-

Öz

This study examines the relationship between tourism constraints and travel intention among people with disabilities as well as the mediating role of psychological variables (strength of motivation and learned helplessness) in this relationship. In this context, learned helplessness was hypothesized as the social and psychological antecedent of the strength of motivation in the relationship between tourism constraints and intention to travel. For the first time, both motivation and learned helplessness were examined in a single model testing this relationship. Questionnaires with the relevant measurement scales were administered to 249 people with disabilities selected using systematic sampling. Structural equation modelling indicated that the two stated psychological variables partially mediated the relationship between tourism constraints and intention to travel. The findings revealed that strength of motivation was reduced when participants were high in learned helplessness, which further decreased their intention to travel. The empirical evidence generated by the present research model constitutes a new and important contribution to the relevant literature

Anahtar Kelimeler

• People with disabilities, Tourism constraints, Strenght of motivation and learned helplessness

Engellilerin Turizm Kısıtları ve Turist Olma Niyeti İlişkisinde Aracı Değişkenler: Motivasyon Gücü ve Öğrenilmiş Çaresizlik

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı engelli bireylerin turizm kısıtları ile turist olma niyeti ilişkisi ve bu ilişkide psikolojik değişkenlerin (turist olma motivasyonu gücü ve öğrenilmiş çaresizlik) aracılık rolünü incelemektir. Bu bağlamda, turizm kısıtları ve turist olma niyeti ilişkisinde, öğrenilmiş çaresizlik ilk kez motivasyon gücünün sosyal ve psikolojik öncülü olarak öngörülmüş ve bu iki değişken ilk kez bir model içerisinde birlikte kullanılmıştır. Ölçüm aracını içeren anket, sistematik örnekleme yöntemi ile seçilen 239 engelliye uygulanmıştır. Değişkenler arası ilişkiler ve aracılık etkilerini test etmek için yapısal eşitlik modeli kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizler, turist olma niyeti ile turizm kısıtları arasındaki ilişkide sözü edilen iki psikolojik değişkenin kısmen aracılık etkisini göstermektedir. Bulgular engellilerin karşılaştıkları seyahat engelleri nedeniyle kendilerini çaresiz hissettikleri zaman turist olma motivasyonu gücünün düştüğünü ve dolayısıyla turizme katılma niyetinin azaldığını ortaya koymaktadır. Araştırma modelinde bu yönde ortaya konan görgül kanıt, ilgili yazın için yeni ve önemli bir katkıdır.

ABSTRACT
This study examines the relationship between tourism constraints and travel intention among people with disabilities as well as the mediating role of psychological variables (strength of motivation and learned helplessness) in
this relationship. In this context, learned helplessness was hypothesized as the social and psychological antecedent of the strength of motivation in the relationship between tourism constraints and intention to travel. For the
first time, both motivation and learned helplessness were examined in a single model testing this relationship. Questionnaires with the relevant measurement scales were administered to 249 people with disabilities selected using systematic sampling. Structural equation modelling indicated that the two stated psychological variables partially mediated the relationship between tourism constraints and intention to travel. The findings revealed that strength of motivation was reduced when participants were high in learned helplessness, which further decreased their intention to travel. The empirical evidence generated by the present research model constitutes a new and important contribution to the relevant literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Engelliler, Turizm kısıtları, Motivasyon gücü, Öğrenilmiş çaresizlik, Turist olma niyeti

Kaynakça

1. Abeyraine, R. I. (1995). Proposals and Guide-Lines for The Carriage of Elderly and Disabled Persons By Air, Journal of Travel Research, 33 (3): 52-59.
2. Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behavior, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50: 179-211.
3. Alegre, J., Mateo, S. ve Pou, L. (2010). An Analysis of Households’ Appraisal of Their Budget Constraints for Potential Participation in Tourism, Tourism Management, 31: 45-56.
4. Alexandris, K. ve Carroll, B. (1997). An Analysis of Leisure Constraints Based on Different Recreational Sport Participation
5. Levels: Results From a Study in Greece, Leisure Sciences, 19: 1-15.
6. Alexandris, K., Tsorbatzoudis, C. ve Grouios, G. (2002). Perceived Constraints on Recreational Participation: Investigating
7. Their Relationship with Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Motivation and Amotivation, Journal of Leisure Research, 34: 233-252.
8. Alexandris, K., Kouthouris, C. ve Girgolas, G. (2007). Investigating The Relationships among Motivation, Negotiation, and Alpine Skiing Participation, Journal of Leisure Research, 39 (4): 648-667.

9. Alexandris, K., Funk, D. C. ve Pritchard, M. (2011). The Impact of Constraints on Motivation, Activity Attachment and Skier Intentions to Continue, Journal of Leisure Research, 43 (1): 56-79.
10. Anderson, J. C. ve Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-Step Approach, Psychological Bulletin, 103 (3): 411-423.
11. Artar, Y. ve Karabacakoğlu, Ç. (2003). Türkiye’de Özürlüler Turizminin Geliştirilmesine Yönelik Olarak Konaklama Tesislerindeki
12. Alt Yapı Olanaklarının Araştırılması. Ankara: Milli Prodüktivite Merkezi.
13. Baloğlu, S. (1999). A Path Analytic Model of Visitation Intention Involving Information Sources, Socio-Psychological Motivations
14. and Destination Images, Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 8 (3): 81-90.
15. Bi, Y., Card, J. A. ve Cole, S. T. (2007). Accessibility and Attitudinal Barriers Encountered by Chinese Travelers with Physical Disabilities, International Journal of Tourism Research, 9: 205-216.
16. Bign J., Sanchez, M. ve Sanchez, J. (2001). Tourism Image, Evaluation Variables and After Purchase Behavior: Inter-Relationships,
17. Tourism Management, 22 (6): 607-616.
18. Burnett, J. J. ve Baker, H. B. (2001). Assessing the Travel Related Behaviors of the Mobility-Disabled Consumer, Journal of
19. Travel Research, 40: 4-11.
20. Carroll, B. ve Alexandris, K. (1997). Perception of Constraints and Strength of Motivation: Their Relation to Recreational
21. Sport Participation, Journal of Leisure Research, 29: 279-299.
22. Cavinato, J. L. ve Cuckovich, M. L. (1992). Transportation and Tourism for the Disabled: An Assessment, Transportation
23. Journal, 31 (3): 46-53.
24. Chau, P. Y. K. (1997). Reexamining a Model for Evaluating Information Center Success Using a Structural Equation
25. Modeling Approach, Decision Sciences, 28 (2): 309–334.
26. Crawford, D. W. ve Godbey, G. (1987). Reconceptualizing Barriers to Family Leisure, Leisure Sciences, 9 (2): 119-128.
27. Crawford, D. W., Jackson, E. L. ve Godbey, G. (1991). A Hierarchical Model of Leisure Constraints, Leisure Sciences, 13 (4):
28. -320.
29. Crawford, D. ve Godbey, G. (1987). Reconceptualizing Barriers to Family Leisure, Leisure Sciences, 9: 119-127.
30. Daniels, M. J., Rodgers, E. D. ve Wiggins, B. P. (2005). “Travel Tales”: An İnterpretive Analysis of Constraints and Negotiations
31. to Pleasure Travel as Experienced by Persons with Physical Disabilities, Tourism Management, 26 (6): 919-930.
32. Darcy, S. (2002). Marginalized Participation: Physical Disability, High Support Needs and Tourism, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 9 (1): 61-72.
33. Deci, E. L. ve Ryan, R. M. (2000). The ‘what’ and ‘Why’ of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and The Self-Determination of Behavior, Psychological Inquiry, 11: 227-268.
34. Fleischer, A. ve Seiler, E. (2002). Determinants of Vacation Travel Among Israeli Seniors: Theory and Evidence, Applied Economics, 34: 421-430.
35. Fornell, C. ve Larkner, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Error, Journal of Marketing Research, 18: 39-50.
36. Gilbert, D. ve Hudson, S. (2000). Tourism Demand Constraints: A Skiing Participation, Annals of Tourism Research, 27: 906-925.
37. Gladwell, N. Y. ve Bedini, L. A. (2004). In Search of Lost Leisure: The Impact of Care Giving on Leisure Travel, Tourism Management, 25: 685-693.
38. Gnoth, J. (1997). Tourism Motivation and Expectation Formation, Annals of Tourism Research, 24 (2): 283-304.
39. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., ve Tatham, R. L. C. (2006). Multivariate Data Analysis With Readings. 6.
40. Baskı. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
41. Hinch, T. ve Jackson, E. (2000). Leisure Constraints Research: Its Value as a Framework For Understanding Tourism Seasonality,
42. Current Issues in Tourism, 3: 87-106.
43. Hubbard, J. ve Mannell, R. (2001). Testing Competing Models of The Leisure Constraint Negotiation Process in a Corporate Employee Recreation Setting, Leisure Sciences, 23 (3): 145-163.
44. Israeli, A. A. (2002). A Preliminary Investigation of The Importance of Site Accessibility Factors for Disabled Tourists, Journal of Travel Research, 41 (1): 101-104.
45. Jackson, E. L. (1993). Recognizing Patterns of Leisure Constraints: Results From Alternative Analyses, Journal of Leisure Research, 25: 129-149.
46. Jackson, E. L., Crawford, D. W., ve Godbey, G. (1993). Negotiations of Leisure Constraints, Leisure Sciences, 15: 1-11.
47. Kay, T. ve Jackson, G. (1991). Leisure Despite Constraint: The Impact of Leisure Constraints on Leisure Participation, Journal of Leisure Research, 23: 301-313.
48. Lee, B. K., Agarwal, S. ve Kim, H. J. (2011). Influences of Travel Constraints on The People With Disabilities’ Intention to
49. Travel: An Application of Seligman’s Helpness Theory, Tourism Management, 33: 569-579.
50. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation, Psychological Review, 50: 370-396.
51. McKercher, B., Packer, T., Yau, M.K., ve Lam, P. (2003). Travel Agents as Facilitators or Inhibitors of Travel: Perceptions of People with Disabilities, Tourism Management, 24: 465-474.
52. Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric Theory. 2. Baskı. New York: McGraw-Hill.
53. Nyaupane, G. P., Morais, D. B., ve Graefe, A. R. (2004). Nature Tourism Constraints: A Cross-Activity Comparison, Annals of Tourism Research, 31 (3): 540-555.
54. Özdamar, K. (2004). Paket Programlar ile İstatistiksel Veri Analizi, (Çok Değişkenli Analizler) Eskişehir: Kaan Kitabevi.
55. Öztürk, Y., Yaylı, A. ve Yeşiltaş, M. (2008). Is The Turkish Tourism Industry Ready for a Disabled Customer’s Market?, Tourism Management, 29 (2): 38289.
56. Pearce, P. L. (2005). Tourist Behaviour: Themes and Conceptual Schemes. Ontario: Channel View Publication.
57. Sirakaya, E., Petrick, J. ve Choi, H. S. (2004). The Role of Mood on Tourism Product Evaluation, Annals of Tourism Research,
58. (3): 517-539.
59. Seligman, M. E. (1975). Helplessness: On Depression, Development and Death. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.
60. Shaw, G. ve Coles, T. (2004). Disability, Holiday-Making and The Tourism Industry in the U.K.: A Preliminary Survey, Tourism Management, 25: 397-403.
61. Smith, R. W. (1987). Leisure of Disabled Tourists: Barriers to Travel, Annals of Tourism Research, 14 (3): 376-389.
62. Son, J., Mowen, A. ve Kerstetter, D. (2008). Testing Alternative Leisure Constraint Negotiation Models: An Extension of Hubbard and Mannell’s Study, Leisure Sciences, 30: 198–216.
63. Stalp, M. (2006). Negotiating Time and Space for Serious Leisure: Quilting in the Modern U.S. Home, Journal of Leisure Research, 38 (1): 104-113.
64. Şimşek, Ö. F. (2007). Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesine Giriş, Temel İlkeler ve Lisrel Uygulamaları. Ekinoks Yayınları, Ankara.
65. Yau, M. K., McKercher, B. ve Packer, T.L. (2004). Traveling with Disability: More Than an Access Issue, Annals of Tourism Research, 31 (4): 946-960.