Semantik Analiz Yönteminin Kur’ân’a Uygulanması

Öz

Periodontitis ve obezite iki kronik enflamatuar hastalıktır. Obezite ve periodontitis sistemik enflamasyonla ilgili olduklarından bu iki hastalığın ortak patofizyolojiye sahip olduğu söylenebilir. TNF-alfa ve IL-6 obezite ve periodontitisin patofizyolojisinde yer alan sitokinlerdir. Bu sitokinlerin seviyeleri obezite ve periodontitis ile birlikte artar. Resistin immun hücreler tarafından üretilir ve bu yüzden de enflamatuar sürecin aktivasyonunda yer alır. Resistinin pro-enflamatuar özellikleri TNF-alfa ve IL-6 salınımı ve adiponektinin anti-enflamatuar etkilerinin bozulmasıdır. Periodontitiste serumda resistin seviyesi artmaktadır. Aynı zamanda adipoz dokular da adiponektin gibi bazı anti-enflamatuar faktörleri salgılamaktadır. Obez bireylerde normal ağırlıktaki bireylere göre plazmada azalmış adiponektin seviyeleri görülmektedir. Ayrıca bilimsel kanıtlar periodontitisli bireylerde serum adiponektin seviyesinin ve fonksiyonunun azaldığını göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, periodontitis ve obezite çeşitli sitokinler, proteinler, ve vitaminler aracılığıyla birbirleri ile ilişkili iki hastalıktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Periodontit
• obezite
• TNF-alfa
• IL-6
• rezistin

Kaynakça

1. 1. Rangé H, Léger T, Huchon C, Ciangura C, Diallo D, Poitou C, Meilhac O, Bouchard P, Chaussain C. Salivary proteome modifications associated with periodontitis in obese patients. J Clin Periodontol 2012;39(9):799-806.
2. 2. Haigh BJ, Stewart KW, Whelan JRK, Barnett MPG, Smolenski GA, Wheeler TT. Alterations in the salivary proteome associated with periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2010;37(3):241-7.
3. 3. Kinane D, Bouchard P. Periodontal diseases and health: consensus report of the sixth European Workshop on Periodontology. J Clin Periodontol 2008;35(8 Suppl):333-7.
4. 4. Lundin M, Yucel-Lindberg T, Dahllöf G, Marcus C, Modéer T. Correlation between TNFalpha in gingival crevicular fluid and body mass index in obese subjects. Acta Odontol Scand 2004;62(5):273-7.
5. 5. Pischon N, Heng N, Bernimoulin J-P, Kleber B-M, Willich SN, Pischon T. Obesity, inflammation, and periodontal disease. J Dent Res 2007;86(5):400-9.
6. 6. Do Nascimento CM, Cassol T, da Silva FS, Bonfleur ML, Nassar CA, Nassar PO. Radiographic evaluation of the effect of obesity on alveolar bone in rats with ligature-induced periodontal disease. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2013;6:365-70.
7. 7. Amar S, Leeman S. Periodontal innate immune mechanisms relevant to obesity. Mol Oral Microbiol 2013;28:331-41.
8. 8. Altay U, Gürgan CA, Ağbaht K. Changes in inflammatory and metabolic parameters after periodontal treatment in patients with and without obesity. J Periodontol 2013;84(1):13-23.

9. 9. Saito T, Shimazaki Y, Kiyohara Y, Kato I, Kubo M, Iida M, Yamashita Y. Relationship between obesity, glucose tolerance, and periodontal disease in Japanese women: the Hisayama study. J Periodontal Res 2005;40(4):346-53.
10. 10. Saito T, Shimazaki Y. Metabolic disorders related to obesity and periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000 2007;43:254-66.
11. 11. Yudkin JS, Kumari M, Humphries SE, Mohamed-Ali V. Inflammation, obesity, stress and coronary heart disease: is interleukin-6 the link? Atherosclerosis 2000;148(2):209-14.
12. 12. Yamaguchi N, Kukita T, Li Y-J, Martinez Argueta JG, Saito T, Hanazawa S, Yamashita Y. Adiponectin inhibits osteoclast formation stimulated by lipopolysaccharide from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2007;49(1):28-34.
13. 13. Martin A, David V, Malaval L, Lafage-Proust M-H, Vico L, Thomas T. Opposite effects of leptin on bone metabolism: a dose-dependent balance related to energy intake and insulin-like growth factor-I pathway. Endocrinology 2007;148(7):3419-25.
14. 14. Hotamisligil GS, Shargill NS, Spiegelman BM. Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science 1993;259(5091):87-91.
15. 15. Preshaw PM, Taylor JJ. How has research into cytokine interactions and their role in driving immune responses impacted our understanding of periodontitis? J Clin Periodontol 2011;38 Suppl 1:60-84.
16. 16. Ritchie CS. Obesity and periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000 2007;44:154-63.
17. 17. Tomofuji T, Yamamoto T, Tamaki N, Ekuni D, Azuma T, Sanbe T, Irie K, Kasuyama K, Umakoshi M, Murakami J, Kokeguchi S, Morita M. Effects of obesity on gingival oxidative stress in a rat model. J Periodontol 2009;80(8):1324-9.
18. 18. Kershaw EE, Flier JS. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89(6):2548-56.
19. 19. Kinnby B, Lindberg P, Lecander I, Matsson L. Localization of plasminogen activators and plasminogen-activa- tor inhibitors in human gingival tissues demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Arch Oral Biol 1999;44(12):1027-34.
20. 20. Iacopino AM, Cutler CW. Pathophysiological relationships between periodontitis and systemic disease: recent concepts involving serum lipids. J Periodontol 2000;71(8):1375-84.
21. 21. Friedman JM, Halaas JL. Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature 1998;395(6704):763-70.
22. 22. Ouchi N, Parker JL, Lugus JJ, Walsh K. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2011;11(2):85-97.
23. 23. Lord GM, Matarese G, Howard JK, Baker RJ, Bloom SR, Lechler RI. Leptin modulates the T-cell immune response and reverses starvation-induced immunosuppression. Nature 1998;394(6696):897-901.
24. 24. Kiguchi N, Maeda T, Kobayashi Y, Fukazawa Y, Kishioka S. Leptin enhances CC-chemokine ligand expression in cultured murine macrophage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009;384(3):311-5.
25. 25. Johnson RB, Serio FG. Leptin within healthy and diseased human gingiva. J Periodontol 2001;72(9):1254-7.
26. 26. Karthikeyan BV, Pradeep AR. Gingival crevicular fluid and serum leptin: their relationship to periodontal health and disease. J Clin Periodontol 2007;34(6):467-72.
27. 27. Bokarewa M, Nagaev I, Dahlberg L, Smith U, Tarkowski A. Resistin, an adipokine with potent proinflammatory properties. J Immunol 2005;174(9):5789-95.
28. 28. Kawanami D, Maemura K, Takeda N, Harada T, Nojiri T, Imai Y, Manabe I, Utsunomiya K, Nagai R. Direct reciprocal effects of resistin and adiponectin on vascular endothelial cells: a new insight into adipocytokine-endothelial cell interactions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004;314(2):415-9.
29. 29. Furugen R, Hayashida H, Yamaguchi N, Yoshihara A, Ogawa H, Miyazaki H, Saito T. The relationship between periodontal condition and serum levels of resistin and adiponectin in elderly Japanese. J Periodontal Res 2008;43(5):556-62.
30. 30. Zimmermann GS, Bastos MF, Dias Gonçalves TE, Chambrone L, Duarte PM. Local and circulating levels of adipocytokines in obese and normal weight individuals with chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 2013;84(5):624-33.
31. 31. Page RC. The pathobiology of periodontal diseases may affect systemic diseases: inversion of a paradigm. Ann Periodontol 1998;3(1):108-20.
32. 32. Lang CH, Dobrescu C, Bagby GJ. Tumor necrosis factor impairs insulin action on peripheral glucose disposal and hepatic glucose output. Endocrinology 1992;130(1):43-52.
33. 33. Abou-Raya S, Abou-Raya A, Naim A, Abuelkheir H. Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorders and atherosclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007;1107:56-67.
34. 34. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 1997;336(14):973-9.
35. 35. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH. Plasma concentration of C-reactive protein and risk of developing peripheral vascular disease. Circulation 1998;97(5):425-8.
36. 36. Lagrand WK, Visser CA, Hermens WT, Niessen HW, Verheugt FW, Wolbink GJ, Hack CE. C-reactive protein as a cardiovascular risk factor: more than an epiphenomenon? Circulation 1999;100(1):96-102.
37. 37. Laaksonen DE, Niskanen L, Nyyssö- nen K, Punnonen K, Tuomainen TP, Valkonen VP, Salonen R, Salonen JT. C-reactive protein and the development of the metabolic syndrome and diabetes in middle-aged men. Diabetologia 2004;47(8):1403-10.
38. 38. Chaffee BW, Weston SJ. Association between chronic periodontal disease and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Periodontol 2010;81(12):1708-24.
39. 39. Dalla Vecchia CF, Susin C, Rösing CK, Oppermann RV, Albandar JM. Overweight and obesity as risk indicators for periodontitis in adults. J Periodontol 2005;76(10):1721-8.
40. 40. Teles FR, Teles RP, Martin L, Socransky SS, Haffajee AD. Relationships among interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, adipokines, vitamin D, and chronic periodontitis. J Periodontol 2012;83(9):1183- 91.
41. 41. Akman PT, Fentoğlu O, Yılmaz G, Arpak N. Serum plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in obesity and periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2012;83(8):1057-62.
42. 42. Guven Y, Erdem S, Trosola SC, Bayar OF, Yek E, Kara G, Bozbay E, Duzagac E CS. Obezite periodontitis ilişkisinin değerlendirilmesi. Türk Periodontoloji Derneği 40. Bilimsel Kongresi 14-16 Mayıs 2010, İzmir.