Evolution of National Identities and Federalism in Belgium

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 67 Sayı: 01, 1 - 47, 01.01.2012

Fehmi Kerem Bilgin

https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000002237

Cited By: 2

Öz

National identities in Belgium have been shaped within the course of a complex historical process. The common sense of identity developed under the rule of Dukes of Burgundy and the House of Habsburg has strengthened with the short period of independence experienced following the Brabant Revolution. The French period has secured the settling of the modern state model. Having unified with Holland at the Congress of Vienna, the Belgian Provinces formed an independent state following a patriotic revolution. At a time when language differences amongst people did not constitute a factor of disassociation, French was adopted as the sole official language of Belgium. However, this choice gave rise to a “linguistic question” that triggered the development of communitarian identities. Tensions rising between Dutch-speaking Flemish and French-speaking Walloons after World War I constituted the principal division line of Belgium. The first state reform realized for bringing a lasting solution to communitarian conflict has been the start point of a long institutional transformation process resulting in the formation of an original federal system. Despite having managed this process with inter-communitarian consensus, Belgium has been going through a politico-institutional crisis recently

Anahtar Kelimeler

Belgium, national identity, federalism, Flemish movement, Walloon movement

Belçika'da Ulusal Kimlikler ve Federalizmin Gelişimi

Öz

Belçika’da ulusal kimlikler karmaşık bir tarihsel süreç içerisinde şekillenmiştir. Burgonya Dükleri ve Habsburg Hanedanı’nın yönetimi altında Belçika coğrafyasında gelişen ortak kimlik algısı Brabant İhtilâli akabinde yaşanan kısa süreli bağımsızlık deneyimiyle güçlenmiştir. Fransız hâkimiyeti dönemi Belçika’da modern devlet modelinin yerleşmesini sağlamıştır. Viyana Kongresi’yle Hollanda’ya bağlanan Belçika Vilâyetleri yurtsever bir devrim sonucunda bağımsız bir devlet oluşturmuştur. Halk arasındaki dil farklılıklarının siyasal bir ayrışma faktörü teşkil etmediği bu dönemde Fransızca Belçika’nın tek resmî dili olarak benimsenmiştir. Ancak bu tercih topluluksal kimlik bilinçlerinin gelişimini beraberinde getirecek bir “dil meselesi”ni doğurmuştur. Felemenkçe konuşan Flamanlar ile Fransızca konuşan Valonlar arasında I. Dünya Savaşı’ndan itibaren giderek artan gerilimler, II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra Belçika’nın temel ayrışma hattını teşkil etmiştir. Topluluklar çatışmasına kalıcı bir çözüm getirmek için gerçekleştirilen ilk devlet reformu özgün bir federal sistemin oluşumuna yol açacak uzun bir kurumsal dönüşüm sürecinin başlangıcı olmuştur. Gerilimli dönemlere rağmen bu süreci topluluklar arası konsensüsle yönetmeyi başarmış olan Belçika son yıllarda siyasal ve kurumsal bir kriz içinden geçmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Belçika, ulusal kimlik, federalizm, Flaman hareketi, Valon hareketi

Kaynakça

• Arblaster, Paul (2006), A History of the Low Countries (Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan).
• Beaufays, Jean (1988), “Belgium: A Dualist Political System?”, Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 18/Spring: 63-73.
• Bitsch, Marie-Thérèse (2004), Histoire de la Belgique. De l’Antiquité à nos jours (Bruxelles: Éditions Complexes).
• Blaise, Pierre (2007), Démocratie et fédéralisme en Belgique. Document pédagogique (Province de Luxembourg: CRISP).
• Blampain, Daniel / Goosse, André / Klinkenberg, Jean-Marie / Wilmet Marc (1997), Le français en Belgique: une langue, une communauté (Louvain-la-Neuve: Duculot).
• Bluche, Frédéric / RIALS, Stéphane / Tulard, Jean (1998), La Révolution française (Paris: PUF).
• Chappin, Marcel (1984), Pie VII et les Pays-Bas. Tensions religieuses et tolérance civile 1814-1817 (Roma: Università Gregoriana Editrice).
• De Brouckere, Charles / Tielemans, Fransiscus (1836), Répertoire de l’Administration et du Droit administratif de la Belgique, tome III (Bruxelles: Weissenbruch Père).
• De Coorebyter, Vincent (2010), “La Belgique entre ambiguïté et compromis”, Pouvoirs, 136: 87-96.
• De Decker, Pierre (1840), Du pétitionnement en faveur de la langue flamande (Bruxelles: Imprimerie de la Société des beaux-arts).
• De Gerlache, Étienne Constantin (1859) (I), Histoire du Royaume des Pays-Bas, tome I, Troisième Édition (Bruxelles: H. Goemaere).
• De Gerlache, Étienne Constantin (1859) (II), Histoire du Royaume des Pays-Bas, tome II, Troisième Édition (Bruxelles: H. Goemaere).
• Delpérée, Francis (2010), “La Belgique existe-t-elle? ”, Pouvoirs, 136: 9-19.
• Delville, Jean Pierre (2006), “Le Financement des Cultes en Belgique: Approche Historique”, HUSSON, Jean François (éd.), Le Financement des Cultes et de la Laïcité: Comparaison Internationale et Perspectives (Namur: Presses Universitaires de Namur): 79-90.
• Delwit, Pascal (2010), La vie politique en Belgique de 1830 à nos jours (Bruxelles: Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles).
• Deneckere, Gita (2005), “Les Turbulences de la Belle Époque (1878-1905)”, WITTE, Els / Gubin, Éliane / NandrinN, Jean-Pierre / Deneckere, Gita, Nouvelle Histoire de Belgique. Volume 1: 1830-1905 (Bruxelles: Éditions Complexes).
• De Nény, Patrice (1785), Mémoires historiques et politiques des Pays-Bas autrichiens, tome II (Bruxelles: Benoît Le Francq).
• De Ridder, Paul (1999), “The Use of Languages in Brussels before 1794”, BLOCKMANS, Wim / Boone, Marc / De Hemptinne, Marie-Thérèse (eds.), Secretum Scriptorum. Liber Alumnorum Walter Prevenier (Leuven-Apeeldorn: Garant): 145-164.
• Destatte, Philippe (1995), “Du rêve autonomiste à la souveraineté internationale”, JORIS, Freddy / Archambeau, Natalie (éds.), Wallonie, Atouts et références d’une Région (Namur: Gouvernement wallon): 59-84.
• De Winter, Lieven (2004), “The Vlaams Blok and the Heritage of Extreme-Right FlemishNationalism”, Paper prepared for presentation at the seminar The extreme right in Europe, a many faceted reality, July 5-6, 2004 at the Sabadell Universitat, (http://www.sabadelluniversitat.org), (10.08.2011).
• Dumont, Georges-Henri (2008), La Belgique (Paris: PUF).
• Dumont, Hugues (1989), “État, Nation et Constitution. De la théorie du droit public aux conditions de viabilité de l’État Belge”, DUMONT, Hugues / FRANCK, Christian / OST, François / DE BROUWER Jean-Louis (éds.), Belgitude et Crise de l’État Belge (Bruxelles: Facultés Universitaires Saint-Louis): 73-124.
• Dumoulin, Michel (2006), “L’Entrée dans le XXe siècle (1905-1918)”, Dumoulin, Michel / Gerard, Emmanuel / Van Den Wijngaert, Mark / Dujjardin, Vincent, Nouvelle Histoire de Belgique. Volume 2: 1905-1950 (Bruxelles: Éditions Complexes).
• Dunn, James A. (1974), “The Revision of the Constitution in Belgium: A Study in the Institutionalization of Ethnic Conflict”, The Western Political Quarterly, 27/1: 143-163.
• Edmundson, George (1922), History of Holland (London: Cambridge University Press).
• Gerard, Emmanuel (2006), “La Démocratie rêvée, bridée et bafouée (1918-1939)”, Dumoulin, Michel / Gerard, Emmanuel / Van Den Wijngaert, Mark / Dujjardin, Vincent, Nouvelle Histoire de Belgique. Volume 2: 1905-1950 (Bruxelles: Éditions Complexes).
• Grab, Alexander I. (2003), Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe (New York: Palgrave Macmillan).
• Gubin, Éliane (1975), “Revendications Flamandes et Réactions Wallonnes vers 1855-60”, Revue belge d’histoire contemporaine, 6/3-4: 239-262.
• Gubin, Éliane / Nandrin, Jean-Pierre (2005), “La Belgique libérale et bourgeoise (1846-1878)”, Witte, Els / Gubin, Éliane / Nandrin, Jean-Pierre / Deneckere, Gita, Nouvelle Histoire de Belgique. Volume 1: 1830-1905 (Bruxelles: Éditions Complexe).
• Janssens, Paul (2006), “The Spanish and Austrian Netherlands, 1579-1780”, BLOM, J. C. H. / Lamberts, Emiel (eds.), History of the Low Countries (New York: Berghahn Books): 221-273.
• Juste, Théodore (1868), Histoire de Belgique. Depuis les temps primitifs jusqu’à la fin du règne de Léopold Ier, tome III, Quatrième Édition (Bruxelles: Bruylant-Christophe & Cie).
• Karmis, Dimitrios / Gagnon, Alain -G. (1996), “Fédéralisme et identités collectives au Canada et en Belgique: des itinéraires différents, une fragmentation similaire”, Canadian Journal of Political Science, 29/3: 435-468.
• Kishlansky, Mark / Geary, Patrick / O’Brien, Patricia (1998), Civilization in the West (New York: Longman).
• Lamberts, Emiel (2006), “Belgium since 1830”, Blom, J. C. H. / Lamberts, Emiel (eds.), History of the Low Countries (New York: Berghahn Books): 319-391.
• Manhès, Yves (2005), Histoire des Belges et de la Belgique (Paris: Vuibert).
• Mnookin, Robert / Verbeke, Alain (2009), “Persistent Nonviolent Conflict with No Reconciliation: The Flemish and Walloons in Belgium”, Law and Contemporary Problems, 72/Spring: 151-186.
• Nachtergaele, Vic (2001), “D’une littérature deux autres”, Revue de littérature comparée, 299/3: 363-377.
• O’Neill, Michael (1998), “Re-imagining Belgium: New Federalism and the Political Management of Cultural Diversity”, Parliamentary Affairs, 51/2: 241-258.
• Pirotte, Jean (2002), “Une image floue”, Louvain, 133/novembre: 26-28.
• Poirier, Johanne (2004), Fédéralisme en Belgique et au Canada: parallèles, dissonances et paradoxes, (www.ulb.ac.be/droit/droitpublic/docs/POIRIER-septentrion.PDF), (17.01.2009).
• Polasky, Janet (2005), “The Brabant Revolution, 'A Revolution in Historiographical Perception'”, Revue belge d’histoire contemporaine, 35/4: 435-455.
• Rapport, Michael (2002), “Belgium Under French Occupation Between Collaboration and Resistance, July 1794 to October 1795”, French History, 16/1: 53-82.
• Raxhon, Philippe (1996), “Mémoire de la Révolution française de 1789 et Congrès national belge (1830-31)”, Revue belge d’histoire contemporaine, 26/1-2: 33-83.
• Reuchamps, Min (2005), La parité linguistique au sein du conseil des ministres, Université de Liège, (Mémoire non publié).
• Rillaerts, Stéphane (2010), “La frontière linguistique, 1873-1963”, Courrier hebdomadaire du Crisp, 24-25/2069-2070: 7-106.
• Roegiers, Jan / Van Sas, Niek C.F. (2006), “Revolution in the North and South, 1780-1830”, Blom, J. C. H. / Lamberts, Emiel (eds.), History of the Low Countries (New York: Berghahn Books): 275-316.
• Rooney Jr., John W. (1981), “Profil du Combattant de 1830”, Revue belge d’histoire contemporaine, 12/3: 479-504.
• Sinardet, Dave (2010), “Le fédéralisme consociatif belge: Vecteur d’instabilité ?”, Pouvoirs, 136: 21-35.
• Smets, Josef (1998), “Le Rhin, Frontière Naturelle de la France. Genèse d’une idée à l’époque révolutionnaire, 1789-1799”, Annales historiques de la révolution françaises, 4: 675- 698.
• Stengers, Jean (1996), “La déconstruction de l’État-nation: le cas Belge”, Vingtième Siècle. Revue d’histoire, 50: 36-54.
• Swenden, Wilfried (2003), “Belgian Federalism Basic Institutional Features and Potential as a Model for the European Union”, RIIA Conference-Governing Together in the New Europe, (London: Chatham House), (http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/papers/view/-/id/126/), (19.01.2009).
• Swenden, Wilfried / Jans, Maarten Theo (2009), “'Will It Stay or Will It Go?' Federalism and the Sustainability of Belgium”, Brans, Marleen / De Winter, Lieven / Swenden, Wilfried (eds.), The Politics of Belgium. Institutions and Policy under bipolar and centrifugal federalism (London: Routledge).
• Uyttendaele, Marc (2010) (I), “Chronique d’une législature maudite. Réflexions sur l’instabilité politique de la Belgique”, Pouvoirs, 136: 51-69.
• Uyttendaele, Marc (2010) (II), “Bruxelles, capitale de l’altérité”, Pouvoirs, 136: 137-149.
• Van Dam, Denise / Nizet, Jean (2002), Wallonie Flandre. Des regards croisés (Bruxelles: Éditions De Boeck Université).
• Van Den Wingaert, Mark / Dujardin, Vincent (2006), “La Belgique sans Roi (1940-1950)”, Dumoulin, Michel / Gerard, Emmanuel / Van Den Wijngaert, Mark / Dujardin, Vincent (éds.), Nouvelle Histoire de Belgique. Volume 2: 1905-1950, tome III (Bruxelles: Éditions Complexe).
• Van Haute, Emilie (2007), “Les rapports entre droit et politique dans un contexte d’instabilité institutionnelle: Effet de contagion ? Le cas de la Belgique fédérale”, Lex Electronica, 11/3: 1-18, (http://www.lex-electronica.org/articles/v11-3/vanhaute.pdf), (19.01.2009)
• Vercruysse, Jeroom (1968), “Van der Noot, Holbach et le Manifeste du Peuple brabançon”, Revue belge de philologie et d’histoire, 46/4: 1222-1227.