A Recent Welding Technique: Laser Welding

Öz

Welding is a process that joins two adjacent metal surfaces with or without using filling material. The latest laser welding technique is a technology based on using infrared light spectrum. Laser welding has numerous advantages considering other conventional welding options used in dentistry and because of these reasons laser welding is used widely. When searching the literature in concern with laser welding, it is observed that this technique is compared with other conventional welding methods basicly about mechanical strength and cytotoxicity. The aim of the present review is respectively to mention history, description, advantages, usage and literature studies regarding orthodontics of the laser welding which is a recent technique.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Laser welding, silver soldering, mechanical strength, cytotoxicity

Güncel Lehimleme Tekniği: Lazer Lehimleme

Öz

Lehimleme; iki komşu metal yüzeyin ara doldurucu materyal kullanılarak veya kullanılmadan birleştirilme işlemidir. En güncel teknik olan lazer ile lehimleme kızıl ötesi ışık spektrumunun kullanımına dayalı bir teknolojidir. Lazer lehimleme, diş hekimliğinde kullanılan diğer geleneksel lehimleme seçeneklerine göre çok sayıda avantaja sahiptir ve bu nedenlerden ötürü yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Lazer lehimleme ile ilgili olarak literatür taraması yapıldığında bu tekniğin temel olarak mekanik dayanıklılık ve sitotoksisite açısından diğer konvansiyonel lehimleme metodlarıyla karşılaştırıldığı görülmektedir. Bu derlemenin amacı; güncel bir teknik olan lazer lehimlemenin sırasıyla tarihçesi, tanımı, avantajları, kullanım şekli ve ortodontide kullanım alanıyla ilgili literatür çalışmalarına değinmektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Lazer lehim, gümüş lehim, mekanik dayanıklılık, sitotoksisite

Kaynakça

1. Zupancic R, Legat A, Funduk N. Tensile strength and corrosion resistance of brazed and laserwelded cobalt-chromium alloy joints. J Prosthet Dent 2006; 96: 273-82.
2. Heidemann J, Witt E, Feeg M, Werz R, Pieger K. Orthodontic soldering techniques: aspects of quality assurance in the dental laboratory. J Orofac Orthop 2002; 63: 325-38.
3. Dua R, Nandlal B. A comparative evaluation of the tensile strength of silver soldered joints of stainless steel and cobalt chromium orthodontic wires with band material- an in vitro study. Journal of the Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry 2004; 22: 13-16.
4. Hannemann M, Minarski P, Lugscheider E, Diedrich P. Materials science studies on the soldering of different orthodontic wires. Fortschr Kieferorthop 1989; 50: 506-17.
5. Bertolotti M. The history of the laser. Institute of Physics; Taylor&Francis,London: 2004.
6. Svelto O. Principles of lasers. 4th edn. Springer, Berlin: 1998.
7. Maddox SJ. Fracture mechanics applied to fatigue in welded structures. British Welding Inst 1970; 18: 36Goldman L, Gray JA, Goldman J, Goldman B, Meyer R. Effects of laser beam impacts on teeth. j Am Dent Assoc 1965; 70: 601-6.
8. Clarkson DM. Lasers in dentistry. Dent Update 1992; 19:115-6, 118.

9. Güngörmüş M, Ömezli MM. Diş Hekimliğinde lazer kullanımı sırasında oluşabilecek zararlar ve alınacak önlemler. Atatürk Üniv. Diş Hek. Fak. Derg. 2007; 17: 31-3.
10. Tanboğa İ, Eren F, Altınok B, Peker S, Berker YG, Özyöney G. Kök kanal tedavisinde ER:YAG lazerin smear tabakası üzerine etkisi: Sem çalışması. Atatürk Üniv. Diş Hek. Fak. Derg. 2011; 21:74-81.
11. Shinoda T, Matsunaga K, Shinhara M. Laser welding of titanium alloy. Welding International 1991; 5: 346-51.
12. Yamagishi T, Ito M, Fujimura Y. Mechanical properties of laser welds of titanium in dentistry by pulsed Nd:YAG laser apparatus. J Prosthet Dent 1993; 70: 264-73.
13. Liu J, Watanabe I, Yoshida K, Atsuta M. Joint strength of laser welded titanium. Dent Mater 2002; 18: 143-8.
14. Rocha R, Pinheiro AL, Villaverde AB. Flexural strength of pure Ti, Ni-Cr and Co-Cr alloys submitted to Nd:YAG laser or TIG welding. Braz Dent J 2006; 17: 20-3.
15. Srimaneepong V, Yoneyama T, Kobayashi E, Doi H, Hanawa T. Mechanical strength and microstructure of laser-welded Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy castings. Dent Mater J 2005; 24: 541-9.
16. Watanabe I, Baba N, Chang J, Chiu Y. Nd:YAG laser penetration into cast titanium and gold alloy with different surface preparations. j Oral Rehabil 2006; 33: 443-6.
17. Fusayama T, Wakumoto S, Hosoda H. Accuracy of fixed partial dentures made by various soldering techniques and one-piece casting. J Prosthet Dent 1964; 14: 334-42.
18. Apotheker H, Nishimura I, Seerattan C. Laser welded vs. soldered non-precious alloy dental bridges: A comparative study. Las Surg Med 1984; 4:207-13.
19. Berg E, Wagnere WC, Davik G, Dootz ER. Mechanical properties of laser-welded cast and wrought titanium. J Prosthet Dent 1995;74: 250-7. Van Benthem H. Advantages of laser welding compared to conventional joining. Quintessenz Zahntech 1991; 17: 1178-93.
20. Santos M, Acciari HA, Vercik LCO, Guastaldi AC. Laser weld: microstructure and corrosion study of Ag-Pd-Au-Cu alloy of the dental application. Mater Let 2003; 57: 1888-93.
21. Bertrand C, Petitcorps L, Albingre L, Dupuis V. The laser welding technique applied to the nonprecious dental-alloys: procedure and results. Br Dent j 2001; 190: 255-7.
22. Fornaini C, Bertrand C, Bonanini M, Rocca JP, Nammour S. Welding in the dental office by fiberdelivered laser: a new technique. Photomed Laser Surg 2009; 27: 417-23.
23. Bertrand C, le Petitcorps Y, Albingre L, Dupuis V. Optimization of operator and physical parameters for laser welding of dental materials. Br Dent j 2004; 196: 413-8.
24. Gawlik JA, Mathieu GP, Hondrum S. The effects of tack welding and increasing surface area on the tensile strength of silver electric and flame soldered stainless steel joints. Pediatr Dent 1996; 18: 215-8.
25. O'Toole TJ, Furnish GM, von Fraunhofer JA. Tensile strength of soldered joints. J Prosthet Dent 1985; 53: 350-2.
26. Bock JJ, Bailly J, Gernhardt CR, Fuhrmann RA. Fracture strength of different soldered and welded orthodontic joining configurations with and without filling material. J Appl Oral Sci 2008; 16: 328-35.
27. Bock JJ, Bailly J, Fuhrmann RA. Effects of different brazing and welding methods on the fracture load of various orthodontic joining configurations. J Orthod 2009; 36: 78-84.
28. Bock JJ, Fraenzel W, Bailly J, Gernhardt CR, Fuhrmann RA. Influence of different brazing and welding methods on tensile strength and microhardness of orthodontic stainless steel wire. Eur J Orthod 2008; 30: 396-400.
29. Sevilla P, Martorell F, Libenson C, Planell JA, Gil FJ. Laser welding of NiTi orthodontic archwires for selective force application. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2008; 19 : 525-9.
30. Lijima M, Brantley WA, Yuasa T, Muguruma T, Kawashima I, Mizoguchi I. Joining characteristics of orthodontic wires with laser welding. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2008; 84 : 147-53.
31. Li MG, Qiu XM, Sun DQ, Yin SQ. Properties of laser-brazed joint of NiTi shape memory alloy and stainless steel orthodontic wires. The Orthodontic Cyber Journal 2009;16 : 1-8.
32. Elshahawy W, Watanabe I, Koike M. Elemental ion release from four different fixed prosthodontic materials. Dent Mater 2009; 25 : 976-81.
33. Shigeto N, Yanagihara T, Hamada T, BudtzJorgensen E. Corrosion properties of soldered joints. Part I: Electrochemical action of dental solder and dental nickel-chromium alloy. J Prosthet Dent 1989; 62 : 512-5.
34. Shigeto N, Yanagihara T, Murakami S, Hamada T. Corrosion properties of soldered joints. Part II: Corrosion pattern of dental solder and dental nickel-chromium alloy. J Prosthet Dent 1991; 66 : 607Wataha JC, Malcolm C, Hanks C. Correlation between cytotoxicity and the element released by dental casting alloys. Int J Prosthodont 1995; 8: 9
35. Grimsdottir MR, Gjerdet NR, Hensten-Pettersen A. Composition and in vitro corrosion of orthodontic appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1992; 101 : 525-32.
36. Azevedo C. Characterization of metallic piercings. Eng Failure Analysis 2003; 10: 255-63.
37. Solmi R, Martini D, Zanarini M, Isaza Penco S, Rimondini L, Carinci P. Interactions of fibroblasts with soldered and laser-welded joints. Biomaterials 2004; 25 : 735-40.
38. Vannet B, Hanssens JL, Wehrbein H. The use of three-dimensional oral mucosa cell cultures to assess the toxicity of soldered and welded wires. European Journal of Orthodontics 2007; 29: 60-66.
39. Freitas MP, Oshima HM, Menezes LM. Release of toxic ions from silver solder used in orthodontics: An in-situ evaluation. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011; 140: 177-81
40. Sestini S, Notarantonio L, Cerboni B, Alessandrini C, Fimiani M, Nannelli P. In vitro toxicity evaluation of silver soldering, electrical resistance, and laser welding of orthodontic wires. Eur J Orthod 2006; 28 : 567-72. Yazışma Adresi: Dr. Ezgi ATİK
41. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Diş Hekimliği Fakültesi Ortodonti Anabilim Dalı Sıhhıye/Ankara İş: [phone] Fax: [phone] e-mail: [e-mail]