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Yabancı Portföy Yatırımlarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama

Year 2020, Volume: 24 Issue: 3, 1313 - 1329, 30.09.2020

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, Türkiye ekonomisinde yabancı portföy yatırımlarının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Bu amaçla 1986-2019 dönemine ait veriler kullanılarak, net yabancı portföy ve sabit sermaye yatırımları ile net ihracatın ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkileri, birim kök ve çoklu yapısal kırılma testi, çok değişkenli eş-bütünleşme analizi ve vektör hata düzeltme modeli ile ekonometrik açıdan analiz edilmektedir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre hem kısa hem de uzun dönemde ekonomik büyüme net yabancı portföy ve sabit sermaye yatırımları ile net ihracattan pozitif olarak etkilenmektedir. Ancak tahmin sonuçları, yabancı portföy yatırımlarının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki pozitif etkisinin diğer değişkenlerle karşılaştırıldığında çok daha düşük düzeyde kaldığını göstermektedir.

References

  • Aizenman J. ve Sushko, V. (2011). “Capital Flow Types, External Financing Needs and Industrial Growth: 99 Countries”, 1991-2007, NBER Working Paper, No: 17228.
  • Aizenman, J. (2004). “Financial Opening and Development: Evidence and Policy Controversies”, American Economic Review, 94(2), 65-70.
  • Akçoraoğlu, A. (2000). “An Analysis of Exchange Market Pressure and Monetary Policy: Evidence from Turkey”, Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(1), 61-74.
  • Alam, M.S. (1991). Trade Orientation and Macroeconomic Performance in LDCs: An Empirical Study, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 39, 839-48.
  • Alper, C.E. ve Öniş, Z. (2001). “Finansal Küreselleşme, Demokrasi Açığı ve Yükselen Piyasalarda Yaşanan Sürekli Krizler: Sermaye Hareketlerinin Liberalleşmesi Sonrasında Türkiye Deneyimi”, Doğu Batı Dergisi, 4(17), 203-225.
  • Baharumshah, A.Z., Slesman, L. ve Devadason, E.S. (2015). “Types of Foreign Capital Inflows and Economic Growth: New Evidence on Role of Financial Markets”, Journal of International Development, 29(6), 768-789.
  • Bai, J. ve Perron, P. (1998). “Estimating and Testing Linear Models with Multiple Structural Changes”, Econometrica, 66, 47-78.
  • _______ (2003). “Computation and Analysis of Multiple Structural Change Models”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 18, 1-22.
  • Bailliu, J.N. (2000). “Private Capital Flows, Financial Development and Economic Growth in Developing Countries”, Bank of Canada Working Paper, No. 2000-15, 1-31.
  • Beck, T., Levine, R. ve Loayza, N. (2000). “Finance and the Sources of Growth”, Journal of Financial Economics, 58(1-2), 261-300.
  • Bekaert, G., Harvey, C.R. ve Lundblad, C. (2001). “Does Financial Liberalization Spur Growth?”, NBER Working Paper, No. 8245.
  • Calderon, C. ve Liu, L. (2003). “The Direction of Causality Between Financial Development and Economic Growth”, Journal of Development Economics, 72, 321-334.
  • Caprio, G.J. ve Klingebiel, D. (1997). “Bank Insolvency: Bad Luck, Bad Policy, or Bad Banking?”, M. Bruno ve B. Pleskovic (Ed.). Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics içinde (s. 1-24), Washington: The World Bank.
  • Carmignani, F. ve Chowdhury, A. (2006). “Does Financial Openness Promote Economic Integration? Some Evidence from Europe and the CIS”, L.V. De Souza ve O. Havrylyshyn (Ed.). Return to Growth in CIS Countries içinde (s. 281-299), Berlin: Springer.
  • Charemza, W.W. ve Deadman, D.F. (1993). New Directions in Econometric Practice: General to Specific Modelling Cointegration and Vector Autoregression, Cambridge: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
  • Dağdelen, İ. (2004). “Liberalizasyon”, Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(1), 1-66.
  • Demir, F. (2009). “Volatility of Short Term Capital Flows, Financial Anarchy and Private Investment in Emerging Markets”, Journal of Development Studies, 45(5), 672-692.
  • Duasa, J. ve Kassım, S.H. (2009). “Foreign Portfolio Investment and Economic Growth in Malaysia”, The Pakistan Economic Review, 48(2), 109-123.
  • Durham, J. B. (2004). “Absorptive Capacity and Effects of FDI and Equity Foreign Portfolio Investment on Economic Growth”, European Economic Review, 48, 285-306.
  • Edison, H.J., Klein, M., Ricci, L.A. ve Slok, T. (2004). Capital Account Liberalization and Economic Performance: Survey and Synthesis, IMF Staff Papers, 51(2), 220-256.
  • Edison, H.J., Levine, R., Ricci, L.A. ve Slok, T. (2002). “International Financial Integration and Economic Growth”, Journal of International Money and Finance, 21(6), 749-776.
  • Edwards, S. (2002). “Does the Current Account Matter?”, S. Edwards ve J.A. Frankel (Ed.). Preventing Currency Crises in Emerging Markets, içinde (s. 21-69). USA: University of Chicago Press.
  • Ekinci, A. (2011). “Sermaye Hareketleri Büyüme İlişkisi. OECD Ülkeleri Örneği”, EconAnadolu II: Anadolu International Conference in Economics II, s. 15-17, Eskişehir.
  • Engle, R.F. ve Granger, C.W.J. (1987). “Co-Integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation and Testing”, Econometrica, 55, 251-276.
  • Esfahani, H.S. (1991). “Exports, Imports and Economic Growth in Semi-Industrialized Countries”, Journal of Development Economics, 35, 93-116.
  • Ezeanyeji, C.I. ve Maureen, I. (2019), “Foreign Portfolio Investment on Economic Growth of Nigeria: An Impact Analysis”, International Journal of Academic Management Science Research (IJAMSR), 3(3), 24-36.
  • Feijen, E. ve Perotti, E.C. (2005). “The Political Economy of Financial Fragility”, CEPR Discussion Papers, DP No: 5317.
  • Ferreira, M.A. ve Laux, P.A. (2009). “Portfolio Flows, Volatility and Growth”, Journal of International Money and Finance, 28, 271-292.
  • Frankel, J.A. ve Cavallo, E.A. (2004). “Does Openness to Trade make Countries more Volnurable to Sudden Stops, or Less? Using Gravity to Establish Causality”, NBER Working Paper, No:10957.
  • Galindo, A. Micco, A. ve Ordonez, G. (2002). “Financial Liberalization and Growth: Empirical Evidence”, Inter American Development Bank, http://www.worldbank.org, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.03.2017).
  • Glick, R. ve Hutchison, M. (1999). “Banking and Currency Crises: How Common Are Twins?”, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Working Paper, No. PB99-07.
  • Gregorio, J.D. (1992). “Economic Growth in Latin America”, Journal of Development Economics, 39, 58-84.
  • Gregorio, J.D. ve Guidotti, P.E. (1995). “Financial Development and Economic Growth”, World Development, 23(3), 433-448.
  • Grilli, V. ve Milesi-Ferretti, G.M. (1995). “Economic Effects and Structural Determinants of Capital Controls”, IMF Staff Papers, 42(3), 517-551.
  • Gujarati, D.N. (1999). Temel Ekonometri, (Ü. Şenesen, ve G.G. Şenesen, Çev.). İstanbul: Literatür Yayınları.
  • Gülmez, A. (2015). “Türkiye’de Dış Finansman Kaynakları Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı”, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(2), 139-143.
  • Ibrahim, T.R. ve Akinbobola T.O. (2017), “Foreign Portfolio Investment and Economic Growth in Nigeria Democratic Settings”, Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 8(5), 33-52.
  • Johansen, S. ve Juselius, K. (1990). “Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration-with Application to the Demand for Money”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52, 169-210.
  • Karaca, C. ve Tezcan A. (2007). “Gelir ve Bölge Ayrımına Göre Uluslararası Sermaye Hareketlerinin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Ampirik Bir Analiz”, Çukurova Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 11(1), 1-19.
  • King, R. ve Levine, R. (1993). “Finance and Growth: Schumpeter Might be Right”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108(3), 717-37.
  • Klein, M.W. (2003). “Capital Account Openness and the Varieties of Growth Experience”, NBER Working Paper, No: 9500.
  • Kormendi, R.C. ve Mequire, P.G. (1985). “Macroeconomic Determinants of Growth: Cross-Country Evidence”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 16(2), 141-63.
  • Kula, F. (2003). “Uluslararası Sermaye Hareketlerinin Etkinliği. Türkiye Üzerine Gözlemler”, C. Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(2), 141-154.
  • MacDonald, M. (2015). “Patterns of International Capital Flows and Productivity Growth: New Evidence”, Review of International Economics, 23(5), 846-872.
  • Ng, S. ve Perron, P. (2001). “Lag Length Selection and the Construction of Unit Root Tests with Good Size and Power”, Econometrica, 69, 1529-1554.
  • Odekon, M. (2002). “Financial Liberalization and Investment in Turkey”, Briefing Notes in Economics Issue, No. 53, http://www.richmond.ac.uk/bne/odekon_Issue53.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.02.2018).
  • Osinubi, T.S. ve Amaghionyeodiwe, L.A. (2010). “Foreign Private Investment and Economic Growth in Nigeria”, Applied Econometrics and International Development, 10(2), 189-204.
  • Perron, P. ve Ng, S. (1996), “Useful Modifications to some Unit Root Tests with Dependent Errors and their Local Asymptotic Properties”, Review of Economic Studies, 63: 435-463.
  • Quinn, D.P. ve Toyoda, A.M. (2008). “Does Capital Account Liberalization Lead to Growth?”, The Review of Financial Studies, 21(3), 1403-1449.
  • Rachdi, H. ve Saidi, H. (2011). “The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment and Portfolio Investment on Economic Growth in Developing and Developed Economies”, Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business, 1(6), 10-17.
  • Rajan, R. ve Zingales, L. (1998). “Financial Dependence and Growth”, American Economic Review, 88(3), 559-86.
  • Reisen, H. ve Soto, M. (2001). “Which Types of Capital Inflows Foster Developing-Country Growth?”, International Finance, 4(1), 1-14.
  • Rodrik, D. (1998). “Why do More Open Economies have Bigger Governments?”, Journal of Political Economy, 106(5), 997-1034.
  • _______(1999). “Where Did All The Growth Go? External Shocks, Social Conflict, and Growth Collapses”, Journal of Economic Growth, 4, 358-412.
  • TCMB (2016). Ödemeler Dengesi İstatistikleri’ne İlişkin Yöntemsel Açıklama, http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/, (Erişim Tarihi: 27.10.2018).
  • Utkulu, U. ve Kahyaoğlu, H. (2005). “Ticari ve Finansal Açıklık Türkiye’de Büyümeyi Ne Yönde Etkiledi?”, Türkiye Ekonomi Kurumu Tartışma Metni 2005/13, 1-32.
  • Williamson, J. ve Mahar, M. (1998). Survey of Financial Liberalization, Essays in International Finance, No: 211, Princeton.
  • Wong, C.H. ve Carranza, L. (1998). “Policy Responses to External Imbalances in Emerging Market Economies: Further Empirical Results”, IMF Working Paper, No: 98/103, 1-30.
  • Yapraklı, S. (2007). “Ticari ve Finansal Dışa Açıklık ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama”, İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Ekonometri ve İstatistik Dergisi, 5(1), 67-89.

The Effect of Foreign Portfolio Investments on Economic Growth: An Application For Turkey

Year 2020, Volume: 24 Issue: 3, 1313 - 1329, 30.09.2020

Abstract

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of foreign portfolio investments on economic growth in Turkish economy. For this purpose, using data from the period of 1986-2019, the effects of net foreign portfolio and fixed capital investments and net exports on economic growth are analyzed econometrically by employing unit root and multiple breakpoint tests, multivariate cointegration analysis and vector error correction model. According to the results, economic growth is positively affected by net foreign portfolio and fixed capital investments and net exports in the short run and in the long run. However, the estimation results show that the positive effect of foreign portfolio investments on economic growth is much lower low compared to other variables.

References

  • Aizenman J. ve Sushko, V. (2011). “Capital Flow Types, External Financing Needs and Industrial Growth: 99 Countries”, 1991-2007, NBER Working Paper, No: 17228.
  • Aizenman, J. (2004). “Financial Opening and Development: Evidence and Policy Controversies”, American Economic Review, 94(2), 65-70.
  • Akçoraoğlu, A. (2000). “An Analysis of Exchange Market Pressure and Monetary Policy: Evidence from Turkey”, Gazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(1), 61-74.
  • Alam, M.S. (1991). Trade Orientation and Macroeconomic Performance in LDCs: An Empirical Study, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 39, 839-48.
  • Alper, C.E. ve Öniş, Z. (2001). “Finansal Küreselleşme, Demokrasi Açığı ve Yükselen Piyasalarda Yaşanan Sürekli Krizler: Sermaye Hareketlerinin Liberalleşmesi Sonrasında Türkiye Deneyimi”, Doğu Batı Dergisi, 4(17), 203-225.
  • Baharumshah, A.Z., Slesman, L. ve Devadason, E.S. (2015). “Types of Foreign Capital Inflows and Economic Growth: New Evidence on Role of Financial Markets”, Journal of International Development, 29(6), 768-789.
  • Bai, J. ve Perron, P. (1998). “Estimating and Testing Linear Models with Multiple Structural Changes”, Econometrica, 66, 47-78.
  • _______ (2003). “Computation and Analysis of Multiple Structural Change Models”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 18, 1-22.
  • Bailliu, J.N. (2000). “Private Capital Flows, Financial Development and Economic Growth in Developing Countries”, Bank of Canada Working Paper, No. 2000-15, 1-31.
  • Beck, T., Levine, R. ve Loayza, N. (2000). “Finance and the Sources of Growth”, Journal of Financial Economics, 58(1-2), 261-300.
  • Bekaert, G., Harvey, C.R. ve Lundblad, C. (2001). “Does Financial Liberalization Spur Growth?”, NBER Working Paper, No. 8245.
  • Calderon, C. ve Liu, L. (2003). “The Direction of Causality Between Financial Development and Economic Growth”, Journal of Development Economics, 72, 321-334.
  • Caprio, G.J. ve Klingebiel, D. (1997). “Bank Insolvency: Bad Luck, Bad Policy, or Bad Banking?”, M. Bruno ve B. Pleskovic (Ed.). Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics içinde (s. 1-24), Washington: The World Bank.
  • Carmignani, F. ve Chowdhury, A. (2006). “Does Financial Openness Promote Economic Integration? Some Evidence from Europe and the CIS”, L.V. De Souza ve O. Havrylyshyn (Ed.). Return to Growth in CIS Countries içinde (s. 281-299), Berlin: Springer.
  • Charemza, W.W. ve Deadman, D.F. (1993). New Directions in Econometric Practice: General to Specific Modelling Cointegration and Vector Autoregression, Cambridge: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
  • Dağdelen, İ. (2004). “Liberalizasyon”, Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(1), 1-66.
  • Demir, F. (2009). “Volatility of Short Term Capital Flows, Financial Anarchy and Private Investment in Emerging Markets”, Journal of Development Studies, 45(5), 672-692.
  • Duasa, J. ve Kassım, S.H. (2009). “Foreign Portfolio Investment and Economic Growth in Malaysia”, The Pakistan Economic Review, 48(2), 109-123.
  • Durham, J. B. (2004). “Absorptive Capacity and Effects of FDI and Equity Foreign Portfolio Investment on Economic Growth”, European Economic Review, 48, 285-306.
  • Edison, H.J., Klein, M., Ricci, L.A. ve Slok, T. (2004). Capital Account Liberalization and Economic Performance: Survey and Synthesis, IMF Staff Papers, 51(2), 220-256.
  • Edison, H.J., Levine, R., Ricci, L.A. ve Slok, T. (2002). “International Financial Integration and Economic Growth”, Journal of International Money and Finance, 21(6), 749-776.
  • Edwards, S. (2002). “Does the Current Account Matter?”, S. Edwards ve J.A. Frankel (Ed.). Preventing Currency Crises in Emerging Markets, içinde (s. 21-69). USA: University of Chicago Press.
  • Ekinci, A. (2011). “Sermaye Hareketleri Büyüme İlişkisi. OECD Ülkeleri Örneği”, EconAnadolu II: Anadolu International Conference in Economics II, s. 15-17, Eskişehir.
  • Engle, R.F. ve Granger, C.W.J. (1987). “Co-Integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation and Testing”, Econometrica, 55, 251-276.
  • Esfahani, H.S. (1991). “Exports, Imports and Economic Growth in Semi-Industrialized Countries”, Journal of Development Economics, 35, 93-116.
  • Ezeanyeji, C.I. ve Maureen, I. (2019), “Foreign Portfolio Investment on Economic Growth of Nigeria: An Impact Analysis”, International Journal of Academic Management Science Research (IJAMSR), 3(3), 24-36.
  • Feijen, E. ve Perotti, E.C. (2005). “The Political Economy of Financial Fragility”, CEPR Discussion Papers, DP No: 5317.
  • Ferreira, M.A. ve Laux, P.A. (2009). “Portfolio Flows, Volatility and Growth”, Journal of International Money and Finance, 28, 271-292.
  • Frankel, J.A. ve Cavallo, E.A. (2004). “Does Openness to Trade make Countries more Volnurable to Sudden Stops, or Less? Using Gravity to Establish Causality”, NBER Working Paper, No:10957.
  • Galindo, A. Micco, A. ve Ordonez, G. (2002). “Financial Liberalization and Growth: Empirical Evidence”, Inter American Development Bank, http://www.worldbank.org, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.03.2017).
  • Glick, R. ve Hutchison, M. (1999). “Banking and Currency Crises: How Common Are Twins?”, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Working Paper, No. PB99-07.
  • Gregorio, J.D. (1992). “Economic Growth in Latin America”, Journal of Development Economics, 39, 58-84.
  • Gregorio, J.D. ve Guidotti, P.E. (1995). “Financial Development and Economic Growth”, World Development, 23(3), 433-448.
  • Grilli, V. ve Milesi-Ferretti, G.M. (1995). “Economic Effects and Structural Determinants of Capital Controls”, IMF Staff Papers, 42(3), 517-551.
  • Gujarati, D.N. (1999). Temel Ekonometri, (Ü. Şenesen, ve G.G. Şenesen, Çev.). İstanbul: Literatür Yayınları.
  • Gülmez, A. (2015). “Türkiye’de Dış Finansman Kaynakları Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı”, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(2), 139-143.
  • Ibrahim, T.R. ve Akinbobola T.O. (2017), “Foreign Portfolio Investment and Economic Growth in Nigeria Democratic Settings”, Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 8(5), 33-52.
  • Johansen, S. ve Juselius, K. (1990). “Maximum Likelihood Estimation and Inference on Cointegration-with Application to the Demand for Money”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52, 169-210.
  • Karaca, C. ve Tezcan A. (2007). “Gelir ve Bölge Ayrımına Göre Uluslararası Sermaye Hareketlerinin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Ampirik Bir Analiz”, Çukurova Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 11(1), 1-19.
  • King, R. ve Levine, R. (1993). “Finance and Growth: Schumpeter Might be Right”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108(3), 717-37.
  • Klein, M.W. (2003). “Capital Account Openness and the Varieties of Growth Experience”, NBER Working Paper, No: 9500.
  • Kormendi, R.C. ve Mequire, P.G. (1985). “Macroeconomic Determinants of Growth: Cross-Country Evidence”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 16(2), 141-63.
  • Kula, F. (2003). “Uluslararası Sermaye Hareketlerinin Etkinliği. Türkiye Üzerine Gözlemler”, C. Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(2), 141-154.
  • MacDonald, M. (2015). “Patterns of International Capital Flows and Productivity Growth: New Evidence”, Review of International Economics, 23(5), 846-872.
  • Ng, S. ve Perron, P. (2001). “Lag Length Selection and the Construction of Unit Root Tests with Good Size and Power”, Econometrica, 69, 1529-1554.
  • Odekon, M. (2002). “Financial Liberalization and Investment in Turkey”, Briefing Notes in Economics Issue, No. 53, http://www.richmond.ac.uk/bne/odekon_Issue53.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.02.2018).
  • Osinubi, T.S. ve Amaghionyeodiwe, L.A. (2010). “Foreign Private Investment and Economic Growth in Nigeria”, Applied Econometrics and International Development, 10(2), 189-204.
  • Perron, P. ve Ng, S. (1996), “Useful Modifications to some Unit Root Tests with Dependent Errors and their Local Asymptotic Properties”, Review of Economic Studies, 63: 435-463.
  • Quinn, D.P. ve Toyoda, A.M. (2008). “Does Capital Account Liberalization Lead to Growth?”, The Review of Financial Studies, 21(3), 1403-1449.
  • Rachdi, H. ve Saidi, H. (2011). “The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment and Portfolio Investment on Economic Growth in Developing and Developed Economies”, Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business, 1(6), 10-17.
  • Rajan, R. ve Zingales, L. (1998). “Financial Dependence and Growth”, American Economic Review, 88(3), 559-86.
  • Reisen, H. ve Soto, M. (2001). “Which Types of Capital Inflows Foster Developing-Country Growth?”, International Finance, 4(1), 1-14.
  • Rodrik, D. (1998). “Why do More Open Economies have Bigger Governments?”, Journal of Political Economy, 106(5), 997-1034.
  • _______(1999). “Where Did All The Growth Go? External Shocks, Social Conflict, and Growth Collapses”, Journal of Economic Growth, 4, 358-412.
  • TCMB (2016). Ödemeler Dengesi İstatistikleri’ne İlişkin Yöntemsel Açıklama, http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/, (Erişim Tarihi: 27.10.2018).
  • Utkulu, U. ve Kahyaoğlu, H. (2005). “Ticari ve Finansal Açıklık Türkiye’de Büyümeyi Ne Yönde Etkiledi?”, Türkiye Ekonomi Kurumu Tartışma Metni 2005/13, 1-32.
  • Williamson, J. ve Mahar, M. (1998). Survey of Financial Liberalization, Essays in International Finance, No: 211, Princeton.
  • Wong, C.H. ve Carranza, L. (1998). “Policy Responses to External Imbalances in Emerging Market Economies: Further Empirical Results”, IMF Working Paper, No: 98/103, 1-30.
  • Yapraklı, S. (2007). “Ticari ve Finansal Dışa Açıklık ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama”, İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Ekonometri ve İstatistik Dergisi, 5(1), 67-89.
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Sevda Yapraklı This is me 0000-0002-1902-899X

Publication Date September 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 24 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Yapraklı, S. (2020). Yabancı Portföy Yatırımlarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Bir Uygulama. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24(3), 1313-1329.

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