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Anlaşılması Zor Birliktelik; Birey, Korkuya Dayalı Devlet, Thomas Hobbes ve Vergileme

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 78 - 96, 30.11.2022
https://doi.org/10.54737/aujfe.1170968

Öz

Korku, doğal, güçlü ve ilkel bir insan duygusudur. Evrensel bir biyokimyasal tepkidir ve yüksek bir bireysel duygusal tepkiyi içermektedir. Ayrıca, korku ister fiziksel ister psikolojik olsun, tehlike veya zarar tehdidinin varlığı konusunda bizi uyarmaktadır da. Bu açıdan çok kısa bir tanımla, “korku” güçtür. Korku günümüzde üretilebilen bir kavramdır ve ne yazık ki sınırsızdır. Üretilebilen ve sınırsız korkunun kaynağı bir açıdan devlettir. Diğer bir ifadeyle, bu kapsamdaki korku kurumlaşmış bir korku olarak adlandırılabilir. Bu kurumlaşmış korku, oluşmuş-ya da bu çalışmada oluşturulmuş bir model olarak kabul edilmektedir- tarihsel süreçte var olmuştur ve günümüzde de de geçerlidir ve uygulanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı siyaset teorisinde birey-devlet ilişkisinin “korku” kavramı açısından irdelenmesi ve açıklanmasıdır. Çalışmada “Korku” kavramının kullanılması suretiyle çalışmada ele alınan temel sorun ise mümkün olan en iyi sosyal korumayla, mümkün olan en büyük ekonomik refahın devlet aygıtı tarafından nasıl çalıştığını tarihsel süreç içerisinde nasıl yorumlandığının açıklanmasıdır.

Kaynakça

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  • Jurassic Park Wiki (2020) https://jurassicpark.fandom.com/wiki/Mosasaurus (Erişim tarihi: 06.11.2020).
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An Elusive Coexistence; The Individual, The State of Fear, Thomas Hobbes, and Taxation

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 78 - 96, 30.11.2022
https://doi.org/10.54737/aujfe.1170968

Öz

Fear is a natural, strong and primitive human emotion. It is a universal biochemical response and includes a high individual emotional response. It also alerts us to the presence of danger or threat of harm, whether physical or psychological. In this respect, very briefly, “fear” is power. Fear is a concept that can be produced today and unfortunately it is unlimited. The source of producible and unlimited fear is, in a way, the state. In other words, fear in this context can be called an institutionalized fear. This institutionalized fear has been formed - or is accepted as a model created in this study - has existed in the historical process and is still valid and applied today. The aim of this study is to examine and explain the individual-state relationship in terms of the concept of "fear" in political theory. By using the concept of "fear" in the study, the main problem addressed in the study is to explain how the greatest possible economic welfare with the best possible social protection is interpreted by the state apparatus in the historical process.

Kaynakça

  • ABD Ankara Büyükelçiliği ve Türkiye’deki Konsolosluklar (2020). https://tr.usembassy.gov/tr/u-s-citizen-services-tr/internal-revenue-service-u-s-taxes-tr/ (Erişim tarihi: 04.11.2020).
  • Biography (2014) https://www.biography.com/scholar/thomas-hobbes (Erişim tarihi: 05.11.2020).
  • Bird, A. (1996). Squaring the Circle: Hobbes on Philosophy and Geometry. Journal of the History of Ideas, 57(2): 217-231.
  • Cavendish, R. (2013). Birth of Thomas Hobbes. History Today, 63(4). https://www.historytoday.com/archive/birth-thomas-hobbes (Erişim tarihi: 05.11.2020).
  • Classical Literature (2020). https://www.ancient-literature.com/greece_aesop.html (Erişim tarihi: 05.11.2020).
  • CNN (2020). https://edition.cnn.com/2013/01/11/opinion/jefferson-fake-gun-quotation/index.html (Erişim tarihi: 04.11.2020).
  • Çakır, B. (2007). Belirsizlik ve Korkunun Yeni Düzenin Oluşmasına Katkısı, Journal of Economy Culture and Society, 36
  • Dubner, J. S. (2011). Quotes Uncovered: Death and Taxes. http://freakonomics.com/2011/02/17/quotes-uncovered-death-and-taxes/ (Erişim tarihi: 25.10. 2020).
  • Duncan, Stewart, "Thomas Hobbes", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2022 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hobbes/ (Erişim tarihi: 06.11.2020).
  • Ellis, J. J. (2019). Founding Fathers. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Founding-Fathers (Erişim tarihi: 06.11.2020).
  • Gardner, D. (2010) Thomas Hobbes and Niccolo Machiavelli: A Comparison. https://www.e-ir.info/pdf/4892 (Erişim tarihi: 05.11.2020).
  • Gradesaver (2020). https://www.gradesaver.com/leviathan/study-guide/the-frontispiece (Erişim tarihi: 08.10.2020).
  • Great Thinkers (2020) https://thegreatthinkers.org/hobbes/biography/ (Erişim tarihi: 05.11.2020).
  • Henderson, D. R. (2002). German Economic "Miracle". The Concise Encyclopedia Of Economics, https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc1/GermanEconomicMiracle.html (Erişim tarihi: 27.12.2019).
  • Hillman, A. L. (2009). Hobbes and the prophet Samuel on leviathan government. Public Choice, 141(1), 1-4.
  • Hobbes, T. (1994). Leviathan: with selected variants from the Latin edition of 1668. Hackett Publishing.
  • Improving Lives Counseling Services (2020). https://improvinglivescounseling.com/fear-of-government/ (Erişim tarihi: 03.11.2020).
  • IRS (2020). https://www.irs.gov/ (Erişim tarihi: 04.11.2020).
  • Lieblang, J. (2015). An Artistic Analysis of the Frontispiece of Leviathan.
  • Jesseph, D. (2018) https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0026 (Erişim tarihi: 02.11.2020).
  • Jurassic Park Wiki (2020) https://jurassicpark.fandom.com/wiki/Mosasaurus (Erişim tarihi: 06.11.2020).
  • Kanmaz, M. B. (2015). T.Hobbes ve J.Locke'ın Toplum Sözleşmesi ve ve Devlet Üzerine Görüşlerinin Karşılaştırılması. https://www.slideshare.net/mbugra/hobbes-vs-locke-48421324 (Erişim tarihi: 05.11.2020).
  • Kutsal Kitap: Tevrat, Zebur İncil (2009). Yeni Yaşam Yayınları, Elç.12:10-12. İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi https://incil.info/KM/arama/Eyup+41 (Erişim tarihi: 06.11.2020).
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  • Monticello (2020). https://www.monticello.org/site/research-and-collections/when-government-fears-people-there-liberty-spurious-quotation (Erişim tarihi: 28.10.2020).
  • Mueller, P. D. (2014). Adam Smith, Politics, and Natural Liberty. Journal of Private Enterprise, 29, 119–134.
  • New Internationalist (2008). A Short History of Taxation. https://newint.org/features/2008/10/01/tax-history (Erişim tarihi: 05.11.2020).
  • Northeastern university (2020) https://onlinebusiness.northeastern.edu/blog/a-brief-history-of-taxation/#:~:text=Origins%20of%20taxation,historical%20sources%20including%20the%20Bible.&text =Other%20cradles%20of%20civilization%2C%20such,of%20a%20strong%20centralized%20government (Erişim tarihi: 05.11.2020).
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  • Skousen, M. (2008). The Necessary Evil, http://mskousen.com/2008/08/the-necessary-evil-2/, (Erişim tarihi:07.11.2020).
  • Sorularla İslamiyet (2011). https://sorularlaislamiyet.com/samuel-peygamber-kimdir-hakkinda-bilgi-verir-misiniz (Erişim tarihi: 06.11.2020).
  • Starasta, L. (2004). The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy. Reference Reviews. https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/leviathan (Erişim tarihi: 06.11.2020).
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  • Thomas Paine National Historical Association (2020). https://thomaspaine.org/recently-discovered/the-necessity-of-taxation.html (Erişim tarihi: 06.11.2020).
  • Vedantu (2020). https://www.vedantu.com/maths/arithmetic-geometry-and-algebra (Erişim tarihi: 05.11.2020).
  • Williams, G. (2020) Thomas Hobbes: Moral and Political Philosophy. https://iep.utm.edu/home/about/ (Erişim tarihi: 05.11.2020).
  • World History Encyclopedia (2020). https://www.ancient.eu/article/664/aesops-fables/ (Erişim tarihi: 05.11.2020).
  • Yale University (2020). https://oyc.yale.edu/political-science/plsc-114/lecture-12 (Erişim tarihi: 25.10. 2020).
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  • http-3: https://www.e-ir.info/pdf/4892, (Erişim tarihi:05.11.2020).
  • http-4: “Thomas Hobbes: Moral and Political Philosophy”, The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (IEP), https://iep.utm.edu/home/about/, (Erişim tarihi: 05.11.2020).
  • http-5: https://www.biography.com/scholar/thomas-hobbes, (Erişim tarihi:02.11.2020).
  • http-6: https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/leviathan, (Erişim tarihi: 06.11.2020).
  • http-7: “Leviathan The Frontispiece”, https://www.gradesaver.com/leviathan/study-guide/the-frontispiece, (Erişim tarihi: 08.10.2020).
  • http-8: “An Artistic Analysis of the Frontispiece of Leviathan”, https://blogs.ubc.ca/a1lieblang/2015/10/18/an-artistic-analysis-of-the-frontispiece-of-leviathan-2/, (Erişim tarihi:06.11.2020).
  • http-9: https://www.phaidon.com/agenda/art/articles/2018/april/04/how-hobbes-first-pictured-the-monster-of-good-government/, (Erişim tarihi: 06.11.2020).
  • http-10: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hobbes/, (Erişim tarihi: 06.11.2020).
  • http-11: https://www.litcharts.com/lit/leviathan/themes/fear, (Erişim tarihi: 06.11.2020).
  • http-12: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hobbes/, (Erişim tarihi:06.11.2020).
  • http-13: https://www.litcharts.com/lit/leviathan/themes/fear, (Erişim tarihi:06.11.2020).
  • http-14: https://www.litcharts.com/lit/leviathan/themes/fear, (Erişim tarihi:06.11.2020).
  • http-15: https://www.litcharts.com/lit/leviathan/themes/fear, (Erişim tarihi:06.11.2020).
  • http-16: https://www.litcharts.com/lit/leviathan/themes/fear, (Erişim tarihi:06.11.2020).
  • http-17: https://steemit.com/philosophy/@gamesjoyce/is-government-a-necessary-evil-thomas-hobbes-leviathan-debate-this-1, (Erişim tarihi:06.11.2020).
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  • http-21: https://thomaspaine.org/recently-discovered/the-necessity-of-taxation.html, (Erişim tarihi:07.11.2020)
  • http-22: “A Short History of Taxation”, 2 October 2008, https://newint.org/features/2008/10/01/tax-history, (Erişim tarihi:05.11.2020).
  • http-23: “Origins of taxation”, https://onlinebusiness.northeastern.edu/blog/a-brief-history-of-taxation/#:~:text=Origins%20of%20taxation,historical%20sources%20including %20the%20Bible.&text=Other%20cradles%20of%20civilization%2C%20such,of%20a%20strong%20centralized%20government, (Erişim tarihi: 05.11.2020).
  • http-24: https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc1/GermanEconomicMiracle.html, (Erişim tarihi: 27.12.2019).
  • http-25: https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc1/GermanEconomicMiracle.html, (Erişim tarihi: 27.12.2019).
Toplam 67 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Cumhur Dulger 0000-0002-1844-7199

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 15 Kasım 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Kasım 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Dulger, C. (2022). An Elusive Coexistence; The Individual, The State of Fear, Thomas Hobbes, and Taxation. Anadolu University Journal of Faculty of Economics, 4(2), 78-96. https://doi.org/10.54737/aujfe.1170968
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Anadolu Economics, Anadolu Universitesi Yunus Emre Kampusu Iktisat Fakultesi 26470 Tepebasi / Eskisehir, Turkey
iktisatdergi@anadolu.edu.tr
e-ISSN: 2687-4563