The relationship between counselors’ professional dispositions and wellness

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 4, 359 - 374, 23.12.2025

Nur Demirbaş Çelik , Fidan Korkut Owen

https://doi.org/10.34056/aujef.1582769

Abstract

Counselors must prioritize their own wellness to support their clients effectively. Additionally, the literature emphasizes the importance of professional dispositions as a key requirement for effective counseling. This study explored the relationship between counselors’ professional dispositions and their multidimensional wellness. To achieve this, 168 counselors were recruited online, and data were gathered using the Personal Information Form, Professional Disposition Scale for Counselors (PDSC), and the Well Star Scale-Adult Form (WSC-AF). The PDSC includes six dimensions: Diversity tolerance, Compassionate interpersonal relationships, Prosocial orientation, Positive attitude toward life, Self-awareness/self-regulation, and Openness to new experiences. The WSC-AF covers five dimensions: Life purpose and goal orientation, Cognitive wellness, Emotional wellness, Physical wellness, and Social wellness. Stepwise regression analyses identified significant predictive relationships between these dimensions. The findings demonstrate that counselors' professional dispositions significantly predict their wellness. Based on these results, it is recommended that training and support aimed at enhancing these dispositions should be provided, as they are linked to overall wellness.

Keywords

Wellness , professional disposition , counselor education , Psychological Counselor

Ethical Statement

This research was approved by the Social and Human Sciences Ethics Committee of Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University under Decision No. 08, dated 08/01/2024. All procedures followed were by the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000. Informed consent was obtained from all participants for being included in the study.

References

• Abdullahi, A. M., Orji, R., Rabiu, A. M., & Kawu, A. A. (2020). Personality and subjective wellness: Towards personalized persuasive interventions for health and wellness. Online Journal of Public Health Informatics, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v12i1.10335
• Adams, T., Bezner, J., & Steinhardt, M. (1997). The conceptualization and measurement of perceived wellness: Integrating balance across and within dimensions. American Journal of Health Promotion, 11(3), 208–218. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-11.3.208
• American Counseling Association. (2014). 2014 ACA Code of Ethics . https://www.counseling.org/knowledge-center/ethics#2014code
• Arnold, R. & McMurtery R. G. (2011). Integrating service learning into counselor education: Applications and implications. The Researcher: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 24(1), 59-74.
• Asante, S., & Karikari, G. (2022). Social relationships and the health of older adults: An examination of social connectedness and perceived social support. Journal of Ageing and Longevity, 2(1), 49-62. https://doi.org/10.3390/jal2010005
• Aspinwall, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2010). The value of positive psychology for health psychology: Progress and pitfalls in examining the relation of positive phenomena to health. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 39(1), 4-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-009-9153-0
• Barnett, J. E., Baker, E. K., Elman, N. S., & Schoener, G. R. (2007). In pursuit of wellness: The self-care imperative. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 38(6), 603–612. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.38.6.603
• Barrio-Minton, C. A., Gibson, D. M., & Wachter Morris, C. A. (2016). Evaluating student learning outcomes in counselor education. American Counseling Association.
• Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological bulletin, 117(3), 497–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
• Blount, A. J., & Mullen, P. R. (March, 2015). Development of the integrative wellness model: Supervising counselors-in-training. The Professional Counselor, 5, 100-113. https://doi.org/10.15241/ajb.5.1.100
• Blount, A. J., Dillman Taylor, D. L., & Lambie, G. W. (2020). Wellness in the helping professions: Historical overview, wellness models, and current trends. Journal of Wellness, 2(2), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.18297/jwellness/vol2/iss2/6
• Boone, S., Schuler, K. R., Basu, N., & Smith, P. N. (2023). College extracurricular involvement as a suicide prevention and wellness promotion strategy: Exploring the roles of social support and meaning. Journal of American College Health, 71(3), 677-685. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2021.1904952
• Brown, C. L., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2021). Characteristics and consequences of co-experienced positive affect: Understanding the origins of social skills, social bonds, and caring, healthy communities. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 39, 58–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.02.002
• Brubaker, M. D., & Sweeney, T. J. (2021). Wellness and wellness counseling: History, status, and future. Counselor Education and Supervision, 60(4), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12222
• Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. V. & Demirel, F. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri [Scientific research methods]. Pegem A.
• Büyüköztürk, S. (2010). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı [Handbook of data analysis for social sciences] (11th ed.). Pegem A.
• Caprara, G. V., Alessandri, G., Eisenberg, N., Kupfer, A., Steca, P., Caprara, M. G., Yamaguchi, S., Fukuzawa, A., & Abela, J. (2012). The positivity scale. Psychological Assessment, 24(3), 701–712. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026681
• Carroll, A., Hepburn, S. J., & Bower, J. (2022). Mindful practice for teachers: Relieving stress and enhancing positive mindsets. Frontiers in Education, 7, 954098. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.954098.
• Catalino, L. I., Algoe, S. B., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2014). Prioritizing positivity: An effective approach to pursuing happiness? Emotion, 14(6), 1155-1161. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038029.
• Chen, L. S. L. (2008). Subjective wellness: Evidence from the different personality traits of online game teenager players. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11(5), 579-581. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0192
• Christensen, J. K., Dickerman, C. A., & Dorn-Medeiros, C. (2018). Building a consensus of the professional dispositions of counseling students. Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision, 11(1). https://digitalcommons.sacredheart.edu/jcps/vol11/iss1/2
• Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge.
• Corey, G., Corey, M. S. & Callahan, P. (1998). Issues and ethics in the helping professions (3rd ed.). Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.
• Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (2016). CACREP 2016 standards. https://www.cacrep.org/for-programs/2016-cacrep-standards/
• Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. (2023). 2024 CACREP standards. https://www.cacrep.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/2024-Standards-Combined-Version-4.11.2024.pdf
• Decety, J. (2010). The neurodevelopment of empathy in humans. Developmental Neuroscience, 32(4), 257–267. https://doi.org/10.1159/000317771
• Demirbaş-Çelik N., & Korkut-Owen, F. (2017). Sağlıklı yaşam biçimi davranışlarının iyilik hâlini yordayıcılığı [The predictability of healthy lifestyle behaviors on wellness]. Journal of Strategic Research in Social Science, 3(3), 69-88. https://doi.org/10.26579/josress-3.3.5
• DeYoung, C. G., Quilty, L. C., Peterson, J. B., & Gray, J. R. (2014). Openness to experience, intellect, and cognitive ability. Journal of Personality Assessment, 96(1), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2013.806327
• Duba, J. D., Paez, S. B., & Kindsvatter, A. (2010). Criteria of nonacademic characteristics used to evaluate and retain community counseling students. Journal of Counseling and Development, 88(2), 5-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2010.tb00004.x
• Dye, L., Burke, M. G., & Wolf, C. (2020). Teaching mindfulness for the self-care and wellness of counselors-in-training. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 15(2), 140–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/15401383.2019.1642171
• Egan, G. (2013). The skilled helper: A problem management and opportunity-development approach to helping. Cengage Learning.
• Eisenberg, N., & Eggum, N. D. (2009). Empathic responding: Sympathy and personal distress. In J. Decety & W. Ickes (Eds.), The social neuroscience of empathy (pp. 71–83). MIT Press.
• Emmons, R. A. (2003). Personal goals, life meaning and virtue: Wellsprings of a positive life. In C. L. M. Keyes and J. Haidt (Eds.), Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived (pp. 105–123). American Psychological Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10594-005
• Fors-Connolly, F., & Gärling, T. (2022). Mediators of differences between employed and unemployed in life satisfaction and emotional wellness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 23, 1637–1651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-021-00466-2
• Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218–226. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.56.3.218
• Freeman, B. J., Garner, C. M., Scherer, R., & Trachok, K. (2019). Discovering expert perspectives on dispositions and remediation: A qualitative study. Counselor Education and Supervision, 58(3), 209-224. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12151
• Gamby, K., Burno, D., & Forristal, K. (2021). Wellness decolonized: The history of wellness and recommendations for the counseling field. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 43(3), 228-245. https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.43.3.05
• Garner, C. M., Freeman, B. J. & Lee, L. (2016). Assessment of student dispositions: The development and psychometric properties of the professional disposition competence assessment (PDCA). VISTAS Online, 52, 1-14. https://manifold.counseling.org/read/assessment-of-student-dispositions-the-development-and-psychometric-properties-of-the-professional-disposition-competence-assessment-pdca/section/c1611251-9e83-4105-b8cd-a25558067812
• Garner, C., Freeman, B., Stewart, R., & Coll, K. (2020). Assessment of dispositions in program admissions: The Professional Disposition Competence Assessment—Revised Admission (PDCA-RA). The Professional Counselor, 10(3), 337–350. https://doi.org/10.15241/cg.10.3.337
• Gibson, D. M., Pence, C., Kennedy S.D., Gerlach, J., Degges-White, S., & Watson, J. (2021). Development of the counselor wellness competencies. Journal of Counselor Leadership and Advocacy, 8(2), 130-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/2326716X.2021.1925997
• Grouden, M. E., & Jose, P. E. (2015). Do sources of meaning differentially predict search for meaning, presence of meaning, and wellbeing? International Journal of Wellbeing, 5(1), 33-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v5i1.3
• Güler, D. (2018). Psikolojik danışman adaylarının öz-bakım davranışlarını geliştirmek amacıyla "Psikolojik danışmanlarda öz-bakım" dersinin tasarlanması ve uygulanması [Designing and Implementing the “Self-Care Course For Counselors” in Order to Develop Self-Care Behaviors of Counselors-in-Training]. (Publication No. 28633899) [Doctoral dissertation, Anadolu University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
• Gürbüz, S. & Bayık, M.E. (2021). Aracılık modellerinin analizinde yeni yaklaşım: Baron ve Kenny’nin yöntemi hâlâ geçerli mi? [A new approach for mediation analysis: Is Baron and Kenny’s Method still valid?]. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 36(88), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.31828/tpd1300443320191125m000031
• Hicks, J. A., Trent, J., Davis, W. E., & King, L. A. (2012). Positive affect, meaning in life, and future time perspective: An application of socioemotional selectivity theory. Psychology and Aging, 27(1), 181-189. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023965
• Hill, N. R. (2004). The challenges experienced by pre-tenured faculty members in counselor education: A wellness perspective. Counselor Education & Supervision, 44, 135-146. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2004.tb01866.x,
• Ivey, A., Ivey, M., Myers, J., & Sweeney, T. (2005). Developmental counseling and therapy: Promoting wellness over the lifespan. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
• John, O.P., & Srivastava, S. (1999). The Big Five trait taxonomy: History, measurement, and theoretical perspectives. In L. A. Pervin & O. P. John (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed., pp. 102–138). Guilford Press.
• Kaczmarczyk, K. A. (2023). Elementary school counselors' wellness: A Delphi study on influential self-care practices (Publication No. 30813201) [Doctoral dissertation, Regent University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
• Kaplan, D. M., Tarvydas, V. M., & Gladding, S. T. (2014). 20/20: A vision for the future of counseling: The new consensus definition of counseling. Journal of Counseling & Development, 92, 366-372. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2014.00164.x
• Kato, K., Zweig, R., Schechter, C. B., Barzilai, N., & Atzmon, G. (2016). Positive attitude toward life, emotional expression, self-rated health, and depressive symptoms among centenarians and near-centenarians. Aging & Mental Health, 20(9), 930-939. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1056770
• Kelly, V. A. (2011). Assessing individual student progress: Meeting multiple accreditation standards and professional gatekeeping responsibilities. Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision, 3(2), 111-122. https://research.library.kutztown.edu/jcps/vol3/iss2/4
• Knopp, T. Y., & Smith, R. L. (2005). A brief historical context for dispositions in teacher education. In R. L. Smith, D. Skarbek, & J. Hurst (Eds.), The passion of teaching: Dispositions in the schools (pp. 1-13). Scarecrow Education.
• Korkut-Owen, F., Demirbaş-Çelik, N., & Doğan, T. (2017). Üniversite öğrencilerinde iyilik hâlinin yordayıcısı olarak psikolojik sağlamlık. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 16(64), 1461-1479. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.300405
• Korkut-Owen, F., Doğan, T., Demirbaş-Çelik, N. & Owen, D. W. (2016). İyilik Hali Yıldızı Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi [Development of the Well-Star Scale]. International Journal of Human Science, 13(3), 5013-5031. https://doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v13i3.4130
• Korkut-Owen, F., & Owen. D. W. (2012). İyilik Hali Yıldızı Modeli, uygulanması ve değerlendirilmesi [The Well-star Model of wellness, applications and evaluation]. International Journal of Eurasia Social Sciences, 3(9), 24-33. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ijoess/issue/8533/105947
• Korkut-Owen, F., Tuzgöl-Dost, M., & Bugay, A. (2014). Psikolojik danışman eğitimcilerinin psikolojik danışman adaylarının mesleğe ilişkin kişisel eğilimleri hakkındaki görüşleri [Turkish counselor educators’ opinions about counselor candidates’ dispositions]. International Journal of Human Sciences, 11(1), 1037-1055. https://doi.org/10.14687/ijhs.v11i1.2883
• Korkut-Owen, F., Tuzgöl-Dost, M. & Bugay-Sökmez, A. (2018). Psikolojik danışman eğitiminde mesleğe ilişkin (profesyonel) kişisel eğilimi değerlendirme: Ölçek geliştirme çalışması [Assessing professional dispositions at counselor education: A scale development study]. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 8(49), 173-191. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tpdrd/issue/40627/487348
• Korkut-Owen, F. (2022). İyilik Hali Yıldızı Modeli ile iyilik halimizi artırmak [Promoting our wellness with the Well-Star Model]. PegemA.
• King, L. A., Hicks, J. A., Krull, J. L., & Del Gaiso, A. K. (2006). Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(1), 179–196. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.1.179
• Landon, T. J., Sabella, S. A., McKnight-Lizotte, M., & Bernacchio, C. (2021). Rehabilitation counselor supervisors’ perceptions of counselor professional dispositions for rural service delivery. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 64(3), 145-157. https://doi.org/10.1177/0034355220940794
• LaFever, C. R., & Gibbons, M. M. (2023). Aspiring counselors’ mental health: recognizing students’ wellbeing as an impactor on development. Journal of Counselor Preparation and Supervision, 17(3), 3. https://research.library.kutztown.edu/jcps/vol17/iss3/3/
• Lawson, G. (2007). Counselor wellness and impairment: A national survey. The Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development, 46(1), 20-34. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1939.2007.tb00023.x
• Lawson, G., & Myers, J. E. (2011). Wellness, professional quality of life, and career-sustaining behaviors: What keeps us well? Journal of Counseling & Development, 89, 163-171. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2011.tb00074.x
• Lyubomirsky, S., King, L. A., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803-855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803
• Makoul, G., & Curry, R. H. (2007). The value of assessing and addressing communication skills. JAMA, 298(9), 1057–1059. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.9.1057
• Martino, J., Pegg, J., & Frates, E. P. (2017). The connection prescription: Using the power of social interactions and the deep desire for connectedness to empower health and wellness. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 11(6), 466-475. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827615608788
• McCaughan, A. M., & Hill, N.R. (2015) The gatekeeping ımperative in counselor education admission protocols: The criticality of personal qualities. International Journal of Advancement Counselling, 37, 28–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-014-9223-2
• Meany-Walen, K. K., Davis-Gage, D., & Lindo, N. A. (2016). The impact of wellness-focused supervision on mental health counseling practicum students. Journal of Counseling & Development, 94(4), 464-472. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12105
• Melloni, M., Lopez, V., & Ibanez, A. (2014). Empathy and contextual social cognition. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 14(1), 407–425. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-013-0205-3
• Melnyk, B. M., & Neale, S. (2018). Social wellness: Nurture your relationships. American Nurse Today, 13(7), 42-44. https://www.myamericannurse.com/social-wellness-nurture-relationships/
• Miller, S. M., Larwin, K. H., Kautzman-East, M., Williams, J. L., Evans, W. J., Williams, D. D., Abramski A. L. & Miller K. L. (2020). A proposed definition and structure of counselor dispositions. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 53(2), 117-130. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2019.1640618
• Moorhead, H. J. H., Gill, C., Minton, C. A. B., & Myers, J. E. (2012). Forgive and forget? Forgiveness, personality, and wellness among counselors-in-training. Counseling and Values, 57(1), 81-95. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.2012.00010.x
• Mullen, P. R., Joseph, J., Hinchey, K. J., Walker, M., & Niles, J. (2024). Assessment of professional counseling dispositions: A content validity analysis. Teaching and Supervision in Counseling, 6(1), 107–123. https://doi.org/10.7290/tsc06ha5R
• Myers, J. E., & Sweeney, T. J. (2005). The indivisible self: An evidence-based model of wellness (reprint). The Journal of Individual Psychology, 61, 269-279.
• Myers, J. E., Sweeney, T. J., & Witmer, J. M. (2000). The wheel of wellness counseling for wellness: A holistic model for treatment planning. Journal of Counseling & Development, 78(3), 251-266. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb01906.x
• Myers, J.E. (2001). Well workbook. Mind Garden Publisher.
• Neukrug, E. (2012). The world of the counselor: An introduction to the counseling profession (4th ed.). Brooks/Cole.
• O’Connor, K., & Chamberlain, K. (2000). Dimensions and discourses of meaning in life: Approaching meaning from qualitative perspectives. In G. T. Reker & K. Chamberlain (Eds.), Exploring existential meaning: Optimizing human development across the life span (pp. 75–91). Sage Publications. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452233703.n6
• Ongore, V. (2011). The relationship between ownership structure and firm performance. An empirical analysis of listed companies in Kenya. African Journal of Business Management, 5(6), 2120-2128. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJBM10.074
• Pierce, L. M. (2010). An exploration of the relationships among wellness, spirituality, and personal dispositions of practicing professional counselors (Publication No. 738) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Tennessee]. TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/738
• Reker, G. T., & Woo, L. C. (2011). Personal meaning orientations and psychosocial adaptation in older adults. SAGE Open, 1(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244011405217
• Renger, R. F., Midyett, S. J., Mas, F. G. S., Erin, T. D., McDermott, H. M., Papenfuss, R. L., Eichling, P. S., Baker, D. H., Johnson, K. A., & Hewitt, M. J. (2000). Optimal Living Profile: An inventory to assess health and wellness. American Journal of Health Behavior, 24(6), 403–412. https://doi.org/10.5993/AJHB.24.6.1
• Rogers, C. (1961). On becoming a person. Houghton Mifflin.
• Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
• Soper, D.S. (2025). A-priori sample size calculator for hierarchical multiple regression [Software]. https://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc
• Spurgeon, S. L., Gibbons, M. M., & Cochran, J. L. (2012). Creating personal dispositions for a professional counseling program. Counseling & Values, 57(1), 96–108. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.2012.00011.x
• Stephens, G. J., Silbert, L. J., & Hasson, U. (2010). Speaker-listener neural coupling underlies successful communication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(32), 14425–14430. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1008662107
• Swank, J. M., & Houseknecht, A. (2019). Teaching competencies in counselor education: A Delphi study. Counselor Education and Supervision, 58(3), 162–176. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12148
• Swank, J. M., Lambie, G. W., & Witta, E. L. (2012). An exploratory investigation of the Counseling Competencies Scale: A measure of counseling skills, dispositions, and behaviors. Counselor Education and Supervision, 51(3), 189-206. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2012.00014.x
• Şimşir Gökalp, Z. (2022). Exploring self-care experiences of school counselors: A qualitative study. School Psychology International, 43(3), 253-270. https://doi.org/10.1177/01430343221091201
• Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson.
• The jamovi project (2024). jamovi (Version 2.6) [Computer Software]. https://www.jamovi.org.
• Venart, E., Vassos, S. & Pitcher-Heft, H. (2007). What individual counselors can do to sustain wellness. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education, and Development, 46, 50 – 66.
• Wolf, C. P., Thompson, I. A., & Smith-Adcock, S. (2012). Wellness in counselor preparation: Promoting individual wellness. Journal of Individual Psychology, 68(2), 164-181.
• Yeager, D. S., & Dweck, C. S. (2020). What can be learned from growth mindset controversies? American Psychologist, 75(9), 1269–1284. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000794
• Yeşilyurt, C., Bayar, Y. & Dündar, A. (2018). Serbest zaman fiziksel aktivite kısıtlayıcılarının bireylerin kişilik özellikleri açısından incelenmesi [Examination of leisure time physical activity constraints in terms of personality characteristics of individuals]. The Journal of Social Sciences Institute of Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, 18(IWACT’18 Special Issue), 111-130. https://www.iwact.org/uploads/2019-01-10-iwact-18-sbe-special-issue-15c377e8ee849c.pdf