Considerations on the Impacts of Energy Plant Growing For Biomass Energy Production II. Potential Socioeconomic Effects in the Light of Current Knowledge in Turkey

Öz

Socio-economic considerations for biomass energy crops production and biomass energy production have been taken into account in the present study. In order to provide a wide-angle perspective on the impact of energy plant growing, use of biomass energy in terms of ecological and socioeconomical costbenefit analysis has been performed. Assessments in the first article indicated that, despite of their complexity, development of projects and their applications are made on scientific basis by following the path to developing successful biomass energy projects, could be very beneficial in Turkey. Parallel indications held here, depending on the results considering socioeconomical aspects of the applications elsewhere, and current conditions of Turkey

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biomass energy, Energy plant growing, Biomass energy production, Socio-economic considerations.

Biyokütle Enerjisi İçin Yetiştiriciliğin Etkileri Konusunda Araştırmalar II. Bilgi Birikimi Işığında Türkiye'deki Sosyo-ekonomik Etki Potansiyeli

Öz

Bu çalışmada biyokütle enerjisi ürünleri yetiştiriciliğinin ve biyokütle enerjisi üretiminin sosyoekonomik yönlerinin değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. Enerji bitkisi yetiştiriciliği ve biyokütle enerjisinin ekolojik, sosyoekonomik etki/yarar analizinin geniş bir bakış açısıyla ele alınmasına çalışılmıştır. Daha önceki makaledeki eko-ekolojik değerlendirmelerin sonucunda, her ne kadar karmaşık özellikte olmalarına karşın, bilimsel temellere dayanarak yapılacak projeler ve gerçekleştirilecek uygulamaların Türkiye’de çok yararlı sonuçlar verebileceği kanısına varılmıştır.Burada da ülkemizin içinde bulunduğu koşullar ve biyokütle enerjisi için yetiştiriciliğin sosyoekonomik yararları irdelenerek, bu kanıyı destekleyen sonuçlara varılmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biyokütle enerjisi, Enerji bitkisi yetiştiriciliği, Biyokütle enerjisi üretimi, Sosyoekonomik yönleri

Kaynakça

1. Akınerdem, F., 2007. www.tarim.gov.tr/arayuz/10/icerik.asp?efl= tarimsal_veriler_kitabi/tarimsal _veriler_index.htm&curdir=%5Csanal_kutuphane%5Ctarimsal_veriler_kitabi&fl=tarim_urunleri_ithalati.htm.
2. Andrews, S., Aschmann, S., 2005. Conservation Issue Brief Resource Effects of Biomass Energy Production, www.soils.usda.gov/sqi/management/files/Biomass_Conservation_Issue_Brief.pdf.
3. Andrews, S., Aschmann, S., 2006. Resource Effects of Biomass Energy Production, www.usda.gov/sqi/management/files/Biomass_Conservation_Issue_Brief.pdf.
4. Anonim a, 2007. EUROPA Environment and Agriculture Studies, www.ec.europa.eu/environment/agriculture/studies.htm.
5. Anonim b, 2008. www.tarim.gov.tr/arayuz/10/icerik.asp./toprak_su/index.htm&curdir.hizmetler/ yayinlar-kitap.
6. Anonim c, 2008. www.cevreorman.gov.tr/toprak_03.htm.
7. Anonim d, 2004. http://mevzuat.dpt.gov.tr/ypk/2004/92.pdf.
8. Anonim e, 2006. www.tarim.gov.tr/arayuz/10/icerik.asp?fl=duyurular/ayin_konugu/ayin_ konugu_ Kasim2006.htm.

9. Anonim f, 2006. www.harran.edu.tr/gtarim/yagbit/diger_sayfa_1.htm.
10. Anonim g, 2006. www.jmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/d94108e907bb831_ek.pdf?dergi=TÜRK_YE%20JEOLOJ_%20BÜLTEN
11. Anonim h, 2005. Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının Elektrik Enerjisi Üretimi Amaçlı Kullanımına İlişkin Kanun.
12. Anonim i, 2006. www.ikv.org.tr/pdfs/5b42999e.pdf.
13. Anonim j, 2006. www.tarim.gov.tr/arayuz/10/haberayrintisi.asp?ay=3&yil=2005&ID=580.
14. Anonim k, 2006. Dokuzuncu Kalkınma Plânı Kırsal Kalkınma Politikaları Özel İhtisas Alt Komisyonu Raporu, www.ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/plan/plan9.pdf.
15. Anonymous a, 2008. www.fao.org/docrep/V0265E/V0265E00.htm.
16. Anonymous b, 2008. History of Global Warming, http://www.globalwarmingarchive. com/History.aspx.
17. Anonymous c, 2008. G8 offers halving of emissions by 2050,. www.search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20080709a1.html.
18. Anonymous d, 2008. www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/international-energy-agency-says-18-50-trillion-dollars- needed-for-halving carbon emissions.
19. Anonymous e, 2008. UN report, www.uk.reuters.com /article /topNews/ idUKL0167778920080701.
20. Anonymous f, 2008. Emissions of greenhouse.gases, www.un.org/esa/sustdev/natlinfo /indicators/isdms2001/isd- ms2001environmentalA.htm.
21. Anonymous g, 2008. The Cost of Climate Change, www.nrdc.org/globalwarming/cost/contents.asp.
22. Anonymous h, 2008. World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought, www.un.org/events/desertification/2008/combating.shtml.
23. Anonymous i, 2008. Sustainable agriculture will help stop desertification, www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=27048&Cr=desert&Cr1.
24. Anonymous j, 2008. Sustainable Agriculture Pushing Back the Desert, www.i-sis.org.uk/ desertification.php.
25. Anonymous k, 2005. Interdepartmental Bioenergy Programme, Natural Resources Management & Environment Programme, www.fao.org/sd/dim_en2/en2_050302a1_en.htm.
26. Anonymous l, 2005. Biomass Energy Basics, US National Renewables Laboratory (NREL), www.nrel.gov/learning/re_biomass.html.
27. Anonymous m, 2005. Association for Temperate Agroforestry, www.aftaweb.org/, http://www.aftaweb.org/readcurrent.php.
28. Anonymous n, 2005, www.energy.sourceguides. com/businesses/byB/org/org.html.
29. Anonymous o, 2005. www.europa.eu/.../05/1546&format=HTML&aged=0%3Cuage=EN& guiLanguage=en-.
30. Anonymous p, 2005, www.ec.europa.eu/research/energy/pdf/kyoto-mechanisms_en.pdf.
31. Ban Ki-moon, 2007. UN SG/SM/11317, ENV/DEV/961 REC/216, www.un.org/News/Press/ docs/2007/sgsm11317.doc.htm.
32. Bassam, N., El, 1998. Energy Plant Species-Their Use and Impact on Environment and Development, London.
33. Borkowska, H., Styk, B., 2007. Virginia mallow – Huge potential for one of the most promising perennial biomass crops, http://www.worldofrenewables.com/index.php?do=viewarticle&artid= 198&title=virginia-mallow-huge-potential- for-one-of-the-most-promising-perennial-biomass-crops.
34. Dregne, H., E., Chou, N., T., 1992. Global desertification dimensions and costs in Degradation and restoration of arid lands, Lubbock Texas Technic University, www.Ciesin.Columbia.Edu/Docs/002-186/002-186.H.
35. Em, E., 2004, Çölleşme dünyayı tehdit ediyor. www.dw-world.de/dw/article/ 0,2144,2524489,00.html.
36. Fırat, E., 2002. Küresel Sıcaklık Artısı ve Türkiye Üzerindeki Olası Etkileri. Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara.
37. Fullen, M., A., 1991. A comparison of runoff and erosion rates on bare and grassed loamy sand soils, Soil Use and Management, http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal /119352826/abstract? CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0.
38. Hall, D., O., 1997. Biomass energy in industrialised countries, a view of the future, Center for Scientific Research, www.cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=2708822.
39. Heaton, E., Brown, J., C., Voigt, T., Jones, M., B., Long, S., P., 2003. Biomass Crops as a Source of Renewable Energy: European Experience, www.ace.uiuc.edu/pERE/conference/papers/long.pdf
40. Houghton, J., 2006. Global warming, climate change and sustainable energy, Institute Mechanical Engineers, London, www.presidentschoice.imeche.org.uk/.../B399880D-2427-4674-B2CA- D27A31602D7C/261/PCHO_HAWK_2006_094_001_01.pdf .
41. Joint IEA Bioenergy Task 29, Task 38 and Task 40 Expert Consultation, Task 29-Socio-Economic Drivers in Implementing Bioenergy Projects, Task 38-Greenhouse Gas Balances of Biomass and Bioenergy Systems, Task 40-Sustainable International Bioenergy Trade: Securing Supply and Demand, http://www.ieabioenergy-task38.org/workshops/ dubrovnik07/dubrovnik07.htm
42. Jowit, J., Wintour, P., 2008. Cost of tackling global climate change.
43. Kalibbala, A., McGlade, J., Abdel-Rehim, A., Auken, S., Bourdeau, P., Bhandari, P., Ebeid, N., M., Eidheim, I., Ezcurra, E., Holmgren, P., Illueca, J., Langeweg, F., Matuszak, J., Weynand, T., P., Tavenier, J., Tunstall, D., Wakhungu, J., Vik, V., 2007. Global Environment Outlook, Environment for development, Summary for decision makers, http://www.rmit.edu.au/browse;ID=q6rcww2455qq1
44. Karagüllü, O., Kendüzler, M., 2006. Çölleşmeyi
45. İzleme Projesi ile İlgili Rapor,
46. http://www.ogm.gov.tr/dokumanlar/collesmeyi_izleme.doc.
47. Karas, J., 2000, Climate Change and the Mediterranean Region, http://www.greenpeace.org/ international/press/reports/climate-change-and-the-mediter, http://www.intute.ac.uk/sciences /hazards /Droughts- Papers.html.
48. Kjellstrom, T., E., Neler, A., Simpson, R., W., 2002. Air pollution and its health impacts: the changing panorama, http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/177_11_021202/kje10481_fm.html.
49. Konukçu, M., 1998. Statistical Profile of Turkish Forestry, Prime Ministry. State Planning Organization, s. 44, Ankara.
50. Konukçu, M., 2002. Forests and Turkish Forestry. ISBN 975 – 19 – 2875-3., DPT, Ankara.
51. Morris, G., 1997. The environmental costs and benefits of biomass energy use in California
52. www.osti.gov/bridge/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=481490; http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl /481 490–yyxlTa/ webviewable /481490.PDF.
53. Najam, A., Cleveland, C. J., 2003. Energy and Sustainable development at global environmental summits,www.bu.edu/cees/people/faculty/cutler/articles/Energy_at_Env_Summits.pdf. Orta Vadeli Program (2008-2010), 2007, DPT Müsteşarlığı, Ankara.
54. Petersen, J., E., Ebersen, B., 2007. Estimating the environmentally compatible bioenergy potential from agriculture. EEA Technical report No 12/2007, ISSN 1725–2237.
55. Pimentel, J., 1995. Environmental and Economic Costs of Soil Erosion and Conservation Benefits Science 267, www.pmac.net/science2.htm.
56. Ramanathan, V. 2005. Air Pollution Global Dimming and Global Warming Dilemmas for the Developed and the Developing Nations, www.futureofscience.org/veniceconference2005/downloads /Ramanathan.pdf .
57. Saka, S., 2006. New technology and Problems of Bioethanol fuel, www.Japan.sciencelinks.jp/j- east/article/200621/000020062106A0837749.php.
58. Süzer, S., 2007. Tarımda erozyonun zararları ve mücadele yöntemleri, www.tarimmerkezi.com/yazar_kose.php?hid=1057.
59. Stern, 2008. www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2008/jun/26/climatechange.scienceofclimatechange.
60. Saraçoğlu, N., 2002. Orman Hasılat Bilgisi. Zonguldak Karaelmas Üniversitesi Yayın No: 22, Orman Fakültesi Yayın No: 9, Bartın, s.304.
61. Tilman, D., Hill, J., Lehman, C., 2007. Carbon-Negative Biofuels from Low-Input High-Diversity Grassland Biomass Science. http://www.science/cgi/content/short/316/5831/1568.
62. Türkiye Çevre Atlası, Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı. 2004, Ankara.
63. 07.2006 tarih ve 26215 mükerrer sayılı Resmi Gazete, Dokuzuncu Kalkınma Plânı Kırsal Kalkınma Politikaları Özel İhtisas Alt Komisyonu Raporu, Ankara.