TR
EN
Rural Urban Migration in Mountain Areas and its Compatibility with Natural, Social and Economic Regimes: A Case of Kıbrıscık District, Bolu Province, Turkey
Öz
Mountainous areas of world are facing a number of problems like poverty, out migration, deficiency of productive crop land and decreased livestock activities. Present research examines the relationship between environmental degradation and out migration in mountainous area of Bolu Province, Turkey. District Kibriscik of Bolu province which is located inside the Koroglu Mountains of Western Black Sea Region, including 22 villages and city center has been selected as research area. Data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A household questionnaire survey was conducted with 201 families based on stratified simple random sampling. The qualitative data was collected through personal observations and in-depth interviews with residents of different age groups and representatives of civil society organizations. Furthermore, secondary data was collected from Turkish Directorate General of Forest, Turkish statistical Institute and District Agriculture Office, Kibriscik. Statistical analysis was performed to interpret the collected data. Results revealed that population of the research area have decreased significantly in recent years due to lack of employment opportunities in the area. Out migration was proved beneficial in terms of environmental stability as it reduced pressure on already fragile mountain ecosystem. It was found that forest-cover increased by 8.8 % from 1968 to 1986 which furthermore increased by 1.65 % from 1986 to 2005. Our results also showed that increase in forest and pasture land decreased erosion significantly as compared to the previous years. Moreover, out migration of young generation in search of better living standards resulted in increase of economically inactive older ones. As a result, serious decrease in livestock activity is observed in the area where animal husbandry once served as major economic resource. Similar situations in many mountainous areas of Turkey has affected the country`s overall supply of dairy products. It is therefore necessary to formulate policies that emphasize economic and environmental sustainability in mountain areas
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Directorate General of Forests, Turkey, Orman Amenajman Planı (1968, 1987, 2005)
- Grau, H. R., and Aide, T. M. 2007. Are rural–urban migration and sustainable development compatible in mountain systems? Mountain Research & Development, 27(2): 119–123.
- Hardoy J, Mitlin D, Satterthwaite D. 1992. Environment Problems in Third World Cities. Earthscan: London.
- Hill, A. 1989. “Demographic responses to food shortages in the Sahel.” Population and Development Review, Supplement to Vol. 15. Eds. Geoffrey McNicoll and Mead Cain. New York: Population Council and Oxford University Press.
- Karakus, K. 2011. Türkiye’nin Canlı Hayvan ve Kırmızı Et İthaline Genel Bir Bakış. Iğdır. Univ. J. Inst. Sci. & Tech. 1(1): 75-79.
- Khan, A.A., Somuncu, M. 2012. Dynamics of rural out migration and environmental conservation: A dilemma of Sustainable Development of mountain community of district Kibriscik, Province of Bolu, Turkey. New Horizons in Science and Technology 1(3): 59-64. http://www.insii.com
- Kibriscik Kaymakamligi Resmi Websitesi: http://www.kibriscik.gov.tr/ Accessed Jul. 2011
- Price, M.F., Jansky,L., Iatsenia, A.A., (eds.),2004. Key Issues for Mountain Areas, United Nation University Press. USA.
Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
İngilizce
Konular
-
Bölüm
Araştırma Makalesi
Yayımlanma Tarihi
1 Mayıs 2013
Gönderilme Tarihi
1 Mayıs 2013
Kabul Tarihi
-
Yayımlandığı Sayı
Yıl 2013 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1
APA
Khan, A. A., & Somuncu, M. (2013). Rural Urban Migration in Mountain Areas and its Compatibility with Natural, Social and Economic Regimes: A Case of Kıbrıscık District, Bolu Province, Turkey. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, 5(1), 95-104. https://doi.org/10.1501/Csaum_0000000077
AMA
1.Khan AA, Somuncu M. Rural Urban Migration in Mountain Areas and its Compatibility with Natural, Social and Economic Regimes: A Case of Kıbrıscık District, Bolu Province, Turkey. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi. 2013;5(1):95-104. doi:10.1501/Csaum_0000000077
Chicago
Khan, Ashfaq Ahmad, ve Mehmet Somuncu. 2013. “Rural Urban Migration in Mountain Areas and its Compatibility with Natural, Social and Economic Regimes: A Case of Kıbrıscık District, Bolu Province, Turkey”. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi 5 (1): 95-104. https://doi.org/10.1501/Csaum_0000000077.
EndNote
Khan AA, Somuncu M (01 Mayıs 2013) Rural Urban Migration in Mountain Areas and its Compatibility with Natural, Social and Economic Regimes: A Case of Kıbrıscık District, Bolu Province, Turkey. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi 5 1 95–104.
IEEE
[1]A. A. Khan ve M. Somuncu, “Rural Urban Migration in Mountain Areas and its Compatibility with Natural, Social and Economic Regimes: A Case of Kıbrıscık District, Bolu Province, Turkey”, Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, c. 5, sy 1, ss. 95–104, May. 2013, doi: 10.1501/Csaum_0000000077.
ISNAD
Khan, Ashfaq Ahmad - Somuncu, Mehmet. “Rural Urban Migration in Mountain Areas and its Compatibility with Natural, Social and Economic Regimes: A Case of Kıbrıscık District, Bolu Province, Turkey”. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi 5/1 (01 Mayıs 2013): 95-104. https://doi.org/10.1501/Csaum_0000000077.
JAMA
1.Khan AA, Somuncu M. Rural Urban Migration in Mountain Areas and its Compatibility with Natural, Social and Economic Regimes: A Case of Kıbrıscık District, Bolu Province, Turkey. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi. 2013;5:95–104.
MLA
Khan, Ashfaq Ahmad, ve Mehmet Somuncu. “Rural Urban Migration in Mountain Areas and its Compatibility with Natural, Social and Economic Regimes: A Case of Kıbrıscık District, Bolu Province, Turkey”. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, c. 5, sy 1, Mayıs 2013, ss. 95-104, doi:10.1501/Csaum_0000000077.
Vancouver
1.Ashfaq Ahmad Khan, Mehmet Somuncu. Rural Urban Migration in Mountain Areas and its Compatibility with Natural, Social and Economic Regimes: A Case of Kıbrıscık District, Bolu Province, Turkey. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi. 01 Mayıs 2013;5(1):95-104. doi:10.1501/Csaum_0000000077