Araştırma Makalesi
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African migrations toward Turkey: beyond the stepping stone

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 68 Sayı: 01, 21 - 38, 01.01.2013
https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002271

Öz

The notion of transit migration emerged in policy discourse during the 1990s. Various meanings have been assigned to the notion of transit migrant or transit migration’. In this paper we argue that these are constructed categories which are unable to address fully or to describe a range of complex experiences, political contexts and global realities. We first argue that the construction of transit has primarily taken place within the context of European securitization policy. We next expose the limits of such a construction in the light of African migrant experiences in Turkey. Our empirical data shows that while the category of transit migrant generated out of the European securitization agenda can fit some of these experiences, there are also distinctive African migrant experiences in Turkey which cannot be stretched easily into this category and thus it becomes an overloaded category. Furthermore, we aim to highlight what we identify as a new migratory system stretched between Turkey and Africa, these modalities of operation and the expected changes for Turkey.

Kaynakça

  • Adesina, O. A. (2007), “Checking Out”: Migration, Popular Culture and the articulation and formation of class identity,” In Paper to African Migrations workshop on ‘Understanding migration dynamics in the continent, Accra, Ghana.
  • Alp, Mustafa (2004), “ Yabancıların çalışma izinleri hakkında kanun,” http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/38/278/2508.pdf.
  • Anteby-Yemini, Lisa (2008), “ Migrations africaines et nouveaux enjeux de la frontière israéloégyptienne, ” Cultures & Conflits, 72(4): 77-99.
  • Aslan, Mustafa and Jean-François Pérouse (2003), “İstanbul: le comptoir, le hub, le sas et l’impasse, ” Édité par William Berthomière, Mohamed Kamel Doraï, et Stéphane de Tapia. Revue européenne des migrations internationales, 19(3). Moyen-Orient : mutations récentes d’un carrefour migratoire: 173-204.
  • Atakan Foça, Mehmet, (2012), “Göç Politikası Değişiyor, Tasarı Komisyonda, ” Bianet, http://www.bianet.org/bianet/insan-haklari/138572-goc-politikasi-degisiyor-tasarikomisyonda.
  • Baird, Theodore (2011), “ The missing migration component of Turkey-Africa relations,” Open Democracy. http://www.opendemocracy.net/theodore-baird/missing-migrationcomponent-of-turkey-africa-relations.
  • Bigo, Didier, (2002), “Security and Immigration: Toward a Critique of the Governmentality of Unease,” Alternatives: Global, Local, Political Supplement, 27(1): 63.
  • Boubakri, Hassen and Sylvie Mazzella (2005), “ La Tunisie entre transit et immigration : politiques migratoires et conditions d’accueil des migrants africains à Tunis,” Autrepart 36(4): 1
  • Brachet, Julien, Armelle Choplin and Olivier Pliez (2011), “ Le Sahara entre espace de circulation et frontière migratoire de l’Europe,” Hérodote, 142(3): 163-182.
  • Bredeloup, Sylvie ve Olivier Pliez (2005), “ Migrations entre les deux rives du Sahara,” Autrepart, 36(4): 3.
  • Brewer, Kelly and Deniz Yükseker (2009), “A survey on African migrants and asylum seekers in İstanbul,” (İstanbul: Bilgi University Press).
  • Buzan, Barry, Ole Wæver and Jaap De Wilde (1998), “Security: A New Framework For Analysis,” Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Castagnone, Eleonora (2011), “ Transit Migration: a Piece of the Complex Mobility Puzzle. The Case of Senegalese Migration,” Cahiers De l’Urmis, 13.
  • Collyer, Michael, Franck Düvell and Hein de Haas (2012), “Critical approaches to transit migration,” Population, Space and Place, 18(4): 407-414.
  • Collyer, Michael and Hein de Haas (2012) “ Developing dynamic categorisations of transit migration,” Population, Space and Place, 18(4): 468-481.
  • Danış, Didem (2006), “Integration in Limbo, Iraqi, Afghan, Maghrebi and Iranian Migrants in İstanbul,”.edu.tr/mirekoc/reports/2005_2006_didem_danis.pdf.[Stand:18.6.09],http://ho me.ku.edu.tr/~mirekoc/reports/2005_2006_didem_danis.pdf.
  • Danış, Didem and Ayşe Parla (2009), “Nafile Soydaşlık: Irak ve Bulgaristan Türkleri örneğinde göçmen, dernek ve devlet,” Toplum ve Bilim, 114: 131-158.
  • Davutoğlu, Ahmet (2010), “ Turkey’s zero-problems foreign policy,” Foreign Policy 20. http://jftnewspaper.aub.edu.lb/reserve/data/s11244/s11244.pdf.
  • Delahaye, Nil (2011), “Cultural Bridges and Flows African artists of İstanbul.pdf,” M.A thesis, Bilgi Üniversitesi.
  • Düvell, Franck (2012), “ Transit migration: A blurred and politicised concept,” Population, Space and Place, 18(4): 415-427.
  • Fait, Nicolas (2012a), “ L’accueil des réfugiés syriens : une opportunité pour la Turquie de démontrer sa capacité d’intervention humanitaire ?” Observatoire de la Vie Politique Turque, http://ovipot.hypotheses.org/7620.
  • Fait, Nicolas (2012b), “ La mobilité des uns contre celle des autres : les accords de réadmission EU-Turquie et la levée du régime de visa,” Observatoire de la Vie Politique Turque, http://ovipot.hypotheses.org/7594.
  • Fait, Nicolas (2010), “Les Migrations d’Afrique Sub-saharienne en Turquie. Naissance de nouveaux parcours migratoires,” http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00712900.
  • FRONTEX – UE (2011), “Frontex | European Union Agency ,” http://www.frontex.europa.eu/.
  • Huysmans, Jef (2000), “The European Union and the Securitization of Migration ,”JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 38(5): 751–777.
  • Özkan, Mehmet (2008), “ Turkey Discovers Africa: Implications and Prospects ,” SETA Policy Brief 22: 1–8.
  • Özkan, Mehmet and Birol Akgün (2010), “Turkey’s Opening to Africa, ” The Journal of Modern African Studies 48(4): 525-546.
  • Papadopoulou, Aspasia (2004), “Smuggling into Europe: Transit Migrants in Greece,” Journal of Refugee Studies, 17(2) : 167-184.
  • Papadopoulou-Kourkoula, Aspasia (2008), Transit Migration: The Missing Link Between Emigration and Settlement (Palgrave Macmillan).
  • Sardan, Jean-Pierre Olivier De " La politique du terrain Sur la production des données en anthropologie," (s. d.). http://enquete.revues.org/document263.html. Schapendonk, Joris (2011), “ Turbulent Trajectories Sub-Saharan African Migrants Heading North,” http://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/2066/91326/1/91326.pdf.
  • Streiff-Fénart, Jocelyne and Philippe Poutignat (2008) “Nouadhibou ville de transit?” Revue européenne des migrations internationales 24(2): 193-217.
  • Suter, Brigitte (2012), “ Social Networks in Transit: Experiences of Nigerian Migrants in İstanbul,” Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 10(2) : 204-222.
  • Turkey - Africa cooperation summit (2008), “Speeches / Turkey - Africa Cooperation Summit,” http://africa.mfa.gov.tr/sub.en.mfa?104c8ead-3a9a-4f10-9007-c34d692c55ce.

Afrika’dan Türkiye’ye Göç: Atlama Tahtasından Öteye

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 68 Sayı: 01, 21 - 38, 01.01.2013
https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002271

Öz

1990'lı yılların siyasi söyleminde ortaya çıkan 'transit göç' veya 'transit göçmen' kavramlarına çeşitli anlamlar yüklenmiştir. Biz bu makalede, bir dizi karmaşık tecrübeyi, siyasi bağlamı ve küresel gerçekliği tam olarak işaret etmekte veya tanımlamakta kifayetsiz kalan söz konusu kavramların inşa edilmiş kategoriler olduklarını savunuyoruz. İlk olarak transitin inşasının Avrupa güvenlik politikası çerçevesinde cereyan etmiş olduğunu gösteriyoruz. Daha sonra Türkiye’deki Afrikalı göçmenlerin tecrübeleri ışığında bu kavramın sınırlarını gözler önüne seriyoruz. Elde ettiğimiz ampirik verilere dayanarak, Avrupa güvenlik gündeminin bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan transit göçmen kategorisinin bu tecrübelerin bir kısmına uygun düşmekle beraber hatırı sayılır diğer bir kısmının ise bu başlık altına sıkıştırılamayacağını; dolayısıyla bu kategorinin aşırı yüklenmiş bir hal aldığını söylüyoruz. Ayrıca, Türkiye ile Afrika arasında gelişen, yeni bir göç sistemi olarak tanımladığımız sürecin, harekât biçimlerinin ve Türkiye için beklenen değişikliklerin altını çiziyoruz.

Kaynakça

  • Adesina, O. A. (2007), “Checking Out”: Migration, Popular Culture and the articulation and formation of class identity,” In Paper to African Migrations workshop on ‘Understanding migration dynamics in the continent, Accra, Ghana.
  • Alp, Mustafa (2004), “ Yabancıların çalışma izinleri hakkında kanun,” http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/38/278/2508.pdf.
  • Anteby-Yemini, Lisa (2008), “ Migrations africaines et nouveaux enjeux de la frontière israéloégyptienne, ” Cultures & Conflits, 72(4): 77-99.
  • Aslan, Mustafa and Jean-François Pérouse (2003), “İstanbul: le comptoir, le hub, le sas et l’impasse, ” Édité par William Berthomière, Mohamed Kamel Doraï, et Stéphane de Tapia. Revue européenne des migrations internationales, 19(3). Moyen-Orient : mutations récentes d’un carrefour migratoire: 173-204.
  • Atakan Foça, Mehmet, (2012), “Göç Politikası Değişiyor, Tasarı Komisyonda, ” Bianet, http://www.bianet.org/bianet/insan-haklari/138572-goc-politikasi-degisiyor-tasarikomisyonda.
  • Baird, Theodore (2011), “ The missing migration component of Turkey-Africa relations,” Open Democracy. http://www.opendemocracy.net/theodore-baird/missing-migrationcomponent-of-turkey-africa-relations.
  • Bigo, Didier, (2002), “Security and Immigration: Toward a Critique of the Governmentality of Unease,” Alternatives: Global, Local, Political Supplement, 27(1): 63.
  • Boubakri, Hassen and Sylvie Mazzella (2005), “ La Tunisie entre transit et immigration : politiques migratoires et conditions d’accueil des migrants africains à Tunis,” Autrepart 36(4): 1
  • Brachet, Julien, Armelle Choplin and Olivier Pliez (2011), “ Le Sahara entre espace de circulation et frontière migratoire de l’Europe,” Hérodote, 142(3): 163-182.
  • Bredeloup, Sylvie ve Olivier Pliez (2005), “ Migrations entre les deux rives du Sahara,” Autrepart, 36(4): 3.
  • Brewer, Kelly and Deniz Yükseker (2009), “A survey on African migrants and asylum seekers in İstanbul,” (İstanbul: Bilgi University Press).
  • Buzan, Barry, Ole Wæver and Jaap De Wilde (1998), “Security: A New Framework For Analysis,” Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Castagnone, Eleonora (2011), “ Transit Migration: a Piece of the Complex Mobility Puzzle. The Case of Senegalese Migration,” Cahiers De l’Urmis, 13.
  • Collyer, Michael, Franck Düvell and Hein de Haas (2012), “Critical approaches to transit migration,” Population, Space and Place, 18(4): 407-414.
  • Collyer, Michael and Hein de Haas (2012) “ Developing dynamic categorisations of transit migration,” Population, Space and Place, 18(4): 468-481.
  • Danış, Didem (2006), “Integration in Limbo, Iraqi, Afghan, Maghrebi and Iranian Migrants in İstanbul,”.edu.tr/mirekoc/reports/2005_2006_didem_danis.pdf.[Stand:18.6.09],http://ho me.ku.edu.tr/~mirekoc/reports/2005_2006_didem_danis.pdf.
  • Danış, Didem and Ayşe Parla (2009), “Nafile Soydaşlık: Irak ve Bulgaristan Türkleri örneğinde göçmen, dernek ve devlet,” Toplum ve Bilim, 114: 131-158.
  • Davutoğlu, Ahmet (2010), “ Turkey’s zero-problems foreign policy,” Foreign Policy 20. http://jftnewspaper.aub.edu.lb/reserve/data/s11244/s11244.pdf.
  • Delahaye, Nil (2011), “Cultural Bridges and Flows African artists of İstanbul.pdf,” M.A thesis, Bilgi Üniversitesi.
  • Düvell, Franck (2012), “ Transit migration: A blurred and politicised concept,” Population, Space and Place, 18(4): 415-427.
  • Fait, Nicolas (2012a), “ L’accueil des réfugiés syriens : une opportunité pour la Turquie de démontrer sa capacité d’intervention humanitaire ?” Observatoire de la Vie Politique Turque, http://ovipot.hypotheses.org/7620.
  • Fait, Nicolas (2012b), “ La mobilité des uns contre celle des autres : les accords de réadmission EU-Turquie et la levée du régime de visa,” Observatoire de la Vie Politique Turque, http://ovipot.hypotheses.org/7594.
  • Fait, Nicolas (2010), “Les Migrations d’Afrique Sub-saharienne en Turquie. Naissance de nouveaux parcours migratoires,” http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00712900.
  • FRONTEX – UE (2011), “Frontex | European Union Agency ,” http://www.frontex.europa.eu/.
  • Huysmans, Jef (2000), “The European Union and the Securitization of Migration ,”JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 38(5): 751–777.
  • Özkan, Mehmet (2008), “ Turkey Discovers Africa: Implications and Prospects ,” SETA Policy Brief 22: 1–8.
  • Özkan, Mehmet and Birol Akgün (2010), “Turkey’s Opening to Africa, ” The Journal of Modern African Studies 48(4): 525-546.
  • Papadopoulou, Aspasia (2004), “Smuggling into Europe: Transit Migrants in Greece,” Journal of Refugee Studies, 17(2) : 167-184.
  • Papadopoulou-Kourkoula, Aspasia (2008), Transit Migration: The Missing Link Between Emigration and Settlement (Palgrave Macmillan).
  • Sardan, Jean-Pierre Olivier De " La politique du terrain Sur la production des données en anthropologie," (s. d.). http://enquete.revues.org/document263.html. Schapendonk, Joris (2011), “ Turbulent Trajectories Sub-Saharan African Migrants Heading North,” http://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/2066/91326/1/91326.pdf.
  • Streiff-Fénart, Jocelyne and Philippe Poutignat (2008) “Nouadhibou ville de transit?” Revue européenne des migrations internationales 24(2): 193-217.
  • Suter, Brigitte (2012), “ Social Networks in Transit: Experiences of Nigerian Migrants in İstanbul,” Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, 10(2) : 204-222.
  • Turkey - Africa cooperation summit (2008), “Speeches / Turkey - Africa Cooperation Summit,” http://africa.mfa.gov.tr/sub.en.mfa?104c8ead-3a9a-4f10-9007-c34d692c55ce.
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Nicolas Faıt Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2013
Gönderilme Tarihi 31 Temmuz 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 68 Sayı: 01

Kaynak Göster

APA Faıt, N. (2013). African migrations toward Turkey: beyond the stepping stone. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 68(01), 21-38. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002271
AMA Faıt N. African migrations toward Turkey: beyond the stepping stone. SBF Dergisi. Ocak 2013;68(01):21-38. doi:10.1501/SBFder_0000002271
Chicago Faıt, Nicolas. “African Migrations Toward Turkey: Beyond the Stepping Stone”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 68, sy. 01 (Ocak 2013): 21-38. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002271.
EndNote Faıt N (01 Ocak 2013) African migrations toward Turkey: beyond the stepping stone. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 68 01 21–38.
IEEE N. Faıt, “African migrations toward Turkey: beyond the stepping stone”, SBF Dergisi, c. 68, sy. 01, ss. 21–38, 2013, doi: 10.1501/SBFder_0000002271.
ISNAD Faıt, Nicolas. “African Migrations Toward Turkey: Beyond the Stepping Stone”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 68/01 (Ocak 2013), 21-38. https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002271.
JAMA Faıt N. African migrations toward Turkey: beyond the stepping stone. SBF Dergisi. 2013;68:21–38.
MLA Faıt, Nicolas. “African Migrations Toward Turkey: Beyond the Stepping Stone”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, c. 68, sy. 01, 2013, ss. 21-38, doi:10.1501/SBFder_0000002271.
Vancouver Faıt N. African migrations toward Turkey: beyond the stepping stone. SBF Dergisi. 2013;68(01):21-38.