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JAPAN’S ALTERNATIVE PROJECTS FOR THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE: COMPETITION OVER THE NEW SILK ROAD AND BEYOND

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 15, 129 - 142, 31.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.801033

Öz

This study attempts to analyze Japan’s alternative projects for the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Although Japan stated that it could join the BRI and provide some funding, it has not become a member, yet. This paper begins with examining how the BRI is presented by China and how it is perceived by Japan. Then it elaborates on why Japan holds a different opinion and needs to develop its own alternatives for the BRI. Japan’s alternative projects are examined in three parts. The first one is the Free and Open Indo-Pacific Vision, in which Japan plans to cooperate with India, ASEAN countries and the democratic countries in the Indo-Pacific region. The second one is the Asia-Africa Growth Corridor, a joint project by India and Japan, including the whole African continent, surpassing the scope of the BRI. And last of all is the Japan-EU Partnerships, which include economic, strategic and infrastructural cooperation. Japan’s alternative projects and partnerships all together cover and surpass the areas of the Belt and Road routes. It is important to note that Japan does not explicitly present these as an alternative to the BRI. Yet, having examined the relevant documents and maps of the projects, it is obvious that Japan has been developing alternatives for the BRI. What is most striking about all three of these projects is that Japan and its partners emphasize democracy, rule of law and human rights, the values that are not considered to be shared by China.

Kaynakça

  • Adem, S. (2015). A Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere (GEACPS) 2.0? International Studies Review, 17(4), 705–707.
  • AIIB. (2020). Members of the Bank, https://www.aiib.org/en/about-aiib/governance/members-of-bank/index.html, (Accessed: 07.09.2020).
  • Ang, Y. Y. (2019). Demystifying Belt and Road, Foreign Affairs: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2019-05-22/demystifying-belt-and-road, (Accessed: 01.09.2020).
  • Beasley, W. G. (1999). The Japanese Experience: A Short History of Japan. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
  • BBC News. (2019). Taiwan Profile. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16178545, (Accessed: 01.02.2019).
  • Brînză, A. (2018). Japan’s Belt and Road Balancing Act, The Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2018/11/japans-belt-and-road-balancing-act/, (Accessed: 13.11.2018).
  • Cai, P. (2017). Understanding China’s Belt and Road Initiative, Lowy Institute: https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/understanding-belt-and-road-initiative, (Accessed: 07.09.2020).
  • Center for Strategic & International Studies. (2019). Japan’s Infrastructure Development Strategy: Supporting a Free and Open Indo-Pacific, https://www.csis.org/events/japans-infrastructure-development-strategy-supporting-free-and-open-indo-pacific, (Accessed: 01.01.2021).
  • Ehara, N. (2018). “Ittai Ichiro” no Gendankai to Nihon, Kokusai Mondai, (673), pp. 40-52.
  • Esenbel, S. (Ed.). (2017). Japan on the Silk Road: Encounters and Perspectives of Politics and Culture in Eurasia. Brill.
  • European Union External Action. (2019), The Partnership on Sustainable Connectivity and Quality Infrastructure between the European Union and Japan, https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/the_partnership_on_sustainable_connectivity_and_quality_infrastructure_between_the_european_union_and_japan.pdf, (Accessed: 30.10.2019).
  • Hanson, V. D. (2017). China’s New Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere | RealClearPolitics, https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2017/11/23/chinas_new_greater_east_asia_co-prosperity_sphere_135602.html, (Accessed: 09.11.2018).
  • Heiduk, F. and Sakaki, A. (2019). Introduction to the Special Issue—China’s Belt and Road Initiative: The View from East Asia, East Asia, 36(2), pp. 93–113.
  • Horimoto, T. (2015). Japan-India Rapproachment and Its Future Issues, Japan Digital Library: https://www2.jiia.or.jp/en/pdf/digital_library/japan_s_diplomacy/160411_Takenori_Horimoto.pdf, (Accessed: 17.10.2019).
  • Ito, A. (2019). China’s Belt and Road Initiative and Japan’s Response: From Non-participation to Conditional Engagement, East Asia, 36(2), pp. 115–128.
  • Johnson, K. (2018). Japan’s Own Belt and Road. Foreign Policy: https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/02/09/japan-takes-the-lead-in-countering-chinas-belt-and-road/, (Accessed: 27.09.2018).
  • Kanwal, G. (2018). Pakistan’s Gwadar Port: A New Naval Base in China’s String of Pearls in the Indo-Pacific, Council on Foreign Relations: https://www.csis.org/analysis/pakistans-gwadar-port-new-naval-base-chinas-string-pearls-indo-pacific, (Accessed: 14.09.2020).
  • Kitaoka, S. (2019). Vision for a Free and Open Indo-Pacific, Asia-Pacific Review, 26(1), pp. 7–17.
  • Kuo, M. A. and Nagy, S. R. (2018). Japan and the Emerging Indo-Pacific Strategy, The Japan Times: https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2018/08/08/commentary/japan-commentary/japan-emerging-indo-pacific-strategy/ (Accessed: 30.10.2019).
  • Lee, G. (2018). Identity, Threat Perception, and Trust-Building in Northeast Asia. In K. P. Clements (Ed.), Identity, Trust, and Reconciliation in East Asia: Dealing with Painful History to Create a Peaceful Present. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Lee, J.-Y. (2014). Historicizing China’s Rise and International Relations of East Asia. EAI Fellows Program Working Paper, 47, 20.
  • Lehnert, M. R. and Kelly, R. L. (2020). Trump’s dangerous isolationism weakens USA and strengthens our adversaries: Retired generals. USA TODAY: https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2020/10/26/trump-international-relations-danger-isolation-policies-column/3726323001/ (Accessed: 19.01.2021).
  • Lungu, A. (2019). Japan and Europe’s Triple Partnership. The Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/japan-and-europes-triple-partnership/, (Accessed: 08.07.2020).
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2007). Speech by H.E. Mr. Shinzo Abe, Prime Minister of Japan, at the Parliament of the Republic of India “Confluence of the Two Seas”, https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/pmv0708/speech-2.html, (Accessed: 17.10.2019).
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2016a). Address by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe at the Opening Session of TICAD VI, https://www.mofa.go.jp/afr/af2/page4e_000496.html, (Accessed: 03.09.2020).
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2016b). Towards Free and Open Indo-Pacific, https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000407643.pdf, (Accessed: 18.10.2019).
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2018). Japan-EU Strategic Partnership Agreement (SPA), https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000381944.pdf, (Accessed: 14.09.2020).
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2020). Japan-EU EPA, https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000013835.pdf, (Accessed: 07.09.2020).
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. (2013). President Xi Jinping Delivers Important Speech and Proposes to Build a Silk Road Economic Belt with Central Asian Countries, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/xjpfwzysiesgjtfhshzzfh_665686/t1076334.shtml, (Accessed: 01.09.2020).
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. (2016). Build a New Type of International Relations Featuring Win-Win Cooperation, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/wjbz_663308/2461_663310/t1376908.shtml, (Accessed: 01.01.2021).
  • Mukherjee, R. (2018). Japan’s Strategic Outreach to India and the Prospects of a Japan–India Alliance, International Affairs, 94(4), pp. 835–859.
  • Nanda, B. (2020). The Tangled Web of India-China Relations. Lowy Institute: https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/tangled-web-india-china-relations, (Accessed: 02.01.2021).
  • NHK. (2019a). Ichi Kara Wakaru! Chuugoku “Ittai Ichiro”tte Nani, https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/special/news_seminar/jiji/jiji22/, (Accessed: 11.10.2019).
  • NHK. (2019b). Ichi Kara Wakaru! Chuugoku “Ittai Ichiro” Mukerareru Ginen to ha, https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/special/news_seminar/jiji/jiji23/, (Accessed: 11.10.2019).
  • NHK WORLD. (2018). Where Is China Heading under “Emperor” Xi Jinping?, https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/backstories/131/, (Accessed: 31.12.2020).
  • OECD. (2018). China’s Belt and Road Initiative in the Global Trade, Investment and Finance Landscape, https://www.oecd.org/finance/Chinas-Belt-and-Road-Initiative-in-the-global-trade-investment-and-finance-landscape.pdf, (Accessed: 01.09.2020).
  • Panda, J. (2017). The Asia-Africa Growth Corridor: An India-Japan Arch in the Making, Focus Asia, (21), pp. 1-11.
  • Pesek, W. (2019). EU-Japan axis emerges to counter China’s BRI, Asia Times: https://asiatimes.com/2019/10/eu-japan-axis-emerges-to-counter-chinas-bri/, (Accessed: 09.07.2020).
  • Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet. (2017). Press Conference by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe Following His Attendance at the APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting, https://japan.kantei.go.jp/98_abe/statement/201711/_00007.html, (Accessed: 02.09.2020).
  • Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet. (2018). Policy Speech by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe to the 196th Session of the Diet, https://japan.kantei.go.jp/98_abe/statement/201801/_00002.html, (Accessed: 03.09.2020).
  • RIS, ERIA, IDE-JETRO. (2017). Asia-Africa Growth Corridor, Partnership for Sustainable and Innovative Development: A Vision Document, http://www.eria.org/Asia-Africa-Growth-Corridor-Document.pdf, (Accessed: 30.10.2019).
  • Sharma, M. (2019). Japan and Europe Can Build Their Own Silk Road, Bloomberg: https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-10-01/japan-and-europe-can-finance-rival-to-china-s-belt-and-road, (Accessed: 30.10.2019).
  • The Japan Times. (2017). China-led AIIB head Jin sees opportunities for cooperation with ADB, https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/05/12/business/china-led-aiib-head-jin-sees-opportunities-cooperation-adb/, (Accessed: 01.01.2021).
  • The Japan Times. (2019). Japan and EU ink infrastructure cooperation pact in counter to China’s Belt and Road, https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/09/28/business/japan-eu-vow-infrastructure-cooperation-counter-china/?hootPostID=5e387125811c294607cf5acf3057cb33, (Accessed: 30.09.2019).
  • The State Council, The People’s Republic of China. (2015). Action Plan on the Belt and Road Initiative, http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/publications/2015/03/30/content_281475080249035.htm, (Accessed: 22.06.2020).
  • Tipton, E. K. (2008). Modern Japan: A Social and Political History. Routledge.
  • Wall Street Journal. (2015). Full Transcript: Interview with Chinese President Xi Jinping, https://www.wsj.com/articles/full-transcript-interview-with-chinese-president-xi-jinping-1442894700, (Accessed: 26.08.2020).
  • Wallace, C. (2018). Leaving (north-east) Asia? Japan’s southern strategy, International Affairs, 94(4), pp. 883–904.
  • Weiss, M. A. (2017). Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). Congressional Research Service: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R44754.pdf, (Accessed: 07.09.2020).
  • Westney, D. E. (1987). Imitation and Innovation: The Transfer of Western Organizational Patterns to Meiji Japan. Harvard University Press.
  • World Politics Review. (2018). Is Japan Trying to Counter China’s Belt and Road with Its Own Development Plans, https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/trend-lines/24183/is-japan-trying-to-counter-china-s-belt-and-road-with-its-own-development-plans, (Accessed: 07.10.2019).

JAPONYA’NIN KUŞAK VE YOL GİRİŞİMİNE ALTERNATİF PROJELERİ: YENİ İPEK YOLU VE ÖTESİNDE REKABET

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 15, 129 - 142, 31.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.801033

Öz

Bu çalışma Japonya’nın, Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi’ne (KYG) alternatif projelerini ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Japonya KYG’ye üye olabileceğini ve fon sağlayabileceğini belirtmiş olmasına rağmen, henüz bu girişime üye olmamıştır. Bu çalışma ilk olarak KYG’nin Çin tarafından nasıl sunulduğunu tahlil etmekte ve girişimin Japonya tarafından nasıl algılandığını incelemektedir. Ardından, Japonya’nın neden farklı bir görüş içinde olduğunu ve KYG’ye niçin kendi alternatiflerini geliştirme ihtiyacı duyduğunu ele almaktadır. Japonya’nın alternatif projeleri üç kısımda incelenmektedir. Birinci kısımda, Japonya’nın Hindistan, ASEAN ve Hint-Pasifik bölgesindeki demokratik ülkelerle işbirliği yapmayı planladığı Özgür ve Açık Hint-Pasifik Vizyonu açıklanmaktadır. İkinci kısımda, Hindistan ve Japonya’nın ortak projesi olan, KYG’nin kapsamını aşarak bütün Afrika kıtasını kapsayan Asya-Afrika Büyüme Koridoru irdelenmektedir. Sonuncu olarak ise ekonomik, stratejik ve altyapı işbirliğini içeren Japonya-AB İşbirlikleri ele alınmaktadır. Japonya’nın alternatif projeleri ve ortaklıkları bir araya geldiğinde, Kuşak ve Yol rotalarını kapsayan alandan daha geniş olduğu göze çarpmaktadır. Japonya’nın bu projeleri açıkça KYG’ye alternatif olarak sunmadığını da ayrıca belirtmek gerekir. Ancak söz konusu projelerin ilgili belgeleri ve haritaları dikkatli bir biçimde incelendiğinde Japonya’nın KYG’ye alternatif geliştirmekte olduğu bariz olarak su yüzüne çıkmaktadır. Bu üç proje açısından en fazla dikkat çeken şey ise Japonya’nın ve ortaklarının demokrasi, hukukun üstünlüğü ve insan haklarına, yani Çin tarafından paylaşılmadığı düşünülen değerlere vurgu yapıyor olmalarıdır.  

Kaynakça

  • Adem, S. (2015). A Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere (GEACPS) 2.0? International Studies Review, 17(4), 705–707.
  • AIIB. (2020). Members of the Bank, https://www.aiib.org/en/about-aiib/governance/members-of-bank/index.html, (Accessed: 07.09.2020).
  • Ang, Y. Y. (2019). Demystifying Belt and Road, Foreign Affairs: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2019-05-22/demystifying-belt-and-road, (Accessed: 01.09.2020).
  • Beasley, W. G. (1999). The Japanese Experience: A Short History of Japan. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
  • BBC News. (2019). Taiwan Profile. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16178545, (Accessed: 01.02.2019).
  • Brînză, A. (2018). Japan’s Belt and Road Balancing Act, The Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2018/11/japans-belt-and-road-balancing-act/, (Accessed: 13.11.2018).
  • Cai, P. (2017). Understanding China’s Belt and Road Initiative, Lowy Institute: https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/understanding-belt-and-road-initiative, (Accessed: 07.09.2020).
  • Center for Strategic & International Studies. (2019). Japan’s Infrastructure Development Strategy: Supporting a Free and Open Indo-Pacific, https://www.csis.org/events/japans-infrastructure-development-strategy-supporting-free-and-open-indo-pacific, (Accessed: 01.01.2021).
  • Ehara, N. (2018). “Ittai Ichiro” no Gendankai to Nihon, Kokusai Mondai, (673), pp. 40-52.
  • Esenbel, S. (Ed.). (2017). Japan on the Silk Road: Encounters and Perspectives of Politics and Culture in Eurasia. Brill.
  • European Union External Action. (2019), The Partnership on Sustainable Connectivity and Quality Infrastructure between the European Union and Japan, https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/the_partnership_on_sustainable_connectivity_and_quality_infrastructure_between_the_european_union_and_japan.pdf, (Accessed: 30.10.2019).
  • Hanson, V. D. (2017). China’s New Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere | RealClearPolitics, https://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2017/11/23/chinas_new_greater_east_asia_co-prosperity_sphere_135602.html, (Accessed: 09.11.2018).
  • Heiduk, F. and Sakaki, A. (2019). Introduction to the Special Issue—China’s Belt and Road Initiative: The View from East Asia, East Asia, 36(2), pp. 93–113.
  • Horimoto, T. (2015). Japan-India Rapproachment and Its Future Issues, Japan Digital Library: https://www2.jiia.or.jp/en/pdf/digital_library/japan_s_diplomacy/160411_Takenori_Horimoto.pdf, (Accessed: 17.10.2019).
  • Ito, A. (2019). China’s Belt and Road Initiative and Japan’s Response: From Non-participation to Conditional Engagement, East Asia, 36(2), pp. 115–128.
  • Johnson, K. (2018). Japan’s Own Belt and Road. Foreign Policy: https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/02/09/japan-takes-the-lead-in-countering-chinas-belt-and-road/, (Accessed: 27.09.2018).
  • Kanwal, G. (2018). Pakistan’s Gwadar Port: A New Naval Base in China’s String of Pearls in the Indo-Pacific, Council on Foreign Relations: https://www.csis.org/analysis/pakistans-gwadar-port-new-naval-base-chinas-string-pearls-indo-pacific, (Accessed: 14.09.2020).
  • Kitaoka, S. (2019). Vision for a Free and Open Indo-Pacific, Asia-Pacific Review, 26(1), pp. 7–17.
  • Kuo, M. A. and Nagy, S. R. (2018). Japan and the Emerging Indo-Pacific Strategy, The Japan Times: https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2018/08/08/commentary/japan-commentary/japan-emerging-indo-pacific-strategy/ (Accessed: 30.10.2019).
  • Lee, G. (2018). Identity, Threat Perception, and Trust-Building in Northeast Asia. In K. P. Clements (Ed.), Identity, Trust, and Reconciliation in East Asia: Dealing with Painful History to Create a Peaceful Present. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Lee, J.-Y. (2014). Historicizing China’s Rise and International Relations of East Asia. EAI Fellows Program Working Paper, 47, 20.
  • Lehnert, M. R. and Kelly, R. L. (2020). Trump’s dangerous isolationism weakens USA and strengthens our adversaries: Retired generals. USA TODAY: https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2020/10/26/trump-international-relations-danger-isolation-policies-column/3726323001/ (Accessed: 19.01.2021).
  • Lungu, A. (2019). Japan and Europe’s Triple Partnership. The Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2019/02/japan-and-europes-triple-partnership/, (Accessed: 08.07.2020).
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2007). Speech by H.E. Mr. Shinzo Abe, Prime Minister of Japan, at the Parliament of the Republic of India “Confluence of the Two Seas”, https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/pmv0708/speech-2.html, (Accessed: 17.10.2019).
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2016a). Address by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe at the Opening Session of TICAD VI, https://www.mofa.go.jp/afr/af2/page4e_000496.html, (Accessed: 03.09.2020).
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2016b). Towards Free and Open Indo-Pacific, https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000407643.pdf, (Accessed: 18.10.2019).
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2018). Japan-EU Strategic Partnership Agreement (SPA), https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000381944.pdf, (Accessed: 14.09.2020).
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (2020). Japan-EU EPA, https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000013835.pdf, (Accessed: 07.09.2020).
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. (2013). President Xi Jinping Delivers Important Speech and Proposes to Build a Silk Road Economic Belt with Central Asian Countries, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/xjpfwzysiesgjtfhshzzfh_665686/t1076334.shtml, (Accessed: 01.09.2020).
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China. (2016). Build a New Type of International Relations Featuring Win-Win Cooperation, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/wjbz_663308/2461_663310/t1376908.shtml, (Accessed: 01.01.2021).
  • Mukherjee, R. (2018). Japan’s Strategic Outreach to India and the Prospects of a Japan–India Alliance, International Affairs, 94(4), pp. 835–859.
  • Nanda, B. (2020). The Tangled Web of India-China Relations. Lowy Institute: https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/tangled-web-india-china-relations, (Accessed: 02.01.2021).
  • NHK. (2019a). Ichi Kara Wakaru! Chuugoku “Ittai Ichiro”tte Nani, https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/special/news_seminar/jiji/jiji22/, (Accessed: 11.10.2019).
  • NHK. (2019b). Ichi Kara Wakaru! Chuugoku “Ittai Ichiro” Mukerareru Ginen to ha, https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/special/news_seminar/jiji/jiji23/, (Accessed: 11.10.2019).
  • NHK WORLD. (2018). Where Is China Heading under “Emperor” Xi Jinping?, https://www3.nhk.or.jp/nhkworld/en/news/backstories/131/, (Accessed: 31.12.2020).
  • OECD. (2018). China’s Belt and Road Initiative in the Global Trade, Investment and Finance Landscape, https://www.oecd.org/finance/Chinas-Belt-and-Road-Initiative-in-the-global-trade-investment-and-finance-landscape.pdf, (Accessed: 01.09.2020).
  • Panda, J. (2017). The Asia-Africa Growth Corridor: An India-Japan Arch in the Making, Focus Asia, (21), pp. 1-11.
  • Pesek, W. (2019). EU-Japan axis emerges to counter China’s BRI, Asia Times: https://asiatimes.com/2019/10/eu-japan-axis-emerges-to-counter-chinas-bri/, (Accessed: 09.07.2020).
  • Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet. (2017). Press Conference by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe Following His Attendance at the APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting, https://japan.kantei.go.jp/98_abe/statement/201711/_00007.html, (Accessed: 02.09.2020).
  • Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet. (2018). Policy Speech by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe to the 196th Session of the Diet, https://japan.kantei.go.jp/98_abe/statement/201801/_00002.html, (Accessed: 03.09.2020).
  • RIS, ERIA, IDE-JETRO. (2017). Asia-Africa Growth Corridor, Partnership for Sustainable and Innovative Development: A Vision Document, http://www.eria.org/Asia-Africa-Growth-Corridor-Document.pdf, (Accessed: 30.10.2019).
  • Sharma, M. (2019). Japan and Europe Can Build Their Own Silk Road, Bloomberg: https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-10-01/japan-and-europe-can-finance-rival-to-china-s-belt-and-road, (Accessed: 30.10.2019).
  • The Japan Times. (2017). China-led AIIB head Jin sees opportunities for cooperation with ADB, https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/05/12/business/china-led-aiib-head-jin-sees-opportunities-cooperation-adb/, (Accessed: 01.01.2021).
  • The Japan Times. (2019). Japan and EU ink infrastructure cooperation pact in counter to China’s Belt and Road, https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/09/28/business/japan-eu-vow-infrastructure-cooperation-counter-china/?hootPostID=5e387125811c294607cf5acf3057cb33, (Accessed: 30.09.2019).
  • The State Council, The People’s Republic of China. (2015). Action Plan on the Belt and Road Initiative, http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/publications/2015/03/30/content_281475080249035.htm, (Accessed: 22.06.2020).
  • Tipton, E. K. (2008). Modern Japan: A Social and Political History. Routledge.
  • Wall Street Journal. (2015). Full Transcript: Interview with Chinese President Xi Jinping, https://www.wsj.com/articles/full-transcript-interview-with-chinese-president-xi-jinping-1442894700, (Accessed: 26.08.2020).
  • Wallace, C. (2018). Leaving (north-east) Asia? Japan’s southern strategy, International Affairs, 94(4), pp. 883–904.
  • Weiss, M. A. (2017). Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). Congressional Research Service: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R44754.pdf, (Accessed: 07.09.2020).
  • Westney, D. E. (1987). Imitation and Innovation: The Transfer of Western Organizational Patterns to Meiji Japan. Harvard University Press.
  • World Politics Review. (2018). Is Japan Trying to Counter China’s Belt and Road with Its Own Development Plans, https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/trend-lines/24183/is-japan-trying-to-counter-china-s-belt-and-road-with-its-own-development-plans, (Accessed: 07.10.2019).
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Zülal Zengin

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Eylül 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 15

Kaynak Göster

APA Zengin, Z. (2021). JAPAN’S ALTERNATIVE PROJECTS FOR THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE: COMPETITION OVER THE NEW SILK ROAD AND BEYOND. Asya Studies, 5(15), 129-142. https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.801033

88x31.png  Asya Studies dergisinde yer alan eserler Creative Commons Atıf 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.