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Kaligrafi Terimini Yeniden Düşünmek: Batı Yazı Geleneğinde Anakronik Yaklaşımlar ve Anlam Kaymaları

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 10, 70 - 77, 26.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.62425/at.1820517
https://izlik.org/JA45LZ25NY

Öz

Bu çalışma, kaligrafi kelimesini Batı yazı geleneği içindeki tanımları ve algıları üzerinden yeniden bir inceleme sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Geleneksel bağlamda “güzel yazı yazma sanatı” olarak çevrilen kaligrafi teriminin, Batı’daki el yazması kültüründe yazının işlevsel rolüyle örtüşmeyen anakronik bir çerçeve yarattığı söylenebilir. Geç Antik Çağ’dan Gutenberg öncesi döneme kadar kaligrafi, esas olarak dinî, bilimsel ve idari amaçlarla metinleri kaydetme, kopyalama ve aktarma zanaatını icra eden yazıcılar/kâtipler tarafından uygulanmaktayken, sanatsal bir ifade biçimi olarak görülmemektedir. Kaligrafi teriminin kendisi de henüz ortaya çıkmamış, modern anlamıyla sanat kavramının da henüz mevcut olmadığı bilinmektedir. Dolayısıyla bu dönemde icra edilen çalışmalara geriye dönük olarak “güzel yazı sanatı” demek tarihsel açıdan doğru olmayacaktır. Ayrıca Batı’daki kaligrafi kullanımının, Çin shufa (yazı yazma sanatı ve disiplini), Japon shodo (yazı sanatı) ve İslam hat (çizgi, yol) geleneğiyle eş tutulması, farklı kültürel, felsefi ve ruhani değerlere sahip bu gelenekler arasında anlamsal bir karmaşaya yol açmaktadır. Yirminci yüzyılda kaligrafide eski yazı stilleri üzerinden referanslarla canlanma hareketleri ve güncel deneysel uygulamalar, kaligrafiyi kişisel ifadenin ve estetik inceliğin bir alanına dönüştürür. Böylece yazıya benzer jestler, soyutlama ve görsel imgeler yoluyla kaligrafi, disiplinlerarası ve performatif bir pratiğe evrilir. Bu durum terminolojik kargaşanın tarihsel bağlamda yapılan hatalı değerlendirmeler üzerine kurulmasına neden olur. Bu bağlamda çalışma, söz konusu kavramsal örtüşmelerin ve dilsel yansıtımların, Batı yazı geleneğinin tarihsel ve işlevsel boyutlarını gölgeleyen yanlış adlandırmalara neden olduğunu savunmaktadır. Sözlükler, eleştirel metinler, ansiklopediler, kılavuzlar ve akademik analizlere dayalı doküman incelemesi yöntemiyle, çalışmada Batı yazı geleneği üzerinden “kaligrafi”yi oluşturan unsurların daha belirgin terimlerle ve tarihsel bağlamı içinde yeniden değerlendirilmesi önerilmektedir.

Etik Beyan

Yazar, bu makalenin yayımlanmasıyla ilgili olarak herhangi bir çıkar çatışmasının bulunmadığını beyan eder.

Teşekkür

Yazar, bu makalenin kaynaklandığı doktora tezinin yürütülmesi sürecindeki akademik danışmanlığı ve yönlendirmeleri için Prof. Dr. Raquel Pelta Resano’ya teşekkürlerini sunar.

Kaynakça

  • Al-Nasrawi, D., Almukhtar, A. F., & Al-Baldawl, W. S. (2015, January). From Arabic alphabets to two-dimension shapes in Kufic calligraphy style using grid board catalog. Research Gate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328562995_From_Arabic_Alphabets_to_Two_Dimension_Shap
  • Avrin, L. (1991). Scribes, script, and books: The book arts from antiquity to the Renaissance. American Library Association.
  • Blair, S. S. (2008). Islamic calligraphy. Edinburgh University Press.
  • Brown, D. (2017). Brown calligraphy: Denis Brown discusses his art. Quill Skill Publishing.
  • Chazal, J. (2013). Calligraphy: A complete guide. Stackpole Books.
  • Consiglio, F. D. (2013, August 7). ‘Calligraffiti’: The graffiti artist inspired by medieval scribes. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-23586259 Diccionario de la Lengua Española. (n.d.). Caligrafía. In Real Academia Española. http://dle.rae.es/?id=6oMJTMT Diccionari.cat. (n.d.). Cal·ligrafia. In Diccionari de la llengua catalana. http://www.diccionari.cat/lexicx.jsp?GECART=0023953
  • Diringer, D. (1962). Writing. Thames & Hudson.
  • Drogin, M. (1989). Medieval calligraphy: Its history and techniques. Dover Publications.
  • Eco, U. (1986). Art and beauty in the Middle Ages. Yale University Press.
  • Eco, U. (1989). The open work. Harvard University Press.
  • Eco, U. (2004). On beauty: A history of a Western idea. Seeker & Warburg.
  • Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana. (1911). Calligrafía. In Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana (pp. 781–789). Espasa Calpe.
  • Gelb, I. J. (1963). A study of writing. University of Chicago Press.
  • Goudy, F. W. (1963). The alphabet and elements of lettering. Dover Publications.
  • Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana. (1986). Cal·ligrafia. In Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana (2nd ed., Vol. 6, pp. 47–48).
  • Harper, D. (n.d.). Calligraphy. In Online etymology dictionary. https://www.etymonline.com/word/calligraphy Iezzi, A. (2013). Contemporary Chinese calligraphy between tradition and innovation. Journal of Literature and Art Studies, 3(2), 158–179. https://doi.org/10.17265/2159-5836/2013.02.006
  • Johnston, E. (1917). Writing & illuminating & lettering. John Hogg.
  • Kaestle, J. (2008, July 10). Arabic calligraphy as a typographic exercise. I Love Typography. https://ilovetypography.com/2008/07/10/arabic-calligraphy-as-a-typographic-exercise/
  • Mediavilla, C. (1996). Calligraphy: From calligraphy to abstract painting. Scirpus Publications. Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Calligraphy. In Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/calligraphy
  • Ong, W. J. (2002). Orality and literacy: The technologizing of the word. Routledge. Oxford English Dictionary. (n.d.). Calligraphy. In OED Online. https://www.oed.com
  • Risatti, H. (2013). A theory of craft: Function and aesthetic expression. University of North Carolina Press.
  • Sato, S. (2014). Shodo: The quiet art of Japanese Zen calligraphy: Learn the wisdom of Zen through traditional brush painting. Tuttle Publishing.
  • Shiner, L. (2001). The invention of art: A cultural history. University of Chicago Press.
  • Stevens, J. (2013). Scribe: Artist of the written word. John Neal Books.
  • Tara, H. N. (2014, May 27). The art of Japanese Zen calligraphy. Academia.edu. https://www.academia.edu/6269836/The_Art_of_Japanese_Zen_Calligraphy
  • Vargas, A. K. L. (2010). Caligrafía Hist Letra [PDF document]. Scribd. https://www.scribd.com/document/214825413/Caligrafia-Hist-Letra

Rethinking Calligraphy: Anachronisms And Semantic Misalignments in Western Writing Traditions

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 10, 70 - 77, 26.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.62425/at.1820517
https://izlik.org/JA45LZ25NY

Öz

This study aims to re-examine the word calligraphy by its definitions and perceptions within the Western writing tradition. Conventionally translated as “the art of beautiful handwriting,” this definition causes an anachronistic framework that does not align with the functional role of writing in Western manuscript culture. From late antiquity through the pre-Gutenberg era, calligraphy was primarily executed by scribes as a craft of recording, copying, and transmitting texts for religious, scholarly, and administrative purposes rather than as a form of artistic expression. The term calligraphy itself did not yet exist, nor did the modern concept of art, making the retroactive application of “art of beautiful writing” historically inaccurate. Moreover, the semantic confusion arises from the Western use of calligraphy being conflated with Chinese shufa (the art and the discipline of writing), Japanese shodo (art of writing, a way of writing), and Islamic khatt (line, streak, stripe, trach, path, road), which vary in distinct cultural, philosophical, and spiritual values. The revival movements of the twentieth century and contemporary experimental practices have transformed calligraphy into a personal expression and a refined aesthetic. Thus, through writing-like gestures, abstraction, and visual imagery, calligraphy has evolved into an interdisciplinary and performative discipline. This situation causes the terminological confusion to be based on erroneous evaluations made in the historical context. Within this context, this paper argues that such conceptual overlaps and linguistic projections result in misnomers that obscure the specific historical and functional dimensions of Western writing. Through documentary research based on dictionaries, critical texts, encyclopedias, manuals, and scholarly analyses, this study suggests a more apparent terminological distinction and a historically grounded re-evaluation of what constitutes “calligraphy” within the Western canon.

Etik Beyan

The author declares that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.

Teşekkür

The author wishes to thank Prof. Dr. Raquel Pelta Resano for their supervision during the preparation of the doctoral dissertation from which this article is derived.

Kaynakça

  • Al-Nasrawi, D., Almukhtar, A. F., & Al-Baldawl, W. S. (2015, January). From Arabic alphabets to two-dimension shapes in Kufic calligraphy style using grid board catalog. Research Gate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328562995_From_Arabic_Alphabets_to_Two_Dimension_Shap
  • Avrin, L. (1991). Scribes, script, and books: The book arts from antiquity to the Renaissance. American Library Association.
  • Blair, S. S. (2008). Islamic calligraphy. Edinburgh University Press.
  • Brown, D. (2017). Brown calligraphy: Denis Brown discusses his art. Quill Skill Publishing.
  • Chazal, J. (2013). Calligraphy: A complete guide. Stackpole Books.
  • Consiglio, F. D. (2013, August 7). ‘Calligraffiti’: The graffiti artist inspired by medieval scribes. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-23586259 Diccionario de la Lengua Española. (n.d.). Caligrafía. In Real Academia Española. http://dle.rae.es/?id=6oMJTMT Diccionari.cat. (n.d.). Cal·ligrafia. In Diccionari de la llengua catalana. http://www.diccionari.cat/lexicx.jsp?GECART=0023953
  • Diringer, D. (1962). Writing. Thames & Hudson.
  • Drogin, M. (1989). Medieval calligraphy: Its history and techniques. Dover Publications.
  • Eco, U. (1986). Art and beauty in the Middle Ages. Yale University Press.
  • Eco, U. (1989). The open work. Harvard University Press.
  • Eco, U. (2004). On beauty: A history of a Western idea. Seeker & Warburg.
  • Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana. (1911). Calligrafía. In Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada Europeo-Americana (pp. 781–789). Espasa Calpe.
  • Gelb, I. J. (1963). A study of writing. University of Chicago Press.
  • Goudy, F. W. (1963). The alphabet and elements of lettering. Dover Publications.
  • Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana. (1986). Cal·ligrafia. In Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana (2nd ed., Vol. 6, pp. 47–48).
  • Harper, D. (n.d.). Calligraphy. In Online etymology dictionary. https://www.etymonline.com/word/calligraphy Iezzi, A. (2013). Contemporary Chinese calligraphy between tradition and innovation. Journal of Literature and Art Studies, 3(2), 158–179. https://doi.org/10.17265/2159-5836/2013.02.006
  • Johnston, E. (1917). Writing & illuminating & lettering. John Hogg.
  • Kaestle, J. (2008, July 10). Arabic calligraphy as a typographic exercise. I Love Typography. https://ilovetypography.com/2008/07/10/arabic-calligraphy-as-a-typographic-exercise/
  • Mediavilla, C. (1996). Calligraphy: From calligraphy to abstract painting. Scirpus Publications. Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Calligraphy. In Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/calligraphy
  • Ong, W. J. (2002). Orality and literacy: The technologizing of the word. Routledge. Oxford English Dictionary. (n.d.). Calligraphy. In OED Online. https://www.oed.com
  • Risatti, H. (2013). A theory of craft: Function and aesthetic expression. University of North Carolina Press.
  • Sato, S. (2014). Shodo: The quiet art of Japanese Zen calligraphy: Learn the wisdom of Zen through traditional brush painting. Tuttle Publishing.
  • Shiner, L. (2001). The invention of art: A cultural history. University of Chicago Press.
  • Stevens, J. (2013). Scribe: Artist of the written word. John Neal Books.
  • Tara, H. N. (2014, May 27). The art of Japanese Zen calligraphy. Academia.edu. https://www.academia.edu/6269836/The_Art_of_Japanese_Zen_Calligraphy
  • Vargas, A. K. L. (2010). Caligrafía Hist Letra [PDF document]. Scribd. https://www.scribd.com/document/214825413/Caligrafia-Hist-Letra
Toplam 26 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Güzel Sanatlar
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Almıla Yıldırım 0000-0002-8445-3474

Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Kasım 2025
Kabul Tarihi 2 Mart 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Mart 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.62425/at.1820517
IZ https://izlik.org/JA45LZ25NY
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Sayı: 10

Kaynak Göster

APA Yıldırım, A. (2026). Rethinking Calligraphy: Anachronisms And Semantic Misalignments in Western Writing Traditions. Art Time, 10, 70-77. https://doi.org/10.62425/at.1820517