NİJERYA'NIN KOGİ EYALETİNDE BALIK YETİŞTİRİCİLERİ ARASINDAKİ GELİR UÇURUMUNA CİNSİYETİN ETKİSİ

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı Nijerya'nın Kogi Eyaletindeki erkek ve kadın balık yetiştiricileri arasındaki gelir eşitsizliği üzerine cinsiyetin etkisini araştırmaktır. Araştırmanın verileri çok aşamalı örnekleme tekniği ile toplam 105 (66 erkek ve 39 kadın) balık yetiştiricisinden kesitsel olarak toplanmıştır. Toplanan veriler hem tanımlayıcı hem de çıkarımsal istatistikler kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Ampirik kanıtlar, incelenen alanda balık yetiştiriciliğinde kadın ağırlığının orta derecede olduğunu, kaynaklara erişimdeki cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin kadın balık yetiştiricilerinin gelirini etkilediğini göstermiştir. İncelenen alanda balıkçılık alt sektöründe günlük çalışmada cinsiyete duyarlı politikalarla cinsiyet eşitsizliğine bağlı gelir farklılıkları azalmasına karşın gelir eşitsizliği halen kadın balıkçıların karşı karşıya olduğu en büyük zorluktur. Bu durum balık çiftliklerinin büyüklük ekonomileriyle ilişkili olabilir. Bu çalışmada, politika yapıcılara, kadınların kaynaklara erişim ve kontrolünde karşılaştıkları potansiyel tehditler, yerel ekonomi, devletin büyümesi ve gelişmesinde kadın çiftçilerin gelir dağılımındaki cinsiyet eşitsizliği hakkında toplumu aydınlatmaları önerilmektedir. Kadınlar, her yönden kendi kendine yeterli hale gelmeli ve güçlenmek için güçlü bir ağ geliştirmelidirler. Bu kadınlar için daha az cinsiyet eşitsizliğine ve yoksunluğa yol açacak ve kaliteli bir yaşam sürdürmelerine yardımcı olacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• cinsiyet
• gelir
• Balık, Yetiştiriciler
• Nijerya

EFFECT OF GENDER ON INCOME GAP AMONG FISH FARMERS IN NIGERIA’S KOGI STATE

Öz

The present research determined the effect of gender on income disparity between men and women fish farmers in Nigeria’s Kogi State using cross-sectional data collected from a total of 105 (66 male and 39 female) fish farmers sampled through multi-stage sampling technique. The collected data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The empirical evidence revealed a moderate feminization in fish farming the studied area. Furthermore, gender differential has effect on the income of female farmers and this is connected to gender inequality of women to access to productive resources. However, in the log-run, the effect of gender differentials owing to gender inequality fizzled-out; and this may be connected to gender sensitive policies in fishery sub-sector in the studied area. Though, income inequity is the major challenge that confronted the women fish folk and it may be associated with economies of size of their respective fish farms. Therefore, the study advised the policymakers to enlighten the society on the potential threat of gender inequality in access and control to productive resources by women, and gender inequity in income distribution among the women farmers on the growth and development of the local economy and the state in general. Women folk should develop a strong network to maximize the benefits of empowerment to make themselves self-sufficient in all aspects, which will lead to less gender inequality and deprivation and help maintain a quality life.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gender
• Income
• Fish
• Farmers
• Nigeria

Kaynakça

1. Amaefula, C., Okezie, C.A. and Mejeha, R.(2012). Risk attitude and insurance: A causal analysis. American Journal of Economics, 2(3): 26-32
2. Blinder, A.S.(1973). Wage discrimination: reduced form and structural estimates. Journal of Human Resources, 8(4):436-455.
3. FAO (2011). The state of food and agriculture: Women in agriculture-closing the gender gap for development. Rome,Italy: FAO. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i2050e/i2050e.pdf. Accessed: September 21, 2020.
4. FAO (2012). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy. Pp. 209
5. FAO (2013). Mainstreaming gender in fisheries and aquaculture. A stock-taking and planning exercise.Final Report, Rome, Italy. Pp. 55
6. FAO (2017). Ending poverty and hunger by investing in agriculture and rural areas. Penang, Malaysia. http://www.fao.org/3/9-i7556e-pdf
7. FAO (2018). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2018. Meeting the sustainable development goals. Rome. Licence: CC BYNC-SA 3.0 IGO. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-ncsa/3.0/igo
8. Gallant, M.(2019). Understanding gendered preferences for climatesmart agriculture adoption in Malawi. Major ResearchPapersubmitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Master of Arts in International Development and Globalization. University of Ottawa, Canada.

9. Githukia, C.M., Drexler, S., Obiero, K.O.,Nyawanda, B.O., Odhiambo, J.A., Chesoli, J.W. and Manyala, J.O.(2020).
10. Gender roles and constraints in the aquaculture value chain in Western Kenya. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 16(5):732-745
11. Harrison, R., Leitch, C. and McAdam,M.(2016). Identity work and the development of entrepreneurial leadership: does gender matter? In: Nelson, T., Lewis, K. and Henry, C.(Eds.), Global Female Entrepreneurship Handbook. London: Routledge.
12. HLPE (2014). Food losses and waste in the context of sustainable food systems. A Report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security. Rome, Italy 2014.
13. Kenya Market-Led AquacultureProgramme(KMAP)(2016). Gender impact study submitted by ETC East Africa to Farm Africa. Pp. 24
14. Kilic, T., Palacios-Lopez, A. and Goldstein, M.(2013). Caught in a productivity trap: A distributional perspective on genderdifferences in Malawian agriculture. Policy Research Working Paper, No. 6381, The World Bank.
15. Kruijssen, F., McDougal, C.L. and van-Asseldonk,I.J.M.(2018). Gender and aquaculture value chains: A review of key issues and implications for research. Aquaculture, 493:328-337.
16. Kumar, G., Engle, C. and Tucker, C.(2018). Factors driving aquaculture technology adoption. Journal of World Aquaculture Society, 49:447-476. Lokshin, M. and Sajaia, Z.(2011). Impact of interventions on discrete outcomes: Maximum likelihood estimation of the binary choice models with binary endogenous regressors. The Stata Journal, 11(3): 11-21.
17. Marwa, B.(2014). Estimation of genderwagedifferentials in Egypt usingOaxaca Decompositiontechnique. Paper presented at the 34th annual MEEA meeting in conjunction with the Allied Social Science Association (ASSA), Philadelphia, January 3-6, 2014, Pp. 1-26
18. Me-Nsope, N. and Larkins, M.(2015). Gender analysis of the pigeon pea value chain: Case study of Malawi.Center Report Series, No. 4. Global Center for Food Systems Innovation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
19. Mukasa, A.NandSalami, A.O.(2016). Gender productivity differentials among smallholder farmers in Africa: A cross country comparison.Working Paper Series No.231, AfricanDevelopment Bank, Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire.
20. Mukasa, A.N. and Salami, A.O.(2016). Gender equality in agriculture: What are really the benefits for sub-Saharan Africa? African Economic Brief, 7(3):1-12
21. Munguti, J.M.,Obiero, K.O., Orina, P.S., Musa, S.,Mwaluma, J., Mirera, D.O., Ochiewo, J., Kairo, J. andNjiru,J.M.(2017). State of Aquaculture in Kenya. Laxpress Services, Nairobi, Kenya, Pp. 133.
22. Ndanga, L.Z.B., Quagrainie, K.K. and Dennis,J.H.(2013). Economically feasible options for increased women participation in Kenyan Aquaculture value chain. Aquaculture, 415:183-190.
23. Oaxaca, R.(1973). Male-female wage differentials in urban labor markets. International Economic Review, 9:693-709.
24. Onyenweaku,C.E.(1997). Impact of technological change on output, income, employment and factor shares in rice production in Southeastern Nigeria. Issues in African Rural Development Monograph Series, Monograph #5, African Rural Social Sciences Research Networks, Winrock International, 1997.
25. Revathy, N., Thilagavathi, M. and Surendran, A.(2020). A comparative analysis of rural-urban migrants and non-migrants in the selected region of Tamil Nadu, India. Economic Affairs,65(1): 23-30.
26. Rutaisire, J.,Kabonesa, C., Okechi, J.K. andBoera, P.N.(2010). Lake Victoria Basin: Gender issues in fish farming. In: Flintan, F. andTedla, S. (Eds.), Natural Resthece Management. Theimpact of Gender and Social Issues. Published by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC).
27. Schumacher,K.P.(2014). Gender relations in global agri-food value chains-A review. Erde. https://doi.org/10.12854/erde-145-10.
28. Tobin, J.(1958). Estimation of relationship for limited dependent variables. Econometrica, 26: 26-36
29. van-Eerdewijk. A., Wong, F., Vaast, C., Newton, J., Tyszler, M. and Pennington,A.(2017). White Paper: A conceptual model of women and girls‟ empowerment. Technical Report. March, 2017. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315516870
30. Weeratunge, N. and Pant,J.(2011). Gender and aquaculture: Sharing the benefits equitably. TheWorld Fish Center, Penang, Malaysia. Issues Brief, 32:12.
31. Weeratunge, N.,Chiuta, T. and Choudhury,A.(2012). Transforming aquatic agricultural systems (AAS) towards gender equality: A five country review. Working Paper, CRP1.3 Aquatic Agricultural Systems, The WorldFish Center, Penang. Pp. 83
32. Williams, S.B.(2000). Economic potentials of women in small-scale fisheries in West Africa. Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria. IIFET 2000 Proceedings.