. (2018). Principles of Appoggio: The Interrelationship Between Theory and Practice for Today's Young Opera Singers, (Ph.D. Dissertation), Bloomington: Indiana University.
  • Harding, R. and Maritz, G. (2012). Maternal and Fetal Origins of Lung Disease in Adulthood. Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 17, 67-72.
  • Herbst, C. T. (2017). A Review of Singing Voice Subsystem Interactions-Toward an Extended Physiological Model of ‘Support’. Journal of Voice, 31 (2): 249.e13-249.e19.
  • Lopez E.; Lee, S. H.; Bahr, R.; Carey, S. L.; Mott, B.; Fults, A.; Lazinski, M. and Kim, E. S. (2020). Breathing Techniques in Collegiate Vocalists: The Effects of the Mind-Body Integrated Exercise Program on Singers’ Posture, Tension, Efficacy, and Respiratory Function. (Ed. Lee S. H., Morris M., and Nicosia S.). in Perspectives in Performing Arts Medicine Practice (p. 111-125). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  • Kim, S. (2019). "Support vs. Steady Airflow: The Effect of Two Different Instructions on Subglottal Pressure, Sound Pressure Level, and Airflow Rate during Singing and Speaking", CUNY Academic Works, Accessed on 30.05.2020 from https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/3499
  • McCombes, S. (2019). “How to Write a Literature Review”, Accessed in 29.06.2020 from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/literature-review/
  • Paroni, A.; Calabrese, P.; Savariaux, C.; Baraduc, P. and Loevenbruck, H. (2019). Ventilatory Dynamics in Human Beatboxing: Is It Similar to Speech and Singing, 13th Pan-European Voice Conference, August 2019, Copenhagen.
  • Petersen, J. (2014). “W. Stephen Smith on Breathing”, Petersen Voice Studio, Accessed on 30.05.2020 from https://petersenvoicestudio.com/2014/11/06/w-stephen-smith-on-breathing/
  • Smith, W. S. (2007). The Naked Voice: A Wholistic Approach to Singing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Soriano, J.B.; Zielinski, J. and Price, D. (2009). Screening for and Early Detection of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. The Lancet, 374, 721-732.
  • Stegemöller, E. L.; Radig, H.; Hibbing, P.; Wingate, J. and Sapienza, C. (2017). Effects of Singing on Voice, Respiratory Control and Quality of Life in Persons with Parkinson’s Disease. Disability and Rehabilitation, 39 (6): 594-600.
  • Stocks, J.; Hislop, A. and Sonnappa, S. (2013). Early Lung Development: Lifelong Effect on Respiratory Health and Disease. The Lancet, 1 (9): 728-742.
  • Thorpe, C.W.; Cala, S. J.; Chapman, J. and Davis, P. J. (2001). Patterns of Breath Support in Projection of the Singing Voice. Journal of Voice, 15 (1): 86-104.
  • Traser, L.; Özen, A. Ç.; Burk, F.; Burdumy, M.; Bock, M.; Richter, B. and Echternach, M. (2017). Respiratory Dynamics in Phonation and Breathing-A Real-Time MRI Study. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 236, 69-77.
  • Uğurtay, Ö. (2006). Ses Kısıklığı Yakınması Olan Hastalarda Tedavinin Etkinliğinin Değerlendirilmesi, (Ph.D. Dissertation), İzmir: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • University of Hawaii at Manoa (2009). “Research: Biophysical Study of Lung Surfactant, Laboratory of Biocolloids and Biointerfaces”, University of Hawaii Mechanical Engineering Department, Accessed on 31.05.2020 from http://www2.hawaii.edu/~yzuo/research1-surfactant.html
  • Wade, L. M. (2017). A Pilot Study of Pursed-Lip Breathing, Singing, and Kazoo Playing on Lung Function and Perceived Exertion of Participants Who Smoke, (Ph.D. Dissertation), Kansas: University of Kansas Music Education & Music Therapy Department.
  • White Jr, R. C. (1988). On the Teaching of Breathing for the Singing Voice. Journal of Voice, 2 (1): 26-29.
  • Yıldırım, K. (2010). Raising the Quality in Qualitative Research. İlköğretim Online, 9 (1): 79-92.

EFFECTS OF BREATHING TECHNIQUES ON PROFESSIONAL SINGERS AND PATIENTS WITH RESPIRATORY DISEASES

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 12, 67 - 75, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.746207

Öz

Respiratory system is the main section of vocal production and singing. Breathing as an involuntary muscle movement is the most essential factor of life. Its mechanism is dependent on air moving in and out of the lungs in response to pressure differences between the lungs and the atmosphere. If the air pressure within the alveolar spaces falls below atmospheric pressure, inspiration occurs with the air entering the lungs. If the air pressure within the alveoli exceeds atmospheric pressure, expiration occurs with air blown out of the lungs. During normal breathing, inspiration occurs as the diaphragm muscle contracts downward, increasing the thoracic cavity. The external intercostal muscles contract, too, expanding the rib cage. Normal breathing expiration occurs passively, while diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax. Forced breathing can occur during exercise or during actions which need active manipulation of breathing, such as singing. In forced breathing, both inspiration and expiration are done actively via contraction of the breathing muscles. In general, breathing patterns may change according to the physical activity, emotional conditions as well as health situation. In this paper, respiratory system and breathing mechanisms are explained, and studies involving the relationship between breath and singing are investigated and analyzed. According to the results, efficient larynx productivity via phonation requires a correct posture and efficient breathing. These factors also reduce tension in the vocal tract and help to provide good resonance. The singer needs to control the sounds she/he produces as well as a qualified breath support. The coordination of the singing muscles should be applied with the guidance of a good singing teacher or a professional of breathing techniques. Singing therapies had good results on patients with respiratory diseases. They developed better breathing control mechanisms and physical functioning via singing exercises. The professionals may provide different imageries according to the age and the condition of the singer/patient. During breath management teaching, constant flow of air concept may be suggested instead of using the support concept in order to decrease the tension and stress on the muscles. Further studies are recommended with longer periods of breathing and singing lessons at private sessions for better evaluations.

Kaynakça

  • American Lung Association. (2020). “How Serious Is COBD?”, Accessed on 31.05.2020 from https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/copd
  • Boston College Open Textbooks (2020). “Anatomy and Physiology, Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System”, BC Campus, Accessed on 31.05.2020 from https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/22-1-organs-and-structures-of-the-respiratory-system/
  • Burri, P.H. (2006). Structural Aspects of Postnatal Lung Development-Alveolar Formation and Growth. Biology of the Neonate, 89, 313-322.
  • Clift, S. and Gilbert, R. (2016). Can Singing Have A Beneficial Effect on Lung Function and Breathing for People with Respiratory Illness. (Ed. Welch, G., Howard, D., and Nix, J.). in The Oxford Handbook of Singing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Çakan, M. ve Gülnihal, G. Ü. L. (2018). Ses Eğitiminde Kullanılan Nefes ve Ses Egzersizlerinin Konuşma Bozukluklarının Giderilmesinde Kullanılabilirliği. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Akademik Müzik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4 (8): 50-63.
  • Davidova, J.; Zavadska, G.; Rauduvaitė, A. and Chuang, M. J. (2017). Strategies for the Development of 6-8-Year-Old Children’s Breathing for Singing. Pedagogika, 125 (3): 111-121.
  • Desjardins, M. and Bonilha, H. S. (2019). The Impact of Respiratory Exercises on Voice Outcomes: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Journal of Voice, 34 (4): 648.e1-648.e39.
  • Encyclopedia Britannica (2006). “Diaphragm; Breathing”, Accessed on 31.05.2020 from https://www.britannica.com/science/human-respiratory-system/The-respiratory-pump-and-its-performance#/media/1/499530/99770
  • Encyclopedia Britannica (2020). “Human Respiratory System, The Mechanics of Breathing”, Accessed on 31.05.2020 from https://www.britannica.com/science/human-respiratory-system/The-mechanics-of-breathing
  • EPA. (2015). “Particulate Matter”, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Accessed on 31.05.2020 from https://www.epa.gov/pm-pollution
  • ER Services. (2020). “The Process of Breathing, Anatomy and Physiology II”, Accessed on 31.05.2020 from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ap2/chapter/the-process-of-breathing-no-content/
  • Evren, G. F. (2006). Ses Eğitimi Yöntemlerinin Ses Hastalıklarının Tedavisinde Kullanımı, (Ph.D. Dissertation), Konya: Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • GOLD. (2015). “Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease”, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, Accessed on 31.05.2020 from https://goldcopd.org/Guidelines/guidelines-resources.html
  • Goldenberg, R. B. (2018). Singing Lessons for Respiratory Health: A Literature Review. Journal of Voice, 32 (1): 85-94.
  • Gordon, K. E. and Reed, O. (2020). The Role of the Pelvic Floor in Respiration: A Multidisciplinary Literature Review. Journal of Voice, 34 (2): 243-249.
  • Han, P. (2018). Principles of Appoggio: The Interrelationship Between Theory and Practice for Today's Young Opera Singers, (Ph.D. Dissertation), Bloomington: Indiana University.
  • Harding, R. and Maritz, G. (2012). Maternal and Fetal Origins of Lung Disease in Adulthood. Seminars in Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 17, 67-72.
  • Herbst, C. T. (2017). A Review of Singing Voice Subsystem Interactions-Toward an Extended Physiological Model of ‘Support’. Journal of Voice, 31 (2): 249.e13-249.e19.
  • Lopez E.; Lee, S. H.; Bahr, R.; Carey, S. L.; Mott, B.; Fults, A.; Lazinski, M. and Kim, E. S. (2020). Breathing Techniques in Collegiate Vocalists: The Effects of the Mind-Body Integrated Exercise Program on Singers’ Posture, Tension, Efficacy, and Respiratory Function. (Ed. Lee S. H., Morris M., and Nicosia S.). in Perspectives in Performing Arts Medicine Practice (p. 111-125). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  • Kim, S. (2019). "Support vs. Steady Airflow: The Effect of Two Different Instructions on Subglottal Pressure, Sound Pressure Level, and Airflow Rate during Singing and Speaking", CUNY Academic Works, Accessed on 30.05.2020 from https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/3499
  • McCombes, S. (2019). “How to Write a Literature Review”, Accessed in 29.06.2020 from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/literature-review/
  • Paroni, A.; Calabrese, P.; Savariaux, C.; Baraduc, P. and Loevenbruck, H. (2019). Ventilatory Dynamics in Human Beatboxing: Is It Similar to Speech and Singing, 13th Pan-European Voice Conference, August 2019, Copenhagen.
  • Petersen, J. (2014). “W. Stephen Smith on Breathing”, Petersen Voice Studio, Accessed on 30.05.2020 from https://petersenvoicestudio.com/2014/11/06/w-stephen-smith-on-breathing/
  • Smith, W. S. (2007). The Naked Voice: A Wholistic Approach to Singing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Soriano, J.B.; Zielinski, J. and Price, D. (2009). Screening for and Early Detection of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. The Lancet, 374, 721-732.
  • Stegemöller, E. L.; Radig, H.; Hibbing, P.; Wingate, J. and Sapienza, C. (2017). Effects of Singing on Voice, Respiratory Control and Quality of Life in Persons with Parkinson’s Disease. Disability and Rehabilitation, 39 (6): 594-600.
  • Stocks, J.; Hislop, A. and Sonnappa, S. (2013). Early Lung Development: Lifelong Effect on Respiratory Health and Disease. The Lancet, 1 (9): 728-742.
  • Thorpe, C.W.; Cala, S. J.; Chapman, J. and Davis, P. J. (2001). Patterns of Breath Support in Projection of the Singing Voice. Journal of Voice, 15 (1): 86-104.
  • Traser, L.; Özen, A. Ç.; Burk, F.; Burdumy, M.; Bock, M.; Richter, B. and Echternach, M. (2017). Respiratory Dynamics in Phonation and Breathing-A Real-Time MRI Study. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 236, 69-77.
  • Uğurtay, Ö. (2006). Ses Kısıklığı Yakınması Olan Hastalarda Tedavinin Etkinliğinin Değerlendirilmesi, (Ph.D. Dissertation), İzmir: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • University of Hawaii at Manoa (2009). “Research: Biophysical Study of Lung Surfactant, Laboratory of Biocolloids and Biointerfaces”, University of Hawaii Mechanical Engineering Department, Accessed on 31.05.2020 from http://www2.hawaii.edu/~yzuo/research1-surfactant.html
  • Wade, L. M. (2017). A Pilot Study of Pursed-Lip Breathing, Singing, and Kazoo Playing on Lung Function and Perceived Exertion of Participants Who Smoke, (Ph.D. Dissertation), Kansas: University of Kansas Music Education & Music Therapy Department.
  • White Jr, R. C. (1988). On the Teaching of Breathing for the Singing Voice. Journal of Voice, 2 (1): 26-29.
  • Yıldırım, K. (2010). Raising the Quality in Qualitative Research. İlköğretim Online, 9 (1): 79-92.
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Eğitim Üzerine Çalışmalar
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Canan Özgür 0000-0001-9441-8050

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 12

Kaynak Göster

APA Özgür, C. (2020). NEFES TEKNİKLERİNİN PROFESYONEL ŞARKICILAR VE SOLUNUM YOLU HASTALARI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ. Asya Studies, 4(12), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.746207

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