Wound Dressings, Clinical Applications and Current Approaches

Abstract

Wound healing is a complex biological process consisting of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling phases. In this process, infection control, maintaining moisture balance, and creating a suitable healing environment are among the fundamental requirements. Traditional dressing materials (gauze, cotton, etc.) only provide mechanical protection but have limited effectiveness because they cannot create a moist environment. This review discusses the historical development, classification, biological and antibacterial properties, clinical applications, and current developments of wound dressings. As a result of the literature review, it was found that hydrocolloid, hydrogel, foam, and alginate-based dressings are especially effective in the treatment of chronic and exuding wounds, while silver and chitosan-added dressings provide antibacterial activity. In addition, it was determined that nanotechnology-based wound dressings integrated with smart biosensors enable personalized treatment by monitoring the wound microenvironment and have the potential to guide clinical practice in the future with tissue engineering applications. Literature reviews show that wound dressings are no longer merely passive barriers; These advances have led to the development of biomedical materials that support cellular proliferation, prevent infection, and provide active treatment when necessary. These advances are providing clinicians with new treatment options, particularly in the management of chronic and poorly healing wounds.

Keywords

• Wound dressings
• wound healing
• antibacterial effects
• nanotechnology
• smart systems

Yara Örtüleri, Klinik Uygulamaları ve Güncel Yaklaşımlar

Öz

Yara iyileşmesi; hemostaz, inflamasyon, proliferasyon ve yeniden şekillenme evrelerinden oluşan kompleks bir biyolojik süreçtir. Bu süreçte enfeksiyon kontrolü, nem dengesinin sağlanması ve uygun iyileşme ortamının oluşturulması temel gereklilikler arasındadır. Geleneksel pansuman materyalleri (gazlı bez, pamuk vb.), yalnızca mekanik koruma sağlamakta ancak nemli ortam oluşturamadıkları için sınırlı etkiye sahiptir. Bu derlemede, yara örtülerinin tarihsel gelişimi, sınıflandırılması, biyolojik ve antibakteriyel özellikleri, klinik uygulamaları ve güncel gelişmeleri ele alındı. Literatür taraması sonucunda hidrokolloid, hidrojel, köpük ve alginat bazlı örtülerin özellikle kronik ve eksudalı yaraların tedavisinde etkili olduğu; gümüş ve kitosan katkılı örtülerin ise antibakteriyel etkinlik sağladığı görüldü. Ayrıca nanoteknoloji tabanlı ve akıllı biyosensörlerle entegre edilmiş yara örtülerinin, yara mikroçevresini izleyerek kişiselleştirilmiş tedaviye olanak sunduğu ve doku mühendisliği uygulamalarıyla birlikte gelecekte klinik pratiğe yön verecek potansiyele sahip olduğu tespit edildi. Literatür incelemeleri, günümüzde yara örtülerinin, yalnızca pasif bir bariyer olmaktan çıkmış olduğu; hücresel proliferasyonu destekleyen, enfeksiyonu önleyen ve gerektiğinde aktif tedavi sunabilen biyomedikal materyaller haline geldiğini göstermektedir. Bu gelişmeler, özellikle kronik ve zor iyileşen yaraların yönetiminde klinisyenlere yeni tedavi olanakları sağlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yara örtüleri
• yara iyileşmesi
• antibakteriyel etkiler
• nanoteknoloji
• akıllı sistemler

Kaynakça

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