BİYODEDEKTİF; HAM PETROL SIZINTISI VE PETROL İLE İLGİLİ ÇEVRE KİRLİLİĞİ ARAŞTIRMALARINDA BİYOMARKER VERİLERİNİN KULLANIMI

Öz

Kazalar veya ihmaller sonucunda ham petrol ve rafinasyon ürünlerinden itibaren oluşan deniz veya kara ekosistemindeki kirliliklerin biyomarkerler verileri ile araştırılması, kaynağa ait izlerin takibi ve buna neden eden kaynağın (petrol tankeri, gemi, tekne vb) ortaya çıkartılması son yıllarda sıkça uygulanan bir yöntemdir. Günümüzde detaylı ve gelişmiş aletsel yöntemlerle gittikçe gelişen bir araştırma türü olmuştur. Biyomarkerler petrol bileşenleri içindeki en önemli gruplardan biridir. Çok düşük miktarlarının bile gaz kromatografi-kütle spektrometre (GC-MS) cihazı kullanılarak belirlenebilmesi ve petrol için önemli tanımlayıcı bilgileri sağlaması nedeniyle yıllardır petrol jeolojisi çalışmalarında sıkça kullanılmasına neden olmuştur. Petroldeki alkanlar ve birçok aromatik bileşene göre biyomarkerler çevresel şartlarda bozunmaya karşı daha dayanıklıdır. Ayrıca, farklı jeolojik yaşlar ve koşullara dair belirteç olması nedeniyle farklı biyomarker parmak izlerini de oluştururlar. Böylece biyomarker incelemeleri ile sızıntının kaynağı, ayrımlanması, petrollerin tanımlanması ve korelasyonu ile çevresel etkenler nedeniyle gelişen bozunma sürecinin takibi sağlanabilmektedir. Bu makalede biyomarkerlerin kimyasal özellikleri kısaca anlatılarak, biyomarker tanımlama ve değerlendirilmesi, dağılımları, bileşimindeki bozunma etkileri, tanımlayıcı oranlar, petrol ve türevlerine ait sızıntı çalışmalarında biyomarker parmak izlerinin kullanımı ve bu kapsamda dünyada yapılan bazı örnek çalışmalar hakkında genel bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biyomarker,kimyasal parmak izi,ham petrol sızıntısı,terpanlar,steranlar

BIODETECTIVE; BIOMARKER DATA USAGE IN CRUDE OIL SPILL AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION STUDIES RELATED OIL

Öz

The investigation of the pollution of marine or land ecosystem resulting from accidents or negligence of crude oil and refinery products by biomarker data, the trace of the source and the find the suspect source (oil tanker, ship, boat etc.) have been frequently applied for the last years by this method.  Recently, it has become a advanced research method by detailed and advanced instrumental methods. Biomarkers are one of the most important hydrocarbon groups in petroleum. Biomarkers can be detected in low quantities (ppm and sub-ppm level) in the presence of a wide variety of other types of petroleum hydrocarbons by the use of the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) apparatus. Relative to other hydrocarbon groups in oil such as alkanes and most aromatic compounds, biomarkers are more degradation-resistant in the environment. Furthermore, biomarkers formed under different geological conditions and ages may exhibit different biomarker fingerprints. Therefore, chemical analysis of biomarkers generates information of great importance to environmental forensic investigations in terms of determining the source of spilled oil, differentiating and correlating oils, and monitoring the degradation process and weathering state of oils under a wide variety of conditions. This article briefly reviews biomarker chemistry, biomarker characterization and quantification, distributions, weathering effects on biomarker composition, diagnostic ratios, application of biomarker fingerprinting techniques for spill source investigations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biomarker,chemical fingerprinting,crude oil spill,terpanes,steranes

Kaynakça

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