The Un Secratery - General's Rolein Peacesul Settlement of Disputes: Over Coming Dilemans

Yıl 2006, Cilt: 61 Sayı: 01, 243 - 266, 01.01.2006

Özgür Mengiler

https://doi.org/10.1501/SBFder_0000001391

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

-

BM Genel Sekreteri'nin Uyuşmazlıkların Barışçı Çözümündeki Rolü: İkilemleri Aşmak

Öz

BM Genel Sekreteri, uluslararası uyuşmazlıkların barışçı yöntemlerle çözümünde vazgeçilmez bir rol üstlenmektedir. Ancak, başarılı olabilmesi için Genel Sekreter'in karşılaştığı temel ikilemi aşması gerekmektedir. Bu ikilem, BM sisteminin ilke olarak devletlerin egemenliğine dayalı işlemesine karşın; uluslararası toplumun etkin ve bütünleştirici bir yaklaşıma gereksinim duymasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Genel Sekreter' in yetkileri yaratıcı uygulamalar geliştirmesi için yeterli olmakla birlikte, uygulamanın başarısı uyuşmazlık taraflarının ve BM Güvenlik Konseyi'nin desteğine bağlıdır. Genel Sekreter, barışçı çözüm amacıyla girişimde bulunurken yeterince esnek hareket etme gereksinimi duymasına karşın, örgütün siyasi organlarının çizmiş olduğu hukuksal çerçevenin içinde kalmak durumundadır. Barışın kalıcı kılınması dört koşulun biraraya getirilmesine bağlıdır: Tarafların barış sürecine bağlılığı, uluslararası toplumun desteği, Güvenlik Konseyi'nin desteği ve barış sürecinin her aşamasında bu üç unsur arasında eşgüdümün sağlanması. Bu şekilde, her devletin kendi çıkan doğrultusundaki rızasının esas alınmasıyla işleyen barışçı çözüm mekanizmasının daha etkin çalışması sağlanabilecektir. Diğer bir deyişle, yasallık ile etkinlik biraraya getirilerek Genel Sekreter'in karşılaştığı ikilemleri aşması mümkün olabilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Birleşmiş Milletler, BM Genel Sekreteri, uluslararası uyuşmazlık, barışçı çözüm, BM'in barış operasyonları

Kaynakça

• AlEXANDROWICZ, C. H. (1962), "The Secretary-General of the United Nations," American Journal of International Law, 11 / 4: 1109-1130.
• AMERASINGHE, C. F. (1996), Principles of the Institutional Law of InternationalOrganizations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
• BERCOVITCH, Jacob (1997), "Mediation in International Conflict: An Overview of Theory, A Review of Practice," ZARTMAN, i. William / RASMUSSEN,J. lewis (eds.), Peacemaking in International Conflict: Methods and Techniques (Washington, OC : US Institute of Peace Press) : 125-153.
• BERCOVITCH, Jacob (1998), "The United Nations and the Mediation of International Disputes," THAKUR, Ramesh (ed.), Past Imperfect Future Uncertain: The United Nations at Fifty (New York: St. Martin's Press, Ine.): 47-62.
• BilDER, Richard B. (1998), "International Third-Party Dispute Settlement," THOMPSON, W. Scott et. al (eds.), Approaches to Peace: An Intelleetual Map (Washington, OC: US Institute of Peace) : 191-226.
• BRATI, Duane (1997), "Assessing the Success of UN Peacekeeping Operations," PUGH, Michael (ed.), The UN Peace and Force (london: Frank Cass): 64-81.
• CARMENT, David / JAMES, Patrick (1998), "The United Nations at 50: Managing Ethnic Crises - Past and Present," Journal of Peace Research, 35 /1: 61-82.
• CHESTERMAN, Simon (2002), "Walking Softly in Afghanistan: The Future of UN State-Building," Survival, 44 / 3: 37-46.
• CHOPRA, Jorat (1994), "Breaking the Stalemate in Western Sahara," International Peacekeeping, 1 /3: 303-319.
• CLAUDE Jr., Inis lo (1996), "Peace and Security: Prospective Roles for the Two United Nations," Global Governance, 2 / 3: 289.298.
• CONETIA, CarI/ KNIGHT, Charles (1995), Vital Force: A Proposal for the Overhaul of the UN Peace Operations System and for the Creation of a UN Legion (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Commonwealth Institute).
• CORDOVEZ, Diego (1987), "Strengthening United Nations Diplomacy for Peace: The Role of the Secretary-General," The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security (The Hague: UNITAR): 161-175.
• DRUCKMAN, Daniel (1997), "Negotiating in the International Context," ZARTMAN, ı. William / RASMUSSEN, J. lewis (eds.), Peacemaking in International Conflict: Methods and Techniques (Washington, OC : US Institute of Peace Press) : 81-123.
• EKWAll-UEBELHART, Barbara / RAEVSKY, Andrei (1996), Managing Arms in Peace Processes: Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina (Geneva: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research).
• FALK, Richard (1970), The Status of Law in International Society (princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press).
• FORSYTHE, D.P. (1969), "United Nations Intervention in Conflict Situations Revisited: A Framework for Analysis," InternationalOrganization, 23 / 1 : 115-13
• FRANCK, Thomas / NOLTE, Georg (1994), "The Good Offices Function of the UN SecretaryGeneral," ROBERTS, Adam / KINGSBURY, Benedict (eds.), United Nations, Divided World (Oxford: Clarendon press)!: 143-182.
• GOODRICH, Leland M. / SIMONS, Anne P. (1957), The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Peace and SecuritY (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution). i GROOM, A. J. R. (1986), "United Nations ~eacekeeping," PAULlNG, Linus / LASZLO, Ervin / YOO, Jong Youl (eds.), World Encyclopedia of Peace (New York: Pergamon Press) : 497-511. i HAFNER, Gerhard (1998), "Should One Fear the Proliferation of Mechanisms for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes?," CAFLlScH, Lucius (ed.), The Peaceful Settlement of Disputes between States: European and Universal Perspectives (The Hague : Kluwer Law International) : 25-41. i
• HAN, Sonia K. (1994), "Building a Peace That Lasts: The United Nations and Post-Civil War PeaceBuilding," New York University Journal of International Lawand Politics, 26 / 4 : 837- 892. i
• HILLlER, Tim (1998), Sourcebook on Public International Law (London : Cavendish Publishing Ltd.). 'i
• ICJ (1949), Reports.
• ICJ (1980), Reports.
• JENKS, C. Wilfred (1964), The Prospects of International Adjudication (London: Stevens & Sons Ltd.). i
• JOHNSTONE, lan (2004), "US-UN Relations after Iraq: The End of the World (Order) As We Know lt?," European Journal of International Law, 15/4: 813- 838.
• MC WHINNEY, Edward (1984), United Natiohs Law Making: Cultural and Ideological Relativism for an Era of Transition (New York: Holmes & Meier).
• MERRILLS, J. G. (1976), Anatomy of Internhtional Law: A Study of the Role of International Law in Contemporary World (London: [sweet & Maxwell).
• MINEAR, Larry (1997), "Humanitarian Action and Peacekeeping Operations," International Peacekeeping, 3/ 1-5: 7-19. !
• NEWMAN, Edward / RICH, Roland (2004), "Building Democracy with UN Assistance: From Namibia to Iraq; Has the United Nations Found the Right Formula for Promoting Democracy?," UN Chronicle, 51/4: 1-3. i
• OSCE(1996), Annual Report 1995 on OSCEActivities. PICCO, Giandomenico (1994), "The UN and lhe Use of Foree", Foreign Affairs, 73 / 5 : 15-20.
• RAMCHARAN, B. G. (1991), The Internatio~al Lawand Practice of Early Warnfng and Preventive Diplomacy: The Emerging Global Watch (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers).
• REISMAN, W. Michael (1990), "Internatiorlal Law After the Cold War," American Journal of International Law, 84 / 4 : 854-866.
• RIVLlN, Benjamin (1993), "The Changing! International Political Climate and the SecretaryGeneral," RIVLlN Benjamin / GORDENKER,Leon (eds.), The Cha/lenging Role of the UN Secretary-General: Making 'The Most Impossible Job in the World' Possible (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger) : 3-21. !
• RIVLlN, Benjamin (1996), "The UN Secret~ry-Generalship at Fifty," BOURANTONIS, Dimitris / WIENER, Jarrod (eds.), The Uni!ted Nations in the New World Order: The World Organization at Fifty (New York: ~t. Martin's Press): 81-104.
• ROSENNE, Shabtai (1961), The International Court of Justice: An Essay in Political and Legal Theory (Leyden: A. W. Sythoff). ı
• ROSS,Alf (1950), Constitution of the United Nations: Analysis of its Structure and Function (New York: Rinehart and Company).
• RUFFERT, Matthias (2002), "Administration of Kosovo and East-Timor by the International Community," The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 50 / 3 : 613-631.
• SAYRE, W. S. (1950), The United Nations Seeretariat (Westport, Connecticut: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace).
• SCHACHTER, Oscar (1962), "Dag Hammarskjold and the Relation of law to Politics," American Journal of International Law, 56/1: 1-8.
• SCHACHTER, Oscar (1995), "The UN legal Order: An Overview," SCHACHTER, Oscar /JOYNER, Christopher C. (eds.), United Nations Legal Order (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press): 1-31.
• SCHWEBEl, Stephen M. (1994), International Justiee (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). SKJElBAEK, Kjell (1991), "The UN Secretary-General and the Mediation of International Disputes," Journal of Peaee Researeh, 28/ 1 : 99-115.
• SMITH, James D. D. (1994), "Mediator Impartiality: Banishing the Chimera," Journal of Peaee Researeh, 31 / 4 : 445-450.
• SMITH, Nick (2003), "A Question of Pride: leveraging Human Nature to Build a Better United Nations," Harvard International Review, 25 / 3 : 1-3. STEINER, Michael (2003), "Seven Principles for Building Peace," World Polfey Journal, 20 j 2 : 87- 93. STONE, Julius (1959), Legal Controls of International Conflfet: A Treatise on Dynamlcs of Disputes - and War-Law (london: Stevens and Sons ltd.).
• SUTTERlIN, James (1989), "Strengthening the Role of InternationalOrganizations in Dealing with Regional Conflicts," RENNINGER, John P. (ed.), The Future Role of the United Nations in an Interdependent World (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers) : 89-98.
• SZASZ, Paul (1976), "Enhancing the Advisory Competence of the World Court," GROSS, leo (ed.), The Future of the Internatfonal Court of Justlce (New York: Oceana Publications, Inc.) : 499-541 ..
• SZASZ, Paul C. (1991), "The Role of the UN Secretary-General: Some legal Aspects," New York University Journal of International Lawand Polftlcs, 24/ 1 : 161-198.
• UN (1995), Report of the Seeretary-General Pursuant to Resolutions 982 (1995) and 987 (1995) (S / 1995/444).
• UN (1997), Press Release SC / 6419.
• UN (1998a), Report of the Secretary-General: The Causes ot Contifet and the Promotion of Durable Peaee and Sustainable Development in Afriea (S / 1998/318). UN (1998b), Report of the Seeretary-General Pursuant to Resolution 1152 (1998) Coneerning the Situation in the Central African Republfe (S / 1998/148).
• UN (1999), Report of the Independent Inquiry into the Aetions ot the United Nations During the 1994 Genocfde in Rwanda (S / 1999 / 1257).
• UN (2000a), Report of the Panel on Peaeekeeping (S / 2000 / 809).
• UN (2000b), Report of the Secretary-General on Ethiopia and Erftrea (S / 2000 / 785).
• UN (2001a), Report of the Secretary-General on Prevention of Armed Contifet (S / 2001 /574).
• UN (2001b), Report of the "Seeretary-General: No Exit Without Strategy: Seeurfty Councfl Decfsion-making and the Closure or Transition of United Nations Peaeekeeping Operations (S / 2001 / 394).
• UN (2001c), Report of the Secretary-General to the Seeurfty Councfl on the Situation in the Central African Republfe Pursuant to the Statement by the President (S / 2001 / 886).
• UN (2003), Report of the Seeretary-General to the Security Councfl on Liberia (S / 2003 / 875).
• UN (2004a), Report of the Seeretary-General on Burundi (S / 2004 / 210).
• UN (2004b), Report of the secretary-GLeral on the United Nations Mission in Cöte d'lvoire Submitted Pursuant to security1 1 Council Resolution 1514 (2003) of 13 November 2003 (S / 2004/ 3).
• UN (2004c), Sixteenth Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (S / 2004/ 1034).
• UN (2004d), Report of the Secretary.Gen~ral Pursuant to Paragraph 24 of Resolution 1483 (2003) and Paragraph 12 of Resolution 1511 (2003) (S / 2004 / 625).
• UN (2005a), Fifth Progress Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Operation in Cöte d'lvoire (S / 2005 / 398).
• UN (2005b), 'In Larger Freedom: Towaras Security, Development and Human Rights for All' - Report of the Secretary-Generdı of the United Nations for Decision by Heads of State and Government in September 2005 (A / 59 / 2005).
• UN (2005c), 'A More Secure World: OJr Shared Responsibility' - Report of the SecretaryGeneral's High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change (A / 59 / 565).
• WHITE, N. D. (1997), Keeping the Peace (~anchester: Manchester University Press).
• ZIRING, Lawrence / RIGGS, Robert E. / Pı1NO, Jack C. (2000), The United Nations: International Organization and World Politics i(Forth Worth: Harcourt College Publishers).